WORLD OF WARSHIPS - the epic free-to-play MMO that combines naval strategy, tactics…

戰艦世界更適合贊助--結合海軍戰略，戰術

but mostly firepower.

但主要是火力的史詩級免費線上遊戲

World of Warships has more than 200 playable ships, all meticulously researched historical

在戰艦世界中玩家可操控200種以上船隻， 每個艦種都經過仔細考證

vessels such as cruiser HMS Belfast, or the massive USS Iowa, plus constant updates with

像是巡洋艦HMS Belfast和戰艦Iowa， 遊戲不斷更新

new missions, ships and upgrades.

任務，船舶和升級

Epic History TV is a registered and very mediocre player, whose trademark tactic is using the

Epic History TV在遊戲中註冊，戰力普通 註冊商標戰術是用

hull of his slow-moving cruiser to soak up enemy torpedoes, and thereby save the fleet.

慢速巡洋艦的船體吸收敵人魚雷， 從而拯救艦隊

Use the link and code below to get a bonus starter pack that includes HMS Campbeltown,

使用下面的連結和代碼獲取新手獎勵包 其中包括HMS Campbeltown

the destroyer the British famously rammed into St.Nazaire dock, and blew to pieces.

闖入St.Nazaire碼頭，並自爆的著名英國驅逐艦

Thanks to World of Warships for supporting this video.

感謝戰艦世界支持本視頻

This is the extraordinary city of Venice - today one of the world’s top tourist destinations,

威尼斯市景令人讚嘆， 是熱門的旅遊景點之一

but once capital of a maritime republic, that ruled the most powerful empire in the Mediterranean.

曾經是海上共和國的首都， 統治地中海最強大的帝國

Venice’s history was shaped by its unique location.

威尼斯的歷史源於其獨特的地理位置

At the height of the Roman Empire, these coastal lagoons were home only to small fishing communities.

羅馬帝國鼎盛時， 這些沿海的潟湖都只是小漁村

But then, in the 5th century AD, the Western Roman Empire was overrun by barbarian tribes.

但是，公元5世紀，西羅馬帝國被蠻族推翻

As Italy became a battleground for Huns, Goths, Eastern Romans and Lombards, many sought refuge

隨著義大利成為匈奴人，哥德人，東羅馬人和倫巴第人 的戰場，許多人躲到潟湖間

among the lagoons.

避難

In 726, these refugees elected Orso to be their duke, or doge - the first in an unbroken

公元726年，難民們推選Orso為公爵， 或者是總督(doge)--以後統治威尼斯

line of 117 Doges who’d rule Venice for a thousand years.

1000多年的117為總督中的第一個。

For nearly 200 years, much of Italy was ruled by a resurgent Eastern Roman, or Byzantine

將近200年，復興的東羅馬，也就是拜占庭帝國統治義大利的

Empire.

大部分地區

Its Italian province, known as ‘the Exarchate of Ravenna’, fell to the Lombards in 751.

東羅馬的義大利省份被稱為拉溫納總督區(Exarchate Ravenna)，於751年落入倫巴第人手中

Only Venice held out, protected by its lagoons.

僅有威尼斯因受到潟湖的保護而屹立不搖

Answering the pope’s call for aid, Charlemagne and the Franks came to Italy and crushed the

回應教皇的求援，查理曼及法蘭克人來到義大利， 擊敗

Lombards – but they also failed to take Venice.

倫巴第人--但他們也未能成功 奪取威尼斯

Charlemagne’s son Pepin, King of Italy, was said to have died from a fever caught

查里曼的兒子，義大利國王匹平， 據說曾試圖進攻威尼斯

in the marshes that surrounded Venice, as he tried to attack the city.

在周圍的沼澤中感染風寒而死

In the following decades, Venice asserted its independence from the Byzantine empire…

接下來的幾十年裡，威尼斯堅持自己 獨立於拜占庭帝國之外的地位

And thanks to its location, flourished as a trading hub between Europe and the East.

得益於他的位置，作為東西方貿易的節點 繁榮發展

Venetian merchants sold Italian grain and wine to the great city of Constantinople,

威尼斯商人出售義大利穀物及酒到大城市君士坦丁堡

where they bought spices and silk to sell to Western Europe.

並在那裡購買香料和絲綢賣到西歐

Above all, Venice’s early success came from the trade of salt – the vital food preservative

最重要的是，威尼斯的早期成功來自於 販鹽--用於食物防腐

of the medieval world, harvested from salt pans and lagoons.

在中世紀不可或缺，從鹽田和潟湖產出

The Venetians went so far as to describe salt as ‘il vero fondamento del nostro stato’

威尼斯人甚至形容鹽 為'il vero fondamento del nostro stato'

– the true foundation of our state.

--我們國家的真正基礎

In 828, two Venetian merchants visiting Alexandria smuggled the supposed body of St.Mark back

828年，兩個訪問亞歷山大港的威尼斯商人 將被信以為真的聖馬可遺體

to Venice, to boost the standing of their home city. The saint’s relics were interred

偷回威尼斯，提升他們家鄉的地位， 聖人的遺骨被埋在威尼斯

in the city’s great new church – the Basilica di San Marco. The first basilica was destroyed

新建的聖馬可大教堂，原本的大教堂毀於

by fire in 976. Today’s cathedral, consecrated in 1094, stands on the same site.

976年的火災，今天的大教堂是於1094年， 在原地重建啟用

St.Mark became the city’s patron saint; his emblem, the winged lion, became the symbol

聖馬克成為這座城市的守護聖人; 他的徽章，翼獅子，成為了共和國的

of the Republic - and decorated its standard.

象徵--並出現在旌旗上

Venetian trade routes to the east were plagued by pirates from the Balkan and North African

威尼斯向東的貿易路線受到了來自巴爾幹 和北非海岸的海盜

coasts.

侵擾

So Venice built a navy to drive them from the seas, and garrisoned strategic harbours

所以威尼斯建造了一支海軍來驅趕海盜 駐防有戰略價值的港口

and islands along the Adriatic shore.

和亞得里亞海岸邊的島嶼

By the year 1000, Doges of Venice were also styling themselves ‘Dukes of Dalmatia’.

到了公元1000年，威尼斯的總督也自稱 「達爾馬提亞公爵」

The distinctive Venetian warship was the galley, powered by up to 150 oars, and triangular

獨特的威尼斯戰艦是槳帆船， 由多達150隻槳和三角形的

‘lateen’ sails, rigged fore-and-aft. Weapons included a battering ram, and around 30 crossbowmen.

拉丁式縱帆推動 武器包括一個撞角和大約30個弩手

Galleys were also used to transport high-value cargo, such as spices, silks or precious stones.

槳帆船也被用來運輸高價貨物 如香料，絲綢或寶石

In 1103, construction began of Venice’s famous Arsenale - a giant state-owned shipyard

1103年，威尼斯開始建造著名的大軍械庫 巨大的國有造船廠

that would become one of Europe’s largest industrial centres, employing around 2,000

之後成為歐洲最大的工業中心之一， 僱用約2,000工人

workmen, and turning out hundreds of ships a year.

每年生產數百艘船

The Arsenale pioneered many modern industrial techniques, and underpinned Venetian naval

大軍械庫首創許多現代工業技術， 並支撐威尼斯海軍

power for centuries.

力量數百年

Armed with a powerful navy, and lucrative trading concessions from the Byzantine Emperor,

以強大的海軍做後盾，經營拜占庭帝國特許 超好賺的東方貿易路線

Venice rose to become the greatest commercial and naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

威尼斯崛起，成為東地中海最強大的貿易及海上勢力

But Venetian power also came through shrewd negotiation and self-interest.

威尼斯的力量還來自精明的談判以及自私自利

This was the age of the Crusades, and Venice was closely-involved with Crusader states

十字軍東征的時代， 威尼斯和基督教國家密切合作

as allies and trading partners.

成為盟友和貿易夥伴

In 1202, the Fourth Crusade arrived in Venice seeking ships to take them to Egypt, but with

1202年，第四次十字軍抵達威尼斯 要搭船去埃及

no money to pay for them.

但錢不夠付運費

Doge Enrico Dandolo sensed an opportunity.

丹多洛(Dandolo)總督察覺到機會來了

In exchange for loans, he first persuaded the crusaders to capture Zadar for Venice…

他首先說服十字軍為威尼斯奪取扎達爾 用來折抵運費

then, relations having soured between Venice and the Byzantines, to attack Constantinople

當時威尼斯和拜占庭關係惡化，十字軍接著進攻

itself.

君士坦丁堡

In 1204 the world’s greatest Christian city was sacked and plundered by self-proclaimed

1204年，世界上最偉大的基督教城市 被自稱為基督戰士的十字軍

warriors of Christ.

洗劫一空

Venice took its share of the loot, including, most famously, four bronze horses from the

威尼斯參與洗劫， 最有名的戰利品是來自君士坦丁堡競技場的

Hippodrome of Constantine… which found a new home on the façade of St.Mark’s Basilica

四匹青銅馬， 牠們的新家是聖馬可大教堂門口

in the centre of Venice.

在 威尼斯市中心

Doge Enrico and the Crusaders carved up the Byzantine Empire between them: Venice got

丹多洛總督和十字軍瓜分拜占庭帝國， 威尼斯得到了

the islands of the Aegean… Crete… and the strategically-placed ports of Modone and

愛琴海島嶼、克里特島以及戰略位置重要的Modone和

Corone, known henceforth as ‘the eyes of the Republic’.

Corone港，該港口此後被稱為共和國之眼

Empire brought Venice unprecedented wealth and power – but fuelled a bitter rivalry

拜占庭帝國為威尼斯帶來了前所未有的財富和權力 但也激化威尼斯和另一個

with another Italian maritime republic: Genoa.

義大利海洋共和國的競爭--熱那亞

For more than a century, these two Italian city-states vied for supremacy in the Eastern

一個多世紀以來，這兩個義大利 城邦爭奪東地中海的主導權

Mediterranean, their wars ranging from the Levant, to Sicily, the Aegean, Black Sea and

他們從黎凡特，西西里島，愛琴海戰到黑海和

Adriatic.

亞得里亞海

During these wars a Venetian captain named Marco Polo was taken prisoner… and used

在這些戰役中 一個名為馬可波羅的威尼斯船長被俘

his time in a Genoese jail to dictate an account of his travels in China.

在熱那亞囚禁期間， 他口述自己到中國旅行的見聞

The rivalry became a regional conflict: Genoa making alliances with the Hapsburg Duke of

競爭演變為跨區衝突： 熱那亞與奧地利的哈布斯堡公爵

Austria, the King of Hungary, and Padua; Venice with a revived Byzantine Empire, Cyprus and

匈牙利王以及帕多瓦結盟； 威尼斯和復國的拜占庭帝國，塞浦路斯

Milan.

和米蘭同盟

The fortunes of war ebbed and flowed, until in 1379 Venice came under attack from land

雙方互有進退， 直到1379年威尼斯遭到來自陸海兩面的攻擊

and sea, with a Genoese force occupying Chioggia, just 15 miles south of the city.

熱那亞部隊佔領基奧賈， 就在威尼斯南方15英里

But Venice miraculously turned the tables, using galleys, armed with gunpowder artillery

但威尼斯奇蹟般地扭轉局面， 使用首次裝備火砲的槳帆船

for the first time, to trap and capture the Genoese fleet.

困住並俘虜熱那亞艦隊

The wars finally ended in 1381 with the Peace of Turin.

戰爭最終於1381年都靈和談後結束

Venice had to make significant concessions, and like Genoa, had been exhausted by war.

威尼斯作出重大讓步，和熱那亞一樣， 它已戰得精疲力盡

But while Genoa soon fell victim to internal feuding, Venice would stage an astonishing

但熱那亞很快因內部不合而一蹶不振 而威尼斯則驚人復甦

recovery – thanks, in large part, to the unique system of government by which the Republic

這在很大程度上要歸功於 統治共和國的獨特政府制度

was now ruled.

這在很大程度上要歸功於 統治共和國的獨特政府制度

The most miraculous city of Venice, rich in gold but richer in fame, strong in power but

奇蹟城市威尼斯，多金但更富美名 掌權卻更重美德

stronger in virtue, built on both solid marble and the harmony of its citizens. Petrarch

以堅固的大理石，與市民和諧為基--佩脫拉克

While Western Europe was dominated by kings who claimed to rule by divine right, several

當時西歐國家由主張君權神授的國王統治

Italian city-states harked back to classical forms of government – chiefly, the idea

而幾個義大利城邦則想回歸古典政府形式-- 主要是

of the republic.

共和國理念

Res-publica, the thing of the people.

Res-publica，眾人之事

However at the height of its power, Venice’s republic, La Serenissima, as it was known,

然而，在威尼斯的巔峰期，它的共和， La Serenissima，眾所周知

was firmly in the hands of its nobility.

牢牢地掌握在貴族手中

Only those whose names were listed in the Golden Book – the city’s registry of nobility

只有列名金冊--威尼斯貴族名錄--的人

– could join the Great Council, which appointed all senior officials through a complex system

才能進入大議會， 大議會透過一套複雜的投票和抽籤體制

of voting and drawing lots.

任命所有高級官員

They chose 40 of their members to form the Quarantia, who supervised economic affairs,

他們挑選40名成員組成40人議會(the Quarantia) 負責監督經濟事務

and two to three hundred to form the Senate, the main legislative body, attended in addition

以及兩到三百人組成參議院作為主要立法機構

by the Republic’s admirals, generals and diplomats.

共和國的海、陸軍將領及外交官 也可加入議事

The elected head of government remained the Doge. His powers had been steadily diminished

總督仍是選舉出的政府領導人， 但權力一直被縮減

until by the 1400s, he was no more, Venetians joked, than ‘a tavern sign’ – a decorative

到了15世紀，他已如威尼斯人開玩笑道 變成「酒館招牌」

symbol of power – though he continued to wield huge influence.

權力的裝飾品 雖然他持續發揮巨大影響力

The Republic’s day-to-day government was the Signoria, made up of the Doge, the six

共和國的日常管理機構是市議會(Signoria)， 由總督

members of his Minor Council, and three representatives of the Quarantia. They could be joined by

他的6個內閣閣員，和3名40人議會代表組成 3個由被稱為薩維

three boards of special advisors known as the Savi, or ‘wise men’… to form the

也就是智者，組成的特別顧問委員會也可參加市議會

Full College.

組成完整議事團

The Council of Ten, meanwhile, had a special remit to sniff out subversion.

與此同時，10人委員會擁有否決權，可以防止顛覆行為

It was a system that eventually acquired so many checks and balances that change – for

最後這個系統中充滿制約和均衡， 以至於改變

good or ill – seemed both unimaginable, and undesirable.

不管是好的或壞的 看起來都變得難以想像、難以接受

“The constitution of Venice… an insuperable monument of wisdom and efficiency.”

“威尼斯的憲法......無法超越的 智慧和效率的紀念碑“

Gasparo Contarini.

加斯帕羅康塔里尼

Over time, an idea developed across Europe that Venice’s constitution contained the

漸漸地，歐洲人開始認為 威尼斯憲法以一種完美的平衡

three classical forms of government - democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy - in perfect balance,

融合了三種古典政府形式-- 民主制，寡頭制和君主制

and so ensured social harmony and stability.

因此確保了社會的和諧與穩定

‘The myth of Venice’, as this became known, overlooked the Republic’s healthy tradition

隨著「威尼斯神話」一詞變得廣為人知， 威尼斯共和國習以為常的的政變

of attempted coups, rampant corruption and social tension.

貪污橫行，及緊張的社會關係都被忽略

But the Venetians did achieve something rare in the medieval and Renaissance world: a durable,

但威尼斯人在中世紀和文藝復興時期確實取得了 罕見的成就：持久

stable and effective government.

穩定且有效的政府

The Serene Republic had one further, strikingly modern feature: the best diplomats in Europe:

平靜的共和國還有一個令人驚奇的現代特色： 歐洲最出色的外交官

skilled ambassadors in every capital and court, sending information back to Venice in secret

整個歐洲大陸上，每個首都和議會中 都有經驗豐富的大使，用密碼

code from across the continent.

將訊息回報威尼斯

Venice would need every advantage, for the years ahead would be dominated by bitter wars

威尼斯不能浪費任何優勢，因為 之後將面對與義大利鄰國的戰爭

with her Italian neighbours, and new challenges to her empire…

以及對威尼斯帝國的新挑戰

We’ve designed an exclusive range of Alexander the Great t-shirts and hoodies inspired by

我們設計了一系列獨特的亞歷山大T恤和連帽衫， 靈感來自

our ‘Mutiny at Opis’ video – quote Arrian, look epic and support the channel, available

我們的'Mutiny at Opis'視頻，引用Arrian名句 外型古典，且贊助本頻道

for a very limited time only.

限期發售

A special thanks as ever to our Patreon supporters. If you too would like to support the channel,

特別感謝我們的Patreon支持者 如果你也想支持本頻道

get early access and updates on new videos, and a say in what we do next, please visit

提前觀看並更新新視頻， 建議新主題，請參觀我們的

our Patreon page.

Patreon頁面。