it's something just in Hollywood movies, right?

這是在好萊塢電影中才有的東西，對嗎？

We'll show you how the law is designed to prevent conflicts

我們將告訴你法律是如何設計的，以防止衝突

and ask if it's good enough to do it.

並詢問是否足夠好，以做到這一點。

How the Cold War shaped today's laws for exploring space...

冷戰如何塑造了今天探索太空的法律...

If someone disobeys a law, then they lose too.

如果有人不遵守法律，那麼他們也會失去。

So, this is the core principle

是以，這就是核心原則

that urges countries to behave in space.

敦促各國在太空中的行為。

What happens after Donald Trump formed a new space military?

唐納德-特朗普組建新的太空軍隊後會發生什麼？

We've been sending people and spacecraft into orbit for decades.

幾十年來，我們一直在將人和航天器送入軌道。

But why has that – so far – remained peaceful?

但為什麼--到目前為止--仍然是和平的？

July 1975...

1975年7月...

two men shake hands in space.

兩個人在太空中握手。

One was American Brigadier General Thomas Stafford.

一個是美國的托馬斯-斯塔福德准將。

The other was cosmonaut Alexei Leonov.

另一位是太空人阿列克謝-列昂諾夫。

This historic handshake symbolised improving relations

這一歷史性的握手象徵著關係的改善

in the long-running Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union,

在美國和蘇聯之間長期的冷戰中。

but their conflict was far from over.

但他們的衝突遠未結束。

The two countries competed for superiority after World War Two.

兩國在二戰後競相爭奪優勢。

Their efforts to get to space were part of that:

他們進入太空的努力是其中的一部分。

this was known as the space race.

這就是所謂的太空競賽。

So, what was to stop one country

那麼，是什麼阻止了一個國家

from launching nuclear weapons from a spacecraft

從航天器上發射核武器

or claiming the Moon as a military base?

或要求將月球作為軍事基地？

The Outer Space Treaty, signed in 1967,

外層空間條約》，於1967年簽署。

was an international effort to make that kind of thing illegal.

是一項國際努力，使這種事情成為非法。

Space lawyer Deepika Jayakodi told us what you're banned from doing.

空間律師迪皮卡-賈亞科迪告訴我們，你被禁止做什麼。

The Outer Space Treaty bans placing weapons of mass destruction,

外層空間條約》禁止放置大規模毀滅性武器。

or nuclear weapons, around the Earth's orbit,

或核武器，圍繞地球的軌道。

or on the Moon and celestial bodies.

或在月球和天體上。

The Outer Space Treaty also bans establishing military bases,

外層空間條約》也禁止建立軍事基地。

building forts, testing weapons

建造堡壘，測試武器

and also conducting military manoeuvres

並進行軍事演習

in the celestial bodies or on the Moon.

在天體或月球上。

The Outer Space Treaty, or OST,

外層空間條約》，即OST。

bans weapons of mass destruction on the Moon or other celestial bodies.

禁止在月球或其他天體上的大規模毀滅性武器。

It also means that building military bases is not allowed either.

這也意味著，建設軍事基地也是不允許的。

So, was it just about stopping nuclear war

那麼，這只是為了阻止核戰爭嗎？

between the Soviet Union and America?

蘇聯和美國之間的關係？

The international community wanted to ensure that...

國際社會希望確保...

that rivalries on Earth were not extended into space.

地球上的競爭並沒有延伸到太空。

The Outer Space Treaty was also brought at a time

外層空間條約》也是在一個時期提出的

when many countries were gaining freedom from the colonial powers.

當許多國家正在從殖民國家獲得自由時。

So, in essence, this law was meant to avoid conflicts in space

是以，從本質上講，這項法律是為了避免空間衝突的。

and to ensure that the activity's for the benefit of humanity as a whole.

並確保該活動是為了整個人類的利益。

The OST was created to avoid conflict in space

創建OST是為了避免太空中的衝突

and to make sure that space was for the benefit of all humanity.

並確保該空間是為了全人類的利益。

So, what would happen if a country broke the treaty?

那麼，如果一個國家違反條約，會發生什麼？

Nothing really stops any country from disobeying the Outer Space Treaty.

沒有什麼能真正阻止任何國家不遵守《外層空間條約》的行為。

In general, space is a special field.

一般來說，空間是一個特殊的領域。

It is for everyone.

它是為每個人服務的。

So, if someone disobeys a law, then they lose too.

是以，如果有人不遵守法律，那麼他們也會失去。

So, this is the core principle

是以，這就是核心原則

that urges countries to behave in space.

敦促各國在太空中的行為。

Although there's nothing to stop a country disobeying the OST,

雖然沒有什麼可以阻止一個國家不服從《奧斯特》。

if they break a rule, it impacts them too.

如果他們違反規則，也會影響到他們。

So, is the treaty good enough for today?

那麼，對於今天來說，條約是否足夠好？

The principles in the Outer Space Treaty are as valid

外層空間條約》中的原則同樣有效

as the were a few decades ago.

和幾十年前一樣。

Having said that, there are some ambiguities and gaps in the law,

話雖如此，法律中還是有一些模糊不清的地方和漏洞。

because of new technologies and developments,

因為新的技術和發展。

and there are a lot of efforts that are going on

而且有很多努力正在進行中

to fill the gaps in the existing laws.

以填補現有法律的空白。

The OST was created a long time ago

OST是很久以前創建的

so there are some gaps in the laws,

是以，法律中存在一些空白。

but the principles are still valid.

但這些原則仍然有效。

Let's have a look at a very real example of how the situation has changed

讓我們看看一個非常真實的例子，看看情況是如何變化的

since America signed the Outer Space Treaty.

自美國簽署《外層空間條約》以來。

Former US Vice President Mike Pence in 2019.

美國前副總統邁克-彭斯在2019年。

As the President has said,

正如總統所言。

we all recognise – it's been frankly true for decades –

我們都認識到--幾十年來一直坦率地說是這樣的

in his words, space is a war-fighting domain.

用他的話說，空間是一個戰爭的領域。

The United States Space Force will ensure that our nation is prepared.

美國太空部隊將確保我們的國家做好準備。

America launched a new space military service,

美國推出了一個新的太空軍事服務。

the Space Force, later that year.

這一年晚些時候，太空部隊。

Although it sounds like something straight out of Star Wars,

雖然這聽起來像是從《星球大戰》中直接出來的東西。

the US Space Force is not as dramatic as it sounds.

美國太空部隊的發展並不像聽起來那麼誇張。

It does not intend to send troops into space.

它不打算將部隊送入太空。

Instead, it would protect the things that belong to the US,

相反，它將保護屬於美國的東西。

like satellites used for communications and surveillance.

如用於通信和監視的衛星。

But the US isn't the first country to use space for military purposes.

但美國並不是第一個將太空用於軍事目的的國家。

Russia and China have been doing it for years,

俄羅斯和中國多年來一直在這樣做。

and it's believed that all three countries have tested weapons

而且據說這三個國家都進行了武器試驗

that could destroy a satellite in space.

可以摧毀太空中的衛星。

Do these new developments mean space,

這些新的發展是否意味著空間。

as domain of peace, is over?

作為和平的領域，已經結束了？

Does the Space Force break the Outer Space Treaty?

太空部隊是否違反了《外太空條約》？

Here's Professor Dale Stephens,

這裡是戴爾-斯蒂芬斯教授。

a space war specialist from the University of Adelaide:

阿德萊德大學的太空戰專家。

The creation of the US Space Force is not breaking any laws.

美國太空部隊的建立沒有違反任何法律。

Many states that operate in space have, within their militaries,

許多在太空活動的國家在其軍隊中都有，。

components that work with their military satellites

與其軍事衛星配合的組件

and their military objects. So, what the Americans have done

和他們的軍事對象。是以，美國人所做的是

is quite consistent with what other countries are doing.

這與其他國家的做法相當一致。

What America has done is given it more prominence

美國所做的是給予它更多的突出地位

and given it a particular place in their structure,

並在他們的結構中給予它一個特殊的位置。

but countries like Russia and China also have a Space Force,

但像俄羅斯和中國這樣的國家也有一支太空部隊。

but it's just presented in a different way.

但它只是以一種不同的方式呈現。

Although the US Space Force is a new development,

雖然美國的太空部隊是一個新的發展。

it doesn't break any laws and other countries have similar operations.

它沒有違反任何法律，其他國家也有類似的行動。

Has anyone broken the law around fighting in space?

圍繞著在太空中的戰鬥，有誰違反了法律？

There have been no breaches so far in space.

到目前為止，在太空中還沒有發生過違規事件。

That's not to say that satellites and space objects

這並不是說，衛星和空間物體

have not been used for fighting armed conflict on Earth; they have.

沒有被用來在地球上對抗武裝衝突；它們有。

But in terms of space itself, there's been no war in space,

但就太空本身而言，太空中沒有發生過戰爭。

there's been no conflict and so there has been no breach yet,

沒有任何衝突，所以還沒有出現違約。

but it may be just a matter of time,

但這可能只是一個時間問題。

in which case we've got to be very clear about what the law is,

在這種情況下，我們必須非常清楚地瞭解法律是什麼。

so as to avoid misunderstanding.

以避免誤解。

So far, there haven't been any breaches of the law in space,

到目前為止，在太空中還沒有任何違反法律的行為。

but the law must be very clear to prevent misunderstandings.

但法律必須非常明確，以防止誤解。

What would happen if a country stepped out of line?

如果一個國家越界了，會發生什麼？

So, depending on what the law is, if they've committed a war crime,

是以，取決於法律是什麼，如果他們犯了戰爭罪。

then if they are party to the International Criminal Court,

那麼如果他們是國際刑事法院的締約國。

then they or the individuals who committed the war crime

那麼他們或犯下戰爭罪的人

can find themselves before the court.

可以在法庭上找到自己。

If they've committed an act of aggression,

如果他們實施了侵略行為。

then the Security Council can step in, much as it can on Earth

那麼安全理事會可以介入，就像它在地球上可以介入一樣

and it can make a determination about violation.

它可以對違法行為做出判斷。

And you've always got bodies such as the International Committee of the Red Cross

而且你總是有諸如紅十字國際委員會這樣的機構。

that are forever monitoring compliance with the law of armed conflict

永遠監測武裝衝突法的遵守情況的機構

and they would certainly get involved if a country steps out of line.

如果一個國家越軌，他們肯定會介入。

If a country commits a crime in space,

如果一個國家在太空中犯了罪。

they could go to court just like on Earth.

他們可以像在地球上一樣訴諸法庭。

Organisations like the Red Cross check they're following the law

紅十字會等組織檢查他們是否遵守法律

in armed conflicts on Earth.

在地球上的武裝衝突中。

But do space treaties only cover the countries that have signed them?

但是，空間條約是否只涵蓋簽署了這些條約的國家？

International law comprises of treaties,

國際法由條約組成。

but it also comprises of something called customary international law,

但它也包括一個叫做習慣國際法的東西。

which is like common law,

這就像普通法。

which exists in the UK and Commonwealth nations,

這存在於英國和英聯邦國家。

and there is no doubt in anybody's mind

在任何人的心中都沒有疑問

that when it comes to weapons of mass destruction, like nuclear weapons,

當涉及到大規模毀滅性武器，如核武器時。

then the prohibition that is contained in the treaty

那麼，條約中所載的禁止規定

also applies as a matter of customary international law.

作為習慣國際法的一個事項，也適用。

There is no legal argument available to any country

任何國家都沒有可以利用的法律論據

to put a nuclear weapon in full orbit around the Earth

將核武器置於環繞地球的完整軌道上

under either the treaty or this thing called customary international law.

根據條約或稱為國際習慣法的東西。

Customary law means that no country can do something

習慣法意味著，任何國家都不能做一些

like putting a nuclear weapon in space,

就像在太空中放置核武器一樣。

even if they haven't actually signed a treaty agreeing to it.

即使他們還沒有實際簽署同意的條約。

Space exploration is meant to be for the benefit of all humankind.

空間探索的目的是為了造福全人類。

Avoiding war is a benefit.

避免戰爭是一種好處。

This makes space wars very unlikely.

這使得空間戰爭的可能性非常小。

We've seen that that covers recent developments.

我們已經看到，這涵蓋了最近的發展。

And even if countries haven't signed up,

而且即使各國還沒有簽署。

the law still keeps space free from nuclear weapons,

法律仍然保持空間沒有核武器。

keeping us safe here on Earth.

保護我們在地球上的安全。