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Here's a question.
有一個問題。
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Are all laws written down?
所有的法律都有寫下來嗎?
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Are they written in stone?
它們是寫在石頭上嗎?
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Well, when it comes to International Law, some are, but many aren't.
當涉及到國際法時,有些法律是,但也有很多法律不是。
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Let's start with the easy one.
讓我們從最簡單的開始。
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The written laws are usually what we call "treaties".
成文法律通常就是我們所說的「條約」。
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These are documents that countries sign ⏤ a bit like a contract.
這些是各國簽署的文件,有點像合約。
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We also call them things like "conventions" or "protocols", like the Geneva Convention or the Kyoto Protocol.
我們也稱它們為「公約」或「議定書」之類的,如《日內瓦公約》或《京都議定書》。
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But what about the rules that aren't written down?
但那些沒有寫下來的條約呢?
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Well, you know the term "unwritten rule"?
你知道「不成文的規則」這個詞嗎?
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We might say there's an unwritten rule that you should say "sorry" if you bump into someone or give up your seat for an elderly person.
我們可能會說不成文的規則像是,如果你撞到別人,你應該會說「對不起」或者禮讓座位給年長者。
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Countries also follow unwritten rules.
各國也遵守著不成文的規則。
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We call them "customs" or "norms", and they give us the legal term "customary law".
我們稱之為「習俗」或「規範」,它們提供給我們這個法律術語「國際習慣法」。
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This covers things that most countries already believe, like not invading another country.
這包括大多數國家已經相信的事情,例如:不入侵其他國家。
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All states in the international community have to stick to customary law, even if they haven't explicitly said "yes".
就算國際社會的所有國家沒有明確表示同意與否,還是必須遵守國際習慣法
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And many customs do eventually get written down, such as those in the UN Charters.
許多習俗確實被寫下來,例如聯合國的章程。