We'll show you how the law can help those in need get what they need.

我們將告訴你法律如何幫助有需要的人獲得他們需要的東西。

As populations and temperatures rise, how will the law stop a crisis?

隨著人口和氣溫的上升，法律將如何阻止一場危機？

And... can the law stop businesses taking the water you need to live?

還有......法律能否阻止企業拿走你生活所需的水？

There are more than 7.8 billion of us on the planet.

地球上有超過78億的人。

That number is going up.

這個數字正在上升。

We're using more and more water,

我們正在使用越來越多的水。

but there's only a limited amount available.

但只有有限的數量可以使用。

Cape Town, South Africa:

開普敦，南非。

water levels in reservoirs started dropping in 2015.

水庫的水位在2015年開始下降。

In 2017, people started talking about Day Zero,

2017年，人們開始談論 "零日"。

a possible time when taps would need to be turned off.

一個可能的時間，水龍頭需要關閉。

Real worries that a city of four and a half million people

對一個擁有450萬人口的城市的真正憂慮

would need to queue in the streets to get water.

將需要在街上排隊取水。

The Dead Sea in Jordan:

約旦的死海。

30 years ago, water reached this motorway,

30年前，水到達了這條高速公路。

but rivers were diverted for farming.

但河流被改道用於耕種。

Climate change added to the problem

氣候變化使問題更加嚴重

and now the sea itself is at risk

而現在海洋本身也面臨著危險

and the soil is drying out so much,

而土壤又是如此的乾燥。

the structure of the ground is breaking.

地面的結構被打破。

Huge sinkholes have opened up, wrecking roads and homes.

巨大的天坑已經打開，毀壞了道路和房屋。

This is the kind of problem that causes other problems.

這是導致其他問題的那種問題。

People may fight for water,

人們可能為水而戰。

or run to another country for help.

或跑到另一個國家尋求幫助。

How can the law help?

法律能提供什麼幫助？

We spoke to Dr Paul Orengoh,

我們採訪了保羅-奧倫戈博士。

from the African Ministers Council on Water.

來自非洲水務部長理事會。

He explained which laws are in place

他解釋說，哪些法律是到位的

to help share this vital resource.

以幫助分享這一重要資源。

We have conventions and protocols

我們有公約和協議

that promote universal access to clean water

促進清潔水的普及

and I would consider the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030

我將考慮聯合國2030年可持續發展目標。

to fit under this.

以適應這一點。

However, these international conventions,

然而，這些國際公約。

protocols and political commitments are loosely structured

議定書和政治承諾是鬆散的結構

in a way that countries are not forced to commit to them.

的方式，使各國不至於被迫對其作出承諾。

So, in such a case, with a weak framework as that,

是以，在這樣的情況下，以這樣一個薄弱的框架。

then it becomes a matter of choice upon individual countries

那麼這就成了各個國家的選擇問題。

to pick whether they use them or not.

挑選他們是否使用它們。

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

聯合國可持續發展目標

encourage sharing water, but they aren't legally binding:

鼓勵共享水資源，但它們沒有法律約束力。

they don't force countries to do so.

他們並不強迫各國這樣做。

Which laws need to be developed?

需要制定哪些法律？

Water issues are usually very local in terms of challenges and opportunities,

就挑戰和機遇而言，水問題通常是非常本地化的。

and each local set-up has their own unique set of features.

而每個地方的設置都有自己獨特的特點。

So, why do we need a global commitment

那麼，為什麼我們需要一個全球承諾

to be able to influence the local legislation?

以便能夠影響當地的立法？

I think laws will need to be done

我認為需要做的是法律

within the sensitivities of local context,

在當地環境的敏感度內。

to be able to have been effective enough

能有足夠的效果

to serve the agenda of universal access to water.

以服務於普遍獲得水的議程。

While we need a global commitment to solve the water crisis,

雖然我們需要一個全球承諾來解決水危機。

every country is different.

每個國家都是不同的。

So, they need local laws that work in their context.

是以，他們需要在他們的環境中發揮作用的當地法律。

The water crisis will make people leave their homes;

水危機將使人們離開他們的家園。

do they have the right to seek help in other countries?

他們是否有權利在其他國家尋求幫助？

We currently do not have laws or policies

我們目前沒有法律或政策

that provides for climate-induced migration

規定氣候引起的遷移

or movements or misplacements of persons

或人員的移動或錯位

that happens as a result of climate change.

這是因氣候變化而發生的結果。

Unfortunately, that is the current situation

不幸的是，這就是目前的情況

but laws and policies are needed,

但需要有法律和政策。

especially to protect the very poor,

特別是為了保護非常貧窮的人。

who bear the burden of climate change.

承擔氣候變化負擔的人。

Unfortunately, there aren't laws directly protecting people

不幸的是，並沒有法律直接保護人們

who have to leave their homes due to lack of water.

由於缺水而不得不離開家園的人。

People currently don't have the right to seek refuge from climate issues.

人們目前沒有權利為氣候問題尋求庇護。

Do we have enough climate laws to manage the water crisis?

我們是否有足夠的氣候法來管理水危機？

At the national level and regional level,

在國家層面和區域層面。

as well as global level, these kind of laws are needed.

在全球範圍內，這些法律是必要的。

Within the context of climate change, of course,

當然，是在氣候變化的背景下。

what is done at the national level

在國家層面上的工作

feeds into regional level and to the global level.

在區域層面和全球層面的反饋。

So, there's no kind of one-way approach to this.

是以，這沒有一種單向的方法。

It has to be done across the levels.

它必須在各個層面進行。

Climate change is a global problem,

氣候變化是一個全球問題。

so we need laws at a global level.

是以，我們需要全球層面的法律。

But, to get things done, we really need laws

但是，為了把事情做好，我們真的需要法律

at a smaller, regional and national level too.

在較小的、區域和國家層面也是如此。

Paul says there aren't many international laws

保羅說沒有多少國際法

protecting people forced out of their homes to find water,

保護被迫離開家園尋找水源的人們。

and that local laws need changing too.

而且，當地的法律也需要改變。

Of course, water isn't just vital for drinking.

當然，水不只是對飲用至關重要。

We use it in our factories in huge amounts.

我們在工廠裡大量使用它。

People depend on work and water to survive,

人們依靠工作和水來生存。

so what could the future hold?

那麼，未來會有什麼呢？

Early 2021...

2021年初...

and Taiwan's biggest reservoir, Tsengwen,

和臺灣最大的水庫，曾文。

was at its driest in years.

是多年來最乾旱的時候。

Other reservoirs in Taiwan are also thirsty,

臺灣的其他水庫也很飢渴。

including this one in the north, which supplies water

包括北部的這個，它提供的水

for Taiwan's $100 billion semiconductor industry.

為臺灣價值1000億美元的半導體產業。

The world's largest contract chip maker, TSMC, is nearby.

世界上最大的合約芯片製造商臺積電就在附近。

It and other semiconductor companies

它和其他半導體公司

need a lot of water to spray clean the silicon wafers

需要大量的水來噴灑清洗硅片

that go inside tech gadgets...

在科技小工具內的...

using up to 170,000 tonnes of water a day.

每天使用多達17萬噸的水。

The government has stopped irrigating

政府已經停止灌溉

thousands of hectares of nearby farmland.

附近數千公頃的農田。

That has left farmers like Chuang Chen-deng

這使得像莊晨登這樣的農民

worried about his rice fields.

擔心他的稻田。

You can give us water for two days a week

你可以每週給我們兩天的水

or one day – farmers will find a way.

或者有一天--農民會找到一個方法。

But now, they've completely cut our water.

但現在，他們已經完全切斷了我們的水。

Farmers can't find a way out.

農民們找不到出路。

You're focusing entirely on semiconductors.

你完全專注於半導體。

Chip maker TSMC planned for the worst.

芯片製造商臺積電做了最壞的打算。

They brought truckloads of water, extracted from construction sites,

他們帶來了一卡車的水，從建築工地提取的。

and increased the amount of water they recycle and reuse.

並增加了他們回收和再利用的水的數量。

Experts, however, warned that even after this drought,

然而，專家警告說，即使在這場乾旱之後。

tough action is needed to address the causes of Taiwan's water shortages.

需要採取嚴厲的行動來解決臺灣缺水的原因。

So, with different groups all needing water,

是以，在不同群體都需要水的情況下。

we found out more from Mark Zeitoun,

我們從Mark Zeitoun那裡發現了更多資訊。

Professor of Water Security and Policy

水安全與政策教授

at the University of East Anglia in the UK.

在英國的東安格利亞大學。

He explained how the lack of water –

他解釋說，缺乏水 --

also called water scarcity – is a complex issue.

也稱為水資源短缺--是一個複雜的問題。

Well, actually, there are two types of scarcity:

嗯，實際上，有兩種類型的稀缺性。

one – the most common – is what we call biophysical scarcity.

一個--最常見的--是我們所說的生物物理稀缺性。

That's when it doesn't rain enough and when we're counting on the rains.

那是雨下得不夠大的時候，也是我們指望著下雨的時候。

The other type of water scarcity,

另一種類型的缺水。

which is much more important, is called social scarcity.

這一點要重要得多，被稱為社會稀缺性。

That's scarcity that comes from that fact that we deny water

這就是匱乏，來自於我們否認水的事實。

to people who can't afford it, or if they are the wrong nationality.

對那些買不起的人，或者如果他們是錯誤的國籍。

It has nothing to do with how much rain falls on the area.

這與該地區降雨量的多少沒有關係。

There are two types of lack of water for law to look at.

有兩種類型的缺水，供法律部門參考。

Biophysical scarcity is lack of rain.

生物物理上的匱乏是指缺乏雨水。

Social scarcity is when people are denied water by others.

社會稀缺性是指人們被他人拒絕用水。

Is international law or national law more helpful when it comes to water?

在水的問題上，是國際法還是國家法律更有幫助？

It's all about enforceability – I mean,

這都是關於可執行性--我的意思是。

national law in general can be enforced:

一般來說，國家法律可以被執行。

you have a police force, you have a legal system,

你有一個警察部隊，你有一個法律系統。

you have courts, you have prisons.

你有法院，你有監獄。

International law and international water law cannot be enforced:

國際法和國際水法無法執行。

I mean, there is no global policeman.

我的意思是，不存在全球警察。

I don't know of any state would be welcomed as a global policeman

我不知道有哪個國家會被歡迎為全球警察

and that's probably a good thing.

而這可能是一件好事。

But, because the international water law cannot be enforced,

但是，由於國際水法無法執行。

that means violations of international water law can continue,

這意味著違反國際水法的行為可以繼續。

sometimes without any consequences.

有時沒有任何後果。

National laws are more likely to have a system of enforcement

國家法律更有可能有一個執行系統

when it comes to a lack of water,

當涉及到缺水的時候。

because international law has no international enforcement agency.

因為國際法沒有國際執法機構。

The other good thing about international water law is

國際水法的另一個好處是

it tells you how to distribute the resources

它告訴你如何分配資源

that are transboundary or that are international.

跨界的或國際的。

It doesn't say that, if there are three countries involved,

它沒有這樣說，如果有三個國家參與。

that each country gets one third;

每個國家得到三分之一。

it says that each country should use the waters

它說，每個國家都應該使用水域

in an equitable and reasonable amount.

在公平和合理的數額內。

And then it gives a definition of equitable and reasonable,

然後，它給出了公平和合理的定義。

stating how much...

說明多少...

how many people are dependent on the water resources,

有多少人依賴水資源。

what's the economic value of the water resources

水資源的經濟價值是什麼？

and are there alternative water resources?

以及是否有替代的水資源？

International law regulates cross-border disputes,

國際法對跨國界爭端進行管理。

where things like lakes and rivers cross borders between countries.

像湖泊和河流這樣的東西在國家之間跨越邊界。

It can make sure countries share water fairly.

它可以確保各國公平分享水資源。

International law also has a lot to say about human rights.

國際法對人權也有很多說法。

Does this help?

這有幫助嗎？

Yes, most definitely. The human right to water can help for...

是的，非常肯定。享有水的人權可以幫助...

to deal with social water scarcity.

以應對社會缺水的問題。

I mean, if... if a country recognises in its national legislation

我是說，如果......如果一個國家在其國家立法中承認

that the right to water cannot be denied

水權不能被剝奪

then the government or the companies that provide you water

那麼政府或為你提供水的公司

cannot turn their taps off, even if you don't pay for the water.

不能關閉他們的水龍頭，即使你不為水付費。

This is the case in the UK:

英國的情況就是如此。

the UK government has recognised the right to water

英國政府已承認水權

and so even the private companies here cannot turn your taps off.

是以，即使是這裡的私營公司也不能把你的水龍頭關掉。

The human right to water helps people in many countries

享有水的人權有助於許多國家的人民

get the water they need to drink.

獲得他們需要的水喝。

Additional protection can be gained

可以獲得額外的保護

if countries have included it in their own laws.

如果各國已將其納入自己的法律。

We've seen that international law has gaps

我們已經看到，國際法有漏洞

when it comes to making sure that people have enough water.

當涉及到確保人們有足夠的水時。

But, because international law says everyone has a human right to water,

但是，因為國際法規定每個人都有獲得水的人權。

even as supplies are drying up,

即使供應正在枯竭。

people should be able to rely on that right.

人們應該能夠依靠這一權利。