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  • Vincent J Musi: So our relationship with animals

  • is constantly evolving.

  • For the longest time science could just never accept

  • what most pet owners know is that animals think and feel.

  • But proving that they have thoughts and emotions

  • is a lot of what this work is about.

  • The question for me next is really about

  • over these 10,000 years how does an animal

  • that's intended for the dining room,

  • how does it go to the living room?

  • ( applause )

  • Vincent J Musi: Thank you, you're very kind.

  • It all started for me when I bought a haunted house.

  • (laughter)

  • It's true. That's what the neighbors told me,

  • but it was after I bought the house.

  • Here's a photograph of it. (laughter)

  • The previous tenants had heard all this scratching

  • and kicking and rumbling and creaking all around the house,

  • they thought it was the ghost of Edgar Allan Poe,

  • who lived in the neighborhood, where I live now.

  • So I did what any sane person would do, I called an exorcist.

  • His name was Mike Hughes. And he's a trapper

  • and a specialist in nuisance wildlife.

  • So, he managed to get all the ghosts out of my house,

  • the squirrels, the opossums, the nine raccoons,

  • the birds, the rats.

  • It was either that or to designate

  • it a national wildlife refuge. (laughter)

  • Now Mike had quite a menagerie at his own home

  • and I was curious, so I photographed him.

  • And some of his animals were opossums,

  • an albino raccoon, and this iguana.

  • So I asked around some of my colleagues.

  • A lot of the guys do this.

  • We're trying to do this eye contact thing, it's simple.

  • We bring an animal, we put it on a seamless.

  • I said, "What do we do?" And they said,

  • "You know, all animals are food motivated.

  • All you have to do is really kinda provide

  • the set and this is going to work out for you.

  • I thought, okay, that's cool. Well, mistakes were made.

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • Yeah.

  • The idea here was to photograph these--

  • (audience laughter)

  • Yeah, exactly, these superstars

  • of the animal cognition. These are famous animals.

  • Years of research had been done with them.

  • Books had been written about them, scientific careers...

  • And I was going to become

  • the Annie Leibovitz of animal photographs.

  • (laughter)

  • And it was going to be all about eye contact and lighting. Right?

  • Well, it's hard to do that when an animal won't look at you.

  • (laughter)

  • And with some animals, like this lemur,

  • every time I picked up the camera, boom! He was gone.

  • He'd shoot away. And my career, like the lemur,

  • was vanishing before my eyes.

  • (laughter)

  • You don't get a lot of second chances.

  • And I thought, why is this happening?

  • Why am I being punished here? What have I done wrong?

  • I went all the way to Austria to photograph this Marmoset.

  • His name is Momo.

  • He's really smart. Okay, big deal.

  • And he smells really bad. (laughter)

  • And his head is the size of a walnut.

  • And he hates me. (laughter)

  • See, it looks calm to you, doesn't it?

  • No, it's not.

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • He's peeing on me. (laughter)

  • He's peeing on my equipment,

  • and he's telling his Marmoset friends to pee on me

  • and pee on my equipment. (laughter)

  • And he screamed at me and he wouldn't stop.

  • And he told his friends to scream at me.

  • And... I began to think that

  • even fish were screaming at me from under water.

  • This is a Gunnison's prairie dog, and he screamed at me too.

  • Scientists believe these guys have language ability,

  • sophisticated stuff, right.

  • It's not like, "Aah! Bad things are happening...

  • It's like, "There's a guy from National Geographic

  • and he's gonna come here and take our picture."

  • This guy screamed at me on the phone.

  • (laughter)

  • And, he... he's a rescued prairie dog from Phoenix.

  • He was hit by a car and his name is Speed-bump.

  • (laughter)

  • And he lives in Wabash, Indiana.

  • It's like I didn't know what to do, I couldn't take it anymore.

  • I started to scream at him, back at him.

  • And I started to interview him like... like a press conference,

  • rapid fire. "Mr. Bump, how are the winters in Wabash?

  • What do you think?" All this kind of stuff,

  • and I sang to him. I did everything I could,

  • and all of a sudden he just stopped.

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • So, you see, with Speed-bump,

  • I discovered my inner Doctor Dolittle

  • and I embarked on this new career,

  • if I could just talk to the animals.

  • Show this respect and patience,

  • things I didn't have much of to be honest with you,

  • I might find what I was looking for.

  • Now, this is Kanzi. He was a real test for sure.

  • Does anybody know Kanzi, he's a Bonobo.

  • He's a pygmy chimpanzee.

  • He understands about 3,000 spoken words.

  • It's incredible.

  • So, now he communicates with humans

  • using this vocabulary that's drawn

  • from like 350 symbols. It's lexigrams.

  • And, they're printed on a sort of like, uh,

  • place mat, laminated thing.

  • He walks around with it and he makes complex sentences.

  • "Kanzi wants this now with this person there."

  • It's not like... pointing to the thing.

  • And the lexigram for an orange may not look like an orange.

  • It's real sophisticated stuff.

  • So, I got there and they said,

  • "What... what... what have you brought for Kanzi?" I said,

  • "I didn't bring anything. I brought my lights."

  • So, we have to ask his permission.

  • And we have to ask him what he'd like.

  • And so they, you know... (does hand movements)

  • And Kanzi... (does hand movements)

  • And, they interpreted that as "Kanzi would like

  • Starbucks coffee for he and his Bonobo friends."

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • And so I had to send my assistant back

  • into town to get six grande coffees with the simple syrup,

  • for him and his Bonobo friends.

  • And, Kanzi every once in a while,

  • will do this sort of thing where he'll go...

  • (does hand movements)

  • And two grown-ups will chase each other through the halls.

  • And it's his entertainment.

  • We're around for entertainment.

  • Now you'll notice that he never really quite looked at me.

  • And it was intentional.

  • No matter what I did,

  • I could never get him to make eye contact.

  • He is a very, very cool guy and very, very sharp.

  • And I'm glad to have gone and done it.

  • On the other extreme of this, this is Whack.

  • She's a New Caledonian Crow, lives in Oxford, England.

  • When she's not trying to poke the eyes out of visiting

  • National Geographic photographers,

  • which she did for two days,

  • she excels at problem solving.

  • Creating tools from materials she's never seen before,

  • to solve problems she's never been presented before.

  • An example is, they would take a test-tube and

  • put something that she wanted at the bottom of it, food.

  • And present her with things that you could make tools from.

  • Now, what they didn't know to this point,

  • was that these animals can make tools,

  • which is different than using tools.

  • Chimps do this, humans do this, very few animals

  • possess this capability.

  • And Whack could take something and

  • fashion a tool from it to reach into the test-tube

  • and get the thing out of it, that you were looking for

  • from something she'd never been presented before.

  • It's amazing stuff.

  • Now, this is Betsy.

  • Betsy is so famous that that's not even her real name.

  • (laughter)

  • I'm not kidding. She's a Border Collie living in Vienna.

  • And she has the vocabulary of a toddler.

  • She can hear a word once or twice,

  • and know that it means something.

  • She can link photographs with an object in the photograph.

  • An example would be to show her a photograph of a teddy bear.

  • Let's say it's Randy, right. And say, "Go find Randy."

  • And send her into another room full of these stuffed animals.

  • She'll look around and she's got-- she's pretty good,

  • and she'll find the thing in the photograph,

  • bring it back to you.

  • Two or three times, come back

  • in six months, she's got it locked in.

  • It... It's an incredible thing.

  • We put Shanti here, she's a 9,000-pound Asian elephant,

  • we put her on an enormous white seamless background.

  • You know, they are amongst the most intelligent animals,

  • they grieve, mimic behavior,

  • they have language abilities, memory.

  • But then they look in the mirror, they see themselves.

  • And it's a rare cognitive accomplishment, that

  • we know is only shared by great apes

  • and dolphins and some humans.

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • At the Bronx Zoo, elephants were put in front of mirrors.

  • And at first they treated the mirror as an object

  • as you might imagine.

  • But then, they started to check themselves out.

  • They'd lift their trunks and they would look at things

  • and different places.

  • See, for the longest time science could just never accept

  • what most pet owners know, is that animals think and feel.

  • But proving, proving that they have thoughts and emotions

  • is a lot of what this work is about.

  • And the scientists can consider this a collaboration

  • between them and the animals.

  • Their work teaches us about the boundaries of humanity.

  • It's really exciting stuff but it's about these characteristics

  • that are distinctly human and things that aren't.

  • This is a lemur at Duke. His name is Aristides, and

  • they used to think these guys were not so smart.

  • They are primates but they are on the lower end.

  • But he learns like a toddler does.

  • He is learning how to count.

  • He uses a touch screen with his nose.

  • And all this stuff is food rewards, right?

  • So you do this right, the sequence... you get something,

  • but they, they have great enthusiasm for it,

  • so they don't need to be fed. They just like to do it.

  • And rats, they may or may not have a sense of humor, but they laugh.

  • There's a guy at Bowling Green, his name is Jaak Panksepp.

  • And they call him the rat tickler.

  • He takes rats, and he tickles them, and they laugh.

  • (laughter)

  • So, they are trying to figure...

  • They play jokes on each other and stuff.

  • And there's not a day that goes by

  • we don't learn something about honey bees, right.

  • They are really, highly evolved socially,

  • and they have this complex behavior

  • of communication and navigation.

  • They learn colors and scents.

  • And they can map their environment out.

  • All with a brain the size of a milligram.

  • It's a little, tiny thing.

  • And, and now according to some work we think--

  • we find out they might have emotions.

  • They might possess pessi-- pessimism.

  • This is a Scrub Jay called Psychobird.

  • (laughter)

  • And they plan for the future.

  • They take these birds, and when they go to sleep at night.

  • And wake up in two different rooms.

  • And in one room, in the morning they feed them breakfast.

  • And in the other room, they don't.

  • And after a while they give them the option to feed at night.

  • And what they do, is they do this thing called caching.

  • They take food, put it in their mouth, they hide it.

  • And then they can hide it in a certain place,

  • and come back and get it later.

  • These birds all hid it in the room

  • that didn't have food in the morning.

  • Because they didn't know if they were going to wake up in that room.

  • Now the caching thing is extraordinary because they--

  • he is caching right now, right.

  • And every time I am not looking at him,

  • he'll go (imitates vomiting) and spit it out.

  • Because he's afraid I'm gonna know where he is hiding it.

  • So, they'll hide it

  • and then if they think they have been seen hiding it,

  • they'll be like sneaky and they'll hide it somewhere else.

  • And, you know, chimps are out closest relatives, right.

  • We got 99 percent of the same DNA with these guys.

  • We've studied them for a very long time,

  • since the 50's right.

  • Jane Goodall, and they make tools...

  • These guys, they love and trust, they have morals,

  • they fight, they forgive, they cooperate, they have culture.

  • And they have these unique ways of doing things.

  • Problem solving, social responsibility...

  • And it's all spread by learning, mostly by women.

  • Females, like Georgia here, will pass

  • these culture traditions, cultural traditions

  • on to the other chimps, and keep this thing going.

  • These are cichlids and they are really crazy.

  • They have this thing called transitive inference, right,

  • and it's the same kind of logical reasoning that we use

  • when we go into a bar.

  • And we don't pick a fight with the tallest guy in the bar.

  • And these fish, in order to get ahead in their social rank,

  • need to keep fighting.

  • So they fight a fish, they get their colors,

  • they get ahead in social standing,

  • then start fighting again.

  • But they know not to pick a fight with the wrong guy.

  • And it's this, like step on the way to logical reasoning for a fish.

  • Sheep have facial recognition.

  • They recognize faces of other sheep,

  • up to 50 of them for like two years.

  • And up to ten humans for two years. It's amazing.

  • This is Azy, he's a magnificent animal.

  • He comes into the room and he's--

  • Well, that's actually life-size.

  • (laughter)

  • Orangutans above all the great apes,

  • find-- they are contemplative.

  • They make choices that are logical and they're thoughtful,

  • maybe more than chimpanzees.

  • This is a Pacific Giant Octopus.

  • They have personalities, they use tools,

  • they recognize individuals, and they play.

  • David Liittschwager whose photographs grace

  • the side of the building here told me this story.

  • He said at the Monterey Aquarium once

  • he was doing a tour with an entourage

  • that included the Dalai Lama, who was dressed in his robe.

  • And they pass the Giant Octopus who is,

  • as they often are, way in the back of their tank

  • and he was a mottled tan.

  • And the octopus saw the Dalai Lama come through the room

  • and leaped to the front of the tank,

  • put itself on the edge of the tank

  • and changed to the color of the Dalai Lama's robe.

  • They are pretty sneaky.

  • In Seattle, they had these guys and at night

  • they'd block the air pressure

  • and they'd blow the tops of their tanks.

  • They'd sneak off into the other exhibits

  • eat the other fish, go back to their tanks

  • leaving a trail of water and go, "Hey man, I didn't see nothing."

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • This is Alex. Alex could use a 100 words

  • and he had the intelligence of a 5-year old.

  • He could count to seven.

  • He knew 'same' from 'different'.

  • He knew 'larger' from 'smaller'.

  • He would talk to you.

  • "Would you tickle me?" (imitating parrot)

  • (laughter)

  • And I said, "Sure. Show me where."

  • And he put down his head,

  • and he lifted the feathers up on the crook of his neck.

  • And so I tickled him.

  • And then he said, "Could you tickle me on the chair?"

  • And we went and sat on the chair.

  • And we had this delightful afternoon.

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • It's true.

  • He passed away at 31, which is young for a parrot.

  • And when he died, his obituary was in the New York Times.

  • That's how famous he was. It's true.

  • It's true.

  • So our relationship with animals is constantly evolving.

  • It... It's a really fascinating thing to me, and

  • probably the single most important part of this

  • is domestication, right.

  • Millions of animals on the planet, right.

  • There's like 14 large mammals that have been domesticated.

  • Nobody knows why, nobody knows how.

  • All dogs come from wolves.

  • And as a result of all of this evolving

  • over the years, dogs are changing.

  • It's because domestication didn't just happen,

  • it's still going on.

  • So, these researchers at Duke are telling this dog

  • that there is food under both of those cups, and there isn't.

  • So one of them tells the truth all the time,

  • one of them doesn't.

  • And the dog is figuring out which one is telling the truth.

  • And then they mix it up.

  • It's an amazing thing.

  • So you have these things that happen to an animal,

  • once we've domesticated it, right.

  • But across the board

  • what we've done is lost all the wild animals.

  • There are no wild cows anymore, right.

  • Wild aurochs were the originals, right?

  • So we've lost all of that.

  • And, we have only a few animals that can go back.

  • So, pigs can go back and be feral. Cats can do it.

  • We think now that the cats may not be really domesticated.

  • They just might be tolerating us.

  • (laughter)

  • It's true. They chose humans.

  • So, the question for me next is really about

  • over this 10,000 years, how does an animal that's

  • intended for the dining room,

  • how does it go to the living room?

  • (laughter)

  • This is a pot-bellied pig that lives in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

  • Her name is Daisy Mae and she is blind.

  • And when the owners got it, they almost had to get rid of her

  • because there was a law in the books that said,

  • you know, cougars, lions,

  • pot-bellied pigs were vicious animals.

  • And so they changed laws because of this pig.

  • It's pretty cool.

  • This whole idea of exotic pets is kinda hot button,

  • everybody is a little bit conversant in it,

  • We always see something on the news about it.

  • I wanted to do a piece

  • on the relationship humans had with these animals.

  • What possessed somebody to want to have one.

  • I didn't want to judge 'em,

  • I wanted to give their piece, so--

  • It's a capybara going for his afternoon swim in Texas.

  • He's a jumbo rat, 130-pound rodent.

  • A pretty cool guy.

  • And this is one of my favorite of all times.

  • That's Dillie. She is beautiful, isn't she?

  • (laughter)

  • Born in 2004. So, an Amish breeder

  • who had an animal that was gonna probably die.

  • And in the middle of the night,

  • he called up his local veterinarian, Melanie Butera,

  • and he sort of got somebody to drive him to her

  • and Melanie took care of this animal, brought it back to life.

  • Over a long period of time.

  • And now Dillie lives in her house.

  • This is on the second floor of a house.

  • She goes to the bathroom in the kitchen on towels,

  • eats spaghetti from a plate, goes up and down the set of stairs.

  • And she is the most wonderful animal,

  • I've ever been around. She really is extraordinary.

  • And, you know, she has her own webcam.

  • You guys probably have that.

  • (laughter)

  • There was a point there where she got a little freaked out

  • because somebody came by with that Burt's Bees stuff,

  • and she thought it was a bee and so she was afraid.

  • And so, she slept on the floor in a different place.

  • She wasn't visible on the webcam.

  • This webcam has a million unique visitors per month.

  • And Melanie got emails

  • from the International Space Station saying, 'Where is the deer?"

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • This is Albert. Yeah, this is his bedroom.

  • Yup, and this is a 12-foot Burmese python.

  • Now, he's holding that python for me.

  • I'm going to come clean with you on that,

  • because his room is full of every one of the most poisonous,

  • venomous, aggressive snakes on Earth, are all there.

  • So he's got these Egyptian Cobras and King Cobras

  • and Australian Browns, and on every one of--

  • Looks like the Museum of Natural History in there, doesn't it?

  • And every one of those cages,

  • these things has a little thing on it listing

  • what the animal is, and what the anti-venom is.

  • And on the door, is a list of directions

  • to the hospital that has the anti-venom.

  • Because he's been bitten 100 times.

  • And so he's like, "You want me to bring the King Cobra out?"

  • No, I don't!

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • He feeds, he single-handedly figured out

  • how to deal with this invasive species thing in Florida.

  • He feeds smaller pythons to the cobras.

  • Chops them up gives them to the cobras, "Here you go."

  • Not this one, but he did that.

  • One thing I should tell you is that

  • none of these animals are truly wild.

  • These are captive born animals

  • and they've been very, very far away from any wild bloodlines.

  • They can't go back to the wild,

  • because they never came from the wild.

  • Melanie Typaldos has this big capybara.

  • And she is home every day. He goes for his swim at four,

  • and she'll feed him in the pool.

  • And his name is Gary,

  • which is short for Garibaldi Rous.

  • R-O-U-S Rodent Of Unusual Size.

  • (audience roaring with laughter)

  • He's a 120-pounds, and he's three years old.

  • And this is her second one.

  • And this is not an animal that takes,

  • well, kindly, to humans, right.

  • You have to earn trust with this thing

  • and they have an incredible relationship and

  • Mario Enfante and his cougar, Sasha.

  • This is his child.

  • I went down, I gotta tell you, I saw it and it was a real bond.

  • It was not like a trophy for this guy.

  • Because nobody is going to find him, you know.

  • Really, really an interesting situation.

  • Now that's cute, a little cat.

  • That's a bobcat.

  • Six weeks old, it's going to grow up to be a big bobcat.

  • Now, a lot of people raise these things.

  • They have a huge human imprint on them when they're little.

  • So that, hopefully,

  • when they get to be bigger, and they go off with somebody,

  • that they'll retain that

  • and they may not chew their face off, kinda thing.

  • It could be very dangerous with these animals.

  • I don't want to understate that.

  • But, you know, she raises them, they follow her around the kitchen,

  • she has him around her dog.

  • And it's-- at this point where this whole process starts.

  • Some breeders are great, some breeders are bad,

  • and there's a whole cycle that can go after this,

  • because what are you gonna do?

  • If it gets too big to handle,

  • people don't know what to do with these animals.

  • It's across the board with big cats and bears

  • and things like that, as you'll see.

  • This is Mike Stapleton, he's in Ohio.

  • He has six, five, six tigers.

  • And he is suing the state

  • because they've decided that

  • they're going to take all these laws back a little bit.

  • And you're not going to be allowed to have one of these animals

  • without huge bonds. So, these are all rescued animals.

  • These were probably photo tigers, when they were cubs.

  • People had their picture made with them.

  • Then they get too big.

  • And at a year, they go somewhere else and they are down this path.

  • Where are they gonna go, they are not going to go to a zoo.

  • Zoo's won't take them, They don't have room for them.

  • There are only so many refuges. It's pretty tight.

  • The one wild animal I did photograph...

  • This is actually a real nuisance gator.

  • And the guy with it is Bob Freer.

  • He got his first alligator when he was six.

  • His dad stopped at some roadside place,

  • bought him a gator, threw it in the back, and said,

  • "Here you go." (laughter)

  • And so he-- he's spent his entire life now.

  • He's got this place called Everglades outpost

  • and he rehabilitates wildlife.

  • 'Cause lots of crazy stuff comes into Miami International Airport

  • and he's got, like, snow monkeys there, and he's got bears.

  • But he loves gators ever since he was a kid,

  • and so he wrestles gators.

  • He's been an alligator wrestler for 30 years.

  • I asked the man, "What's the relationship with a gator like?

  • What do they want?" He said, "They want to be left alone."

  • (laughter)

  • So, you know, I don't know

  • what an exotic animal owner looks like.

  • I thought, what if we took the same animal

  • and we did different owners.

  • So this is at a thing called Skunk Fest that was in Ohio too.

  • And we photographed,

  • you know a little cross section of some of the owners of skunks.

  • This is Travis and he's a DJ at a strip club.

  • And Nicki is a mother of two. She's got a skunk.

  • And this is Malena. She's 16, and she dresses up like skunks.

  • (laughter)

  • And then you've got Maggie, she's 12, on the left.

  • And Sean's, a technical engineer, with his skunk.

  • And Cherie's, a housewife in Pennsylvania, with her skunk.

  • But I can tell you honestly the bond is true.

  • I want to leave you with something--

  • A lot of what these animals have taught me is patience.

  • You need it, 'cause you can't make an animal do

  • what you want it to do.

  • So we photographed a hedgehog for the cover in December.

  • And, you know, like the little Gunnison,

  • you know, I could yell at him.

  • When you do that to a hedgehog.

  • it turns into a pinecone.

  • And so, any slightest movement

  • and the thing goes back into a pinecone.

  • So this fellow Brandon Harley is a kid

  • who raises these guys. We took nine hedgehogs

  • and spent a day photographing them

  • on a seamless to try to make a picture.

  • And this is a little piece on what we did.

  • (rock 'n roll guitar music)

  • Thank you.

  • (applause)

  • That's all I've got. (laughs)

  • (applause)

Vincent J Musi: So our relationship with animals

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國家地理現場!--文森特-J-穆西:野生動物生活的地方。 (National Geographic Live! - Vincent J. Musi: Where the Wild Things Live)

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    稲葉白兎 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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