but can they keep what they find up there?

但他們能保留他們在上面發現的東西嗎？

As more people aim for the stars,

隨著越來越多的人瞄準星星。

we'll show you how the law is ahead of them.

我們會告訴你法律是如何領先於他們的。

We've passed the six-minute mark in our countdown for Apollo 11.

我們已經超過了阿波羅11號倒計時的6分鐘標誌。

Could any country ever take over another planet?

是否有任何國家能夠接管另一個星球？

In general, the international space law works...

一般來說，國際空間法的工作...

works in a manner where if...

工作方式是，如果...

if you keep somebody else out,

如果你把別人拒之門外。

then the other person would probably keep you out as well.

那麼另一個人可能也會把你擋在外面。

Ignition sequence starts.

點火順序開始。

And the new space race is on...

而新的太空競賽正在進行...

but what can companies actually own from space?

但公司從太空中能真正擁有什麼？

When America landed the first man on the moon,

當美國的第一個人在月球上著陸時。

why didn't he just say it was US property?

他為什麼不直接說這是美國的財產？

That's one small step for man...

這是人的一小步...

If Russia became the first state to send someone to Mars,

如果俄羅斯成為第一個送人上火星的國家。

what would stop them from owning it?

什麼能阻止他們擁有它？

One thing – the Outer Space Treaty –

一件事--《外空條約》--。

signed by more than a hundred countries.

有一百多個國家簽署。

It says no country can claim any part of outer space:

它說，任何國家都不能對外層空間的任何部分提出要求。

space belongs to every nation.

空間屬於每個國家。

But in 2020, eight countries signed the Artemis Accords.

但在2020年，八個國家簽署了《阿特米斯協議》。

They're an agreement between governments

它們是政府之間的協議

who are taking part in the Artemis programme,

正在參加阿特米斯計劃的人。

an American-led effort to land on the moon.

一個由美國上司的登陸月球的努力。

But not everyone is happy.

但不是每個人都很高興。

China, India and even big companies are blasting off into space.

中國、印度，甚至大公司都在向太空爆破。

So how does the law help decide who owns what they find up there?

那麼，法律如何幫助決定誰擁有他們在上面發現的東西？

Commercial space lawyer, Deepika Jayakodi,

商業空間律師，迪皮卡-賈亞科迪。

explained what the first major bit of space law – the Outer Space Treaty –

解釋了第一部重要的空間法--《外層空間條約》--的內容。

says about what countries can own in space.

說的是國家可以在太空中擁有什麼。

There's one article which says that the Moon

有一篇文章說，月球

and the celestial bodies in outer space

和外太空的天體

are free for exploration and use,

免費供人探索和使用。

and then there's another article that says that

然後有另一篇文章說，

no country can stake a claim in space:

任何國家都不能在太空中佔有一席之地。

you cannot appropriate a portion of space.

你不能佔用一部分空間。

So, although you can use things –

是以，雖然你可以使用的東西---

the structures that you build on the Moon or a celestial body –

你在月球或天體上建造的結構----。

you cannot really claim to own the territory in which you put this.

你不能真正聲稱擁有你的領土，你把這個。

The Outer Space Treaty says that,

外層空間條約》中說，。

while you can use things you find in space,

而你可以使用你在太空中找到的東西。

you can't actually claim somewhere as your territory

你不能把某個地方作為你的領土。

and stop other countries from using it too.

並阻止其他國家也使用它。

What does this mean if a country wants to build a Moon base?

如果一個國家想建立一個月球基地，這意味著什麼？

A country can set up a base on the Moon

一個國家可以在月球上建立一個基地

and you can use the materials that are available on the Moon

而且你可以使用月球上的材料。

to build this base: you could use the Moon rocks,

來建造這個基地：你可以使用月球上的岩石。

you could use the Moon dust and so on.

你可以使用月球上的灰塵等等。

So, you own the resources as soon as they are extracted from the Moon.

是以，一旦資源從月球上被提取出來，你就擁有了這些資源。

But you don't own the territory from which you extract these resources.

但你並不擁有你開採這些資源的領土。

Countries can set up bases on the Moon,

各國可以在月球上建立基地。

but still wouldn't own the part of the Moon they're on.

但仍然不會擁有他們所在的月球部分。

They can use the things they find up there, such as water or rocks.

他們可以利用他們在上面發現的東西，如水或石頭。

So, could you keep another country out of your base?

那麼，你能把另一個國家擋在你的基地之外嗎？

In general, the international space law works...

一般來說，國際空間法的工作...

works in a manner where if...

工作方式是，如果...

if you keep somebody else out,

如果你把別人拒之門外。

then the other person would probably keep you out as well.

那麼另一個人可能也會把你擋在外面。

So, you would rather build a base

所以，你寧願建立一個基地

and ensure that it is accessible to others

並確保它能為他人所用

as long as they provide you access to their site or base as well.

只要他們也為你提供訪問他們網站或基地的機會。

Space laws require cooperation

空間法需要合作

between the countries and organisations involved.

有關國家和組織之間的合作。

If you keep people off your base, they'd do the same to you.

如果你讓人們遠離你的基地，他們也會對你做同樣的事。

Deepika explained why there's a disagreement over the Artemis Accords.

迪皮卡解釋了為什麼對《阿特米斯協議》有分歧。

These principles reflect already the principles in the Outer Space Treaty

這些原則已經反映了《外層空間條約》中的原則。

and the concern of some countries and scholars

以及一些國家和學者的關注

is that these principles reflect a US position

是，這些原則反映了美國的立場

or a US interpretation of space laws.

或美國對空間法的解釋。

In... space law is an international law

在......空間法是一種國際法律

and it is important that it takes into account

而重要的是，它要考慮到

the different perspectives coming in from different parts of the world.

來自世界不同地區的不同觀點。

The US came up with these new rules with a number of other countries.

美國與其他一些國家一起提出了這些新規則。

Some experts worry the Artemis Accords

一些專家擔心《阿特米斯協議》

might just reflect a US point of view,

可能只是反映了美國的觀點。

rather than working with the whole world.

而不是與整個世界一起工作。

So, while countries can use what they find in space,

是以，雖然各國可以利用他們在太空中發現的東西。

it's harder to say they own a planet or a moon.

說他們擁有一顆行星或一個月球就更難了。

But what if we're not just talking about countries?

但如果我們不只是在談論國家呢？

When the space race started last century,

上個世紀太空競賽開始時。

it was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.

這是一場美國和蘇聯之間的競爭。

But now a new contest is under way,

但現在，一場新的競賽正在進行中。

this time between two billionaires

這次是兩個億萬富翁之間的事

who made their fortunes on the internet.

他們在互聯網上發了財。

Amazon's Jeff Bezos and Tesla's Elon Musk

亞馬遜的傑夫-貝佐斯和特斯拉的伊隆-馬斯克

don't simply want us to get back into space,

不僅僅是希望我們回到太空。

they want us to stay there – with talks of cities on Mars...

他們希望我們留在那裡--談論火星上的城市...

So, how will the law cover corporations

那麼，法律將如何涵蓋公司

who are exploring beyond our planet?

誰在探索我們的星球之外？

Dr Thomas Cheney, from the Open University,

托馬斯-切尼博士，來自開放大學。

explains how the law covers what private companies can own.

解釋了法律如何涵蓋私人公司可以擁有的東西。

It's a very grey area

這是一個非常灰色的區域

within the international space law system,

在國際空間法體系內。

but property law is based on the country that you are from,

但財產法是基於你所在的國家。

or that you are interested in,

或你感興趣的。

and it follows you into outer space.

並且它跟隨你進入外太空。

So, you know, you have to get permission from your government

所以，你知道，你必須得到政府的許可

to even go into outer space and you...

甚至進入外太空，你...

because you are operating in a spaceship,

因為你是在宇宙飛船上操作。

then the laws of your country apply in that spaceship.

那麼你們國家的法律就適用於那艘宇宙飛船。

And so it follows you, as you go into outer space.

所以它跟著你，當你進入外太空時。

Current space law isn't actually very clear

目前的空間法實際上並不十分明確

as to what a company can own in space,

至於一家公司可以在太空中擁有什麼。

so we sometimes use property law from our own countries.

所以我們有時會使用我們自己國家的財產法。

Is this changing?

這是否在改變？

Yes, space law is developing and it is something –

是的，空間法正在發展，它是一種 --

countries are actively trying to change laws,

各國都在積極嘗試修改法律。

particularly around ownership,

特別是圍繞所有權。

because they feel that being able to own things like space resources

因為他們覺得，能夠擁有像空間資源這樣的東西

is vital for the economic development of outer space.

對外層空間的經濟發展至關重要。

And so they are saying that if you're a company

所以他們說，如果你是一家公司

and you do the work to extract a resource from outer space,

和你做的工作，從外太空提取資源。

then they will recognise that you have property rights over that.

那麼他們就會承認你對它有產權。

Countries are developing laws

各國正在制定法律

over what their private companies can own in space.

對他們的私人公司在太空中可以擁有的東西。

This helps the countries to grow

這有助於國家的發展

by using the huge amount of resources that are up there.

通過使用上面的大量資源。

How would you decide who owns something if there's a disagreement?

如果有分歧，你會如何決定誰擁有某物？

So, under the current rules,

是以，根據目前的規則。

the best way to do that is to sue someone in a court –

最好的辦法是在法庭上起訴某人 --

or the only way to do that is to sue someone in a court,

或唯一的辦法是在法庭上起訴某人。

but that's a time-consuming and expensive process,

但這是一個耗時且昂貴的過程。

so we want to avoid that if possible.

是以，如果可能的話，我們希望避免這種情況。

But that requires some rules and guidelines

但這需要一些規則和準則

to more amicably or peacefully resolve these conflicts,

以更友好地或和平地解決這些衝突。

without having to go to court.

不需要上法庭。

Any disputes over ownership in space would be settled in court,

任何關於空間所有權的爭議都將在法庭上解決。

but it is time-consuming and expensive.

但這很耗時，也很昂貴。

As we go into new territories in space, how do we design new laws?

當我們進入空間的新領域時，我們如何設計新的法律？

That's... that's absolutely one of the biggest challenges.

那是......那絕對是最大的挑戰之一。

We can look at some other regimes, other systems,

我們可以看看其他一些制度，其他系統。

like the Law of the Sea Convention,

如《海洋法公約》。

because that environment is somewhat similar to outer space.

因為那個環境有點類似於外太空。

But the main way of doing it is we start with voluntary processes,

但主要的方式是我們從自願的過程開始。

So, we... we get together with the industry actors

是以，我們......我們與業界的演員聚在一起

who are thinking about doing these activities

正在考慮進行這些活動的人

and we, kind of, come up with some guidelines

而我們，某種程度上，提出了一些指導方針

or some... and some basic principles for how to behave,

或一些......和一些基本的行為原則。

and over time this will evolve into a legal framework.

而隨著時間的推移，這將演變成一個法律框架。

It's a huge challenge, but we would use similar laws,

這是一個巨大的挑戰，但我們會使用類似的法律。

like those covering the sea, to create space laws.

像那些覆蓋海洋的人一樣，創造空間法則。

These will change over time.

這些將隨著時間的推移而改變。

We've seen that the law makes sure one country or organisation

我們已經看到，法律確保了一個國家或組織

can't claim they own a planet or a moon,

不能聲稱他們擁有一顆行星或一個月球。

but they are allowed to use what they find in space.

但他們被允許使用他們在太空中發現的東西。

And, as private companies start to head into orbit,

而且，隨著私營公司開始進入軌道。

the law will be with them, changing

法律將與他們同在，改變

to keep space free for everyone.

以保持每個人的空間自由。