Name: 他心問題與唯我論：相信他人有意識甚至存在是否合理？（Problem of other minds & solipsism: Is that rational to believe others have conscious?or even exist?）
Uploaded: 2021-10-15T01:20:40.000Z
Duration: 6 min 37 s

轉承詞

It's common knowledge that everyone has a mind and consciousness, right? Is it, however,

每個人都有思想和意識，這是常識，對嗎？然而，

reasonable to believe this "common sense"? Let's find out, with people also ask.

相信這種“常識”是否合理？一起從「別人Ｇoogle了什麼」找出答案吧！

情態副詞

Hi, I am Shao Chieh Lo, welcome to what people also ask, where I search for something seemingly

嗨，我是 Shao Chieh Lo，歡迎來到「別人Ｇoogle了什麼」，本節目中我會搜索一些看似

obvious and share with you some of its PAA, aka People Also Ask, which is a feature telling

顯而易見的 東西， 並與您分享一些 PAA，又名 People Also Ask，這是一個功能，告訴

you what other people are searching on Google that relates to your query. Today's keyword

您其他人在 Google 上搜索了什麼與您的查詢有關的問題。今天的關鍵詞

is the problem of other minds and solipsism, we'll discuss what it is, and who proposed it and

是他心問題和唯我論，我們來討論它是什麼，誰提出的，

is there any argument against it. So let's start with our first PAA: What is the problem

有沒有什麼反對的論據。那麼讓我們從我們的第一個 PAA 開始： 哲學中他心問題

of other minds in philosophy? Google's auto-generated answer is linked to an entry titled “Problem

是什麼 ？谷歌自動生成的答案取自發表在 Encyclopaedia Britannica 上的

of other minds” published on Encyclopaedia Britannica, which is s a general knowledge

題為“ 他心問題”的條目，該網站是一般知識型

English-language encyclopedia. According to this entry, the problem of other minds is

英語百科全書。根據這個條目，他心問題

the problem of justifying the commonsense assumption that others besides oneself have

是試圖證明除了自己之外的其他人也有

minds and are capable of thinking or feeling similarly to oneself. You might think “Why

思想並且能夠像自己一樣思考或感受的論題。你可能會想“為什麼

do I need to justify my belief that other people have consciousness and mind? Isn't

我需要證明我相信其他人有意識和思想是理性的？不是就...

it just like.... obvious? “ I won't be so sure, when you think about it clearly, all you can

……很明顯的事嗎？ “我可不敢肯定，當你仔細思考後會發現，你所能

observe are actually just other people's “behavior”, you are actually not able

觀察到的實際上只是別人的“行為”，你實際上無法

to observe other people's subjective experiences which we call consciousness or mind. Since

觀察到別人的主觀體驗，我們稱之為意識或心智。既然

you cannot observe it, how do you know it exists? So here's our next PAA: What are

你觀察不到它，你怎麼知道它存在呢？所我們的下一個 PAA： 對於他心問題有

some solutions for problems of other minds? Ok, so this PAA is actually one of Google's

哪些解決方案？好的，所以這個 PAA 實際上是 Google 的一

bloopers because Google's auto-generated question was actually “Who created the problem

個失誤，因為 Google 自動生成的問題實際上是“誰創造了

of other minds?” while Google's auto-extracted answer was about “who proposed a solution

他心問題？”而谷歌自動提取的答案是關於“誰為他心問題提出了解決方案

for The problem of Other Minds”. Let me remind you Google's PAA is auto-generated

”。讓我提醒您 Google 的 PAA 是自動生成的，

so sometimes this happens. Anyway, this article “THE PROBLEM OF OTHER MINDS” is published

因此有時會發生這種情況。無論如何，這篇文章“他心問題”是

by Philosophy Talk, which is a website affiliated with the same-named talk radio program. The

由哲學談話出版 的，這是一個隸屬於同名談話電台節目的網站。該

program deals both with fundamental problems of philosophy and with the works of famous

節目既涉及哲學的基本問題，也談論著名 哲學家

philosophers, especially the ones that related to our day-to-day lives. One solution

的著作 ，尤其是與我們日常生活相關的著作 。

to The Problem of Other Minds was proposed by John Stuart Mill, a 19th-century empiricist,

19 世紀的經驗主義者約翰·斯圖爾特·密爾 (John Stuart Mill) 提出了

argues that because one's body and outward behavior are observably similar to others'

一個解決他心問題的方法， 他認為，由於一個人的身體和外在行為與他人的

bodies and behavior, one is justified by analogy in believing that others have feelings similar

身體和行為明顯 相似 ，因此可以通過類比來證明其他人有感覺類似於

to one's own. So it's like “You are a human like me, you behave similarly to me,

自己的。所以“你和我一樣是人，你的行為和我

and you speak in a similar manner to me. I have a mind; isn't it reasonable to assume

很相似，你和我說話的方式也很相似。我有心智；所以我假設你也有，

you do as well?” But here's the problem, this conclusion is actually based on a very

這不是很合理嗎？”但是問題來了，這個結論其實是基於一個非常

small sample, only 1, aka you. Luckily, there is another solution called “Inference

小的樣本，只有1個，也就是你。幸運的是，還有另一種解決方案，稱為“

to the Best Explanation”. According to Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Inference to the

最佳解釋推理 ”。根據 Routledge 哲學百科全書，

best explanation is the procedure of choosing the hypothesis or theory that best explains

最佳解釋 推理 是選擇最能解釋 可用數據 的假設或理論的過程

the available data. The factors that make one explanation better than another may include

。使一種解釋優於另一種解釋的因素可能包括

depth, comprehensiveness, simplicity, and unifying power. Apply to The Problem of Other

深度、全面性、簡單性和統一性。適用於他心問題

Minds, we can rationalize it this way: I understand that my own mind explains a lot of my behavior,

我們可以這樣合理化它：我明白我自己的思想解釋了我的很多行為，

that it is influenced by the outside world, and that the way it causes me to behave is

它受到外部世界的影響，並且它導致我的行為方式

responsive to the information it picks up about the world. So it is almost certain that

該行為是根據心智反應這世界的信息。所以幾乎可以肯定，

everyone else works in a similar manner.  So what if this still cannot convince you?

其他人都以類似的內在機制。那麼，如果這仍然不能說服你呢？

Then you might be a solipsist! Let's talk about our next PAA: What does solipsism mean

那麼你可能是一個唯我論者！讓我們談談我們的下一個 PAA：唯我論 在哲學中

in philosophy? Because Google takes the answer to this query from a dictionary site called

意味著什麼 ？因為谷歌從一個名為 Merriam-Webster

Merriam-Webster, which is currently owned by Encyclopaedia Britannica, the answer is

的詞典網站獲取了這個查詢的答案，該網站 目前歸大英百科全書所有，所以答案

short and simple: solipsism is a theory holding that the self can know nothing but its own

簡短而簡單：唯我論是一種理論，認為自我只能知道自己的

existence and that the self is the only existent thing. Obviously, many people do

存在，而自我是唯一存在的東西。很明顯，很多人

not want this idea to be proven correct, because it's kind of a scary theory, and by a lot

不希望這個想法被證明是正確的，因為這是一個可怕的理論，對很多

of people I mean just you, if this theory is true. So: What is the argument against

人來說，我的意思是，只有你。（如果這個理論是真的）。那麼：反對

solipsism? Google's auto-generated answer is linked to an article titled “Is there

唯我 論的論據是什麼 ？谷歌自動生成的答案與一篇題為“

any philosophical rebuttal to solipsism - the theory that the self is all that you

對唯我論 是否有 哲學反駁——自我就是你

can know to exist? Or are you all just figments of my imagination” published by The Guardian.

所能知道的唯一存在的理論？或者你們都只是我想像中的虛構物”由衛報出版。

This article included various arguments against solipsism; it's a long and interesting piece,

這篇文章包括各種反對唯我論的論點；這是一篇又長又有趣的文章，

so I won't be able to go over every point; I highly recommend reading it yourself. But,

所以我不能把每一點都講一遍；我強烈建議您自己閱讀。但是，

for the time being, I can share one of these arguments mentioned in this article with you:

就目前而言，我可以與您分享本文中提到的其中一個論點：

The concept of “self” only exist if “others” exists. If a completely solipsistic being

“自我”的概念只有在“他人”存在時才存在。如果 存在 一個完全唯我論的

existed, it would never be able to consider the concept of solipsism. In order to do that,

存在，它就永遠無法考慮唯我論的概念。為了做到這一點，

it would have had to become aware of itself and develop an identity including an 'I' concept.

它必須意識到自己並發展出包括“我”概念在內的身份。

To do that, it would have needed to 'exit' its own 'being' and consider itself from another's

要做到這一點，它需要“退出”自己的“存在”並從他人的 角度

point of view. But, there are no others or other points of view in solipsism. It follows

考慮自己 。但是，在唯我論中沒有其他觀點或其他觀點。因此

that a truly soliptic being has no self because it has no “other-selves” to define itself.

，真正的唯我論者沒有自我，因為它沒有“其他自我”來定義自己。

I am kind of convinced, but it can probably refute solipsism but still won't solve the

我有點被說服了，但它可能可以反駁唯我論，但仍然不能解決他心問題

problem of other minds since other people might exist, just do not have minds.

，因為其他人可能存在，只是沒有心智。

Today we, or maybe just myself, learned what is the Problem of Other Minds, what is solipsism,

今天我們，或者只是我自己，了解了什麼是他心問題，什麼是唯我論，

as well as their corresponding solutions. If you made it to the end of the video, chances

以及相應的解決方案。如果您看完了視頻，很可能

are that you enjoy learning what people also ask on Google. But let's face it, reading

你也對 Google 上提出的問題很有興趣。但是讓我們面對

PAA yourself will be a pain. So here's the deal, I will do the reading for you and upload

現實，自己 閱讀 PAA 會很痛苦。所以不如這樣吧，我會為你閱讀並上傳

a video compiling some fun PAAs once a week, all you have to do is to hit the subscribe

一個視頻，每週一次編譯一些有趣的 PAA ，你所要做的就是點擊訂閱

button and the bell icon so you won't miss any PAA report that I compile. So just do

按鈕和鈴鐺圖標，這樣你就不會錯過我的任何 PAA 報告編譯。所以