school. Here's what you need to know about how  teaching and learning styles vary between each  

學校。以下是你需要知道的關於每個人的教學和學習風格的不同之處

stage in your training to become a future doctor. Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com. 

在你成為未來醫生的培訓階段。Jubbal博士，MedSchoolInsiders.com。

High school learning is terribly inefficient,  and that's by design. Grade school is largely  

高中的學習是非常低效的，這是設計好的。小學在很大程度上是

a form of day care for children and adolescents  while parents are gone to work. From early in  

一種在父母外出工作時為兒童和青少年提供的日間照料形式。從早期開始

the morning until mid afternoon, you're in school,  and most of your time in school is spent in class  

從早上到下午，你都在學校，而且你在學校的大部分時間都是在課堂上度過。

being lectured to. Homework assignments often  feel like busy work, rather than genuine efforts  

被說教。家庭作業常常讓人覺得是忙亂的工作，而不是真正的努力。

to teach you something valuable, and certain  classes seem completely irrelevant altogether. 

來教你一些有價值的東西，而某些課程似乎完全不相關。

Your schedule and curriculum are both structured  and regimented, leaving little room for electives  

你的日程安排和課程都是結構化和制度化的，沒有留下什麼空間來進行選修

or exploring your curiosity. Perhaps you have  optionality with which physical education,  

或探索你的好奇心。也許你有選擇權，有哪些體育教育。

or PE class to take, or maybe some selection  with the type of history class you enroll in.  

或體育課，或者也許與你所報的歷史課的類型有些選擇。

If you're really lucky, perhaps you get the  opportunity for an automotive workshopping  

如果你真的很幸運，也許你會有機會參加汽車修理廠的工作。

class, which I wish I had a chance to do. College is your first foray into adulthood,  

類，我希望我有機會這樣做。大學是你進入成人期的第一次嘗試。

and for the first time in your life  independence is thrust upon you,  

在你的生活中，獨立是第一次被推到你面前。

both inside and outside of the classroom.  Your learning will be more self-directed and  

課堂內外都是如此。 你的學習將更加自主和

independent compared to high school. Compared to  high school, you'll spend much less time in class,  

與高中相比，獨立。與高中相比，你花在課堂上的時間會少很多。

and there will be many more distractions  tempting you away from your academics. 

而且會有更多分心的事情誘惑你離開你的學業。

Of all the stages in training, college offers the  most flexibility in what you actually study. The  

在培訓的所有階段中，大學在你實際學習的內容方面提供了最大的靈活性。訓練

major you chose will dictate what range of courses  you must take over your four years. You will still  

你選擇的專業將決定你在四年中必須學習的課程範圍。你仍將

have general education requirements, or GE's,  but compared to high school you have much more  

有普通教育要求，或稱GE's，但與高中相比，你有更多的

flexibility with which courses you take and your  day to day schedule. You can start early, late,  

你可以靈活地選擇你所選的課程和你每天的日程安排。你可以早一點開始，晚一點開始。

and even have an extra day or two off per week. When I first started college, I hated waking up  

甚至每週有一兩天的額外假期。當我剛開始上大學時，我討厭起床

early so much that I actually signed up for  the engineering level calculus to fulfill  

我很早就開始學習微積分，以至於我實際上報名參加了工程級別的微積分學習，以滿足我的需求。

my mathematics requirement rather than the  math course designed for life science majors.  

我的數學要求，而不是為生命科學專業設計的數學課程。

The former was much more difficult than  the latter, but my desire to sleep in  

前者比後者要困難得多，但我想睡在床上的願望

was greater than the spread in difficulty. On the premed track, however, there is less  

比難度上的差距更大。然而，在醫學預科的軌道上，有較少的

flexibility, particularly in the first two years.  There are certain medical school prerequisite  

靈活性，特別是在頭兩年。 有一些醫學院的先決條件

courses you must take, including biology,  chemistry, physics, biochemistry, and so on.  

你必須學習的課程，包括生物學、化學、物理學、生物化學等等。

It's only after fulfilling your prerequisite  courses, in your latter two years of college,  

只有在完成了你的先修課程後，在你大學的後兩年才可以。

that you'll be able to explore your curiosity  and courses related to your chosen major. 

你將能夠探索你的好奇心和與你選擇的專業相關的課程。

In terms of learning environment, it's primarily  large lecture halls with hundreds of students,  

在學習環境方面，主要是有數百名學生的大講堂。

at least at larger institutions. But if you attend  a smaller liberal arts college, you won't get lost  

至少在較大的機構是這樣。但是，如果你就讀於一所較小的文理學院，你就不會迷路。

in large auditoriums in the same way. Do note  that several of your classes, such as English,  

在大禮堂以同樣的方式。請注意，你的幾門課，如英語。

will generally be more intimate classroom sessions  of 20 or 30 students with active participation. 

一般來說，將是由20或30名學生積極參與的更親密的課堂課程。

Medical school is the largest departure  in learning style. Similar to high school,  

醫學院是學習方式的最大背離。與高中類似。

there is little flexibility in what you study,  and you're set on a mostly fixed curriculum  

你學習的內容沒有什麼靈活性，你被設定在一個基本固定的課程上。

and learning path. And similar to college, it's  heavily self-directed and independent learning,  

和學習路徑。而且與大學類似，它在很大程度上是自我指導和獨立學習。

but to an even further extent. Interestingly, one  of the most common strategies shared amongst top  

但在更大的範圍內。有趣的是，頂級公司之間最常見的戰略之一是

scoring medical students is that they applied  pressure with surgical precision to both the  

醫學學生的得分是，他們以外科手術的方式精確地施加壓力，以確保他們的健康。

like and subscribe buttons on this video. In high school, you spend most of your time  

喜歡和訂閱這個視頻的按鈕。在高中階段，你的大部分時間都是在

learning in the classroom, and a few hours  here and there on your own. In university,  

課堂上的學習，以及這裡和那裡的幾個小時的自學。在大學裡。

it shifts towards fewer hours in the classroom  and a larger proportion of work done on your own.  

它轉向更少的課堂時間和更大比例的自己完成的工作。

Medical school magnifies this to the extreme,  where the overwhelming majority of your  

醫學院將這一點放大到了極致，在那裡，你的絕大部分時間都是在學習。

learning and studying will be on your own,  outside the classroom. This is in addition  

學習和研究將在你自己的課堂之外進行。此外，這還包括

to 2-6 hours of classroom learning per day. But it isn't just a traditional large lecture hall  

到每天2-6小時的課堂學習。但它並不只是一個傳統的大講堂

classroom. Because medical school is focused on  teaching you to become a competent and effective  

課堂。因為醫學院的重點是教你成為一個合格和有效的人。

doctor, there are a variety of teaching modalities  that come into play. Your first two years,  

醫生，有各種各樣的教學模式在起作用。你的前兩年。

termed the preclinical years, are primarily  lecture based. Your latter two years,  

稱為臨床前幾年，主要是以講座為主。你的後兩年。

or the clinical years, are focused on  learning in the hospital or clinic. The  

或者說臨床階段，主要是在醫院或診所學習。醫學教育

learning styles in each stage are quite different. Your preclinical years will be spent primarily in  

每個階段的學習風格是完全不同的。你的臨床前幾年將主要在以下方面度過

the auditorium and small group classroom sessions.  You'll also have various labs to teach anatomy,  

大禮堂和小組教室的課程。 你還會有各種實驗室來教授解剖學。

histology, pathology, and relevant  skillsets for the hospital or clinic. 

組織學、病理學，以及醫院或診所的相關技能組合。

Historically, medical school was primarily  classroom lecture-based. But in the last  

歷史上，醫學院主要是以課堂講授為主。但在過去

two decades, more and more medical schools  are transitioning to interactive forms of  

二十年來，越來越多的醫學院校正在向互動形式過渡。

teaching to improve medical students' learning. One of the most common forms is PBL, or problem  

教學，以改善醫學生的學習。最常見的形式之一是PBL，即問題式教學。

based learning. PBL, common in your preclinical  years, is where you meet in small groups of 6-10  

基於學習。PBL，在你的臨床前幾年很常見，就是你在6-10人的小組中開會。

students twice per week. On the first day, you'll  be introduced to a case presentation. There's  

學生每週兩次。第一天，你會被介紹到一個案例介紹。這裡有

a hypothetical patient presenting with a certain  concern, and you'll ask questions to work them up.  

一個假設的病人出現了某種擔憂，你會提出問題來解決他們。

There's a physician facilitator in the room as  well to make sure the group doesn't get stuck  

房間裡還有一位醫生主持人，以確保小組不會被卡住。

or derailed. You'll assign various tasks  and responsibilities amongst yourselves,  

或脫軌。你們將在自己之間分配各種任務和責任。

so that during the next session later that week,  each student will teach the others what they've  

這樣，在該周晚些時候的下一次課程中，每個學生都會把他們所學的東西教給其他人。

learned. One student may focus on the differential  diagnosis, another on the disease pathophysiology,  

學會了。一個學生可能側重於鑑別診斷，另一個學生側重於疾病的病理生理學。

another discusses treatment, and so on. Team based learning, or TBL, is a hybrid  

另一個討論治療，等等。基於團隊的學習，或TBL，是一種混合的

between classroom and small group learning.  You'll attend lecture in a large auditorium,  

在課堂和小組學習之間。 你將在一個大禮堂參加講座。

but there will be several breaks throughout  the lecture to work through problems with  

但在整個講座過程中，會有幾次休息時間，讓學生們和老師一起研究問題。

a few other students. This type of teaching  style is less common at most medical schools. 

其他幾個學生。這種類型的教學方式在大多數醫學院校不太常見。

There will be other small group forms sprinkled  throughout medical school. At my medical school,  

在整個醫學院裡還會有其他的小團體形式撒下。在我的醫學院。

we had a practice of medicine, or POM course,  that was a continuous thread over all 4 years.  

我們有一門醫學實踐課程，或稱POM課程，在所有4年中都是一個連續的線索。

It covered the ethical side of practicing  medicine, to communication skills, to the  

它涵蓋了行醫的道德方面，到溝通技巧，到

different types of health insurance  models around the world and so on. 

世界各地不同類型的健康保險模式等等。

I'm a huge proponent in the value of a  proper medical school anatomy experience,  

我非常贊成適當的醫學院解剖學經驗的價值。

even more so if you're considering something  surgical for residency. In the traditional  

如果你考慮為住院治療做一些外科手術，那就更是如此。在傳統的

medical school anatomy experience, you'll have  between 4 and 6 students assigned to a cadaver,  

在醫學院的解剖學經驗中，你會有4到6個學生被分配到一具屍體上。

and you'll spend most of your first year  dissecting and learning about all the  

你將在第一年的大部分時間裡剖析和學習所有的資訊。

organ systems. You'll get your hands dirty,  literally, and this is one of the best ways  

器官系統。你會弄髒你的手，真的，而這是最好的方法之一

to have a true and deep understanding of human  anatomy. There's also a prosection, meaning a  

以對人體解剖學有一個真實而深刻的瞭解。還有一個解剖，意思是指

cadaver that's simultaneously being dissected in  stages by the instructors for students to view  

教員同時對屍體進行分階段解剖，供學生觀看。

as a reference. After all, sometimes there are  anomalies in anatomy, or perhaps your anatomy team  

作為參考。畢竟，有時解剖學會出現異常，或許你的解剖學團隊

inadvertently caused damage to certain structures  on your own cadaver. Doing your own dissection  

無意中對自己的屍體上的某些結構造成了損害。自己動手解剖

in combination with viewing the prosection  allows you to get the best of both worlds. 

結合觀看剖面圖，你可以得到兩方面的好處。

Some medical schools forgo a traditional anatomy  experience in favor of only prosections. At  

一些醫學院放棄了傳統的解剖學經驗，而只選擇瞭解剖學。在

these programs, you don't do any dissections  yourselves, and simply view the cadaver that is  

在這些項目中，你們自己不做任何解剖工作，只是簡單地觀看屍體。

prepared by the instructors. As a senior medical  student, you may get the opportunity to become an  

由導師準備的。作為一名高年級醫學生，你可能有機會成為一名

anatomy instructor, and I'm very glad I did. It's  rewarding to teach first year medical students,  

我很高興我這樣做了。教導第一年的醫學生是很有意義的。

and also a great way to reinforce key anatomy  prior to starting a surgical residency. 

也是在開始外科住院醫師培訓前加強關鍵解剖學的一個好方法。

There are also small group lab sessions  for histology and pathology, whereby you're  

此外，還有組織學和病理學的小組實驗課，在這些課程中，你要

observing slides through a microscope of various  healthy and diseased tissues throughout the body.  

通過顯微鏡觀察全身各種健康和病變組織的切片。

If you're color blind, like I am, then this will  likely be one of your least favorite classes. 

如果你像我一樣是色盲，那麼這可能會是你最不喜歡的課程之一。

Medical school isn't just about learning  information, but also learning various skills.  

醫學院不僅僅是學習資訊，也要學習各種技能。

On my first day of medical school orientation,  we learned how to draw blood on each other,  

在我參加醫學院迎新會的第一天，我們學會了如何給對方抽血。

which also served as an awesome ice  breaker. In both your preclinical years,  

這也是一個很好的破冰之舉。在你的兩個臨床前年度。

you'll spend considerable time in small group  workshops learning various clinical skills.  

你將花大量時間在小組研討會上學習各種臨床技能。

This includes everything from the basics of how to  use a stethoscope to learning physical exam skills  

這包括從如何使用聽診器的基礎知識到學習體檢技能的所有內容

or more nuanced techniques like performing a  lumbar puncture to test cerebrospinal fluid.  

或更細微的技術，如進行腰椎穿刺以測試腦脊液。

For most of the physical exams, you'll practice  on each other, but for the male and female  

對於大多數體檢項目，你們將互相練習，但對於男性和女性來說

genital physical exams, you'll have a standardized  patient. As you progress to your clinical years,  

生殖器體檢，你會有一個標準化的病人。當你進展到你的臨床年限時。

you'll focus on more advanced techniques,  such as the laparoscopic surgical techniques. 

你將專注於更先進的技術，如腹腔鏡手術技術。

To learn how to be most effective in patient  interaction, you'll do practice or group OSCE's,  

為了學習如何最有效地與病人互動，你會做練習或小組OSCE。

or Objective Structured Clinical Examinations,  whereby you simulate a patient encounter with  

或客觀結構化臨床考試，即你模擬病人遇到的問題，並在此基礎上對其進行分析。

a standardized patient. It's completely normal  to feel nerves in your first several GOSCE's,  

一個標準化的病人。在你最初的幾次GOSCE中感到緊張是完全正常的。

as you're being watched through cameras by  an attending physician and some classmates,  

因為你正被主治醫生和一些同學通過攝像頭觀察。

all of whom will give you feedback.  Over time and with practice,  

所有這些人都會給你反饋。 隨著時間的推移和實踐的進行。

this will become second nature  and any anxieties will vanish. 

這將成為第二天性，任何憂慮都將消失。

During your clinical years, you'll be primarily  self-directed and spending most of your time in  

在你的臨床階段，你將主要是自我指導，把大部分時間花在

the hospital, clinic, or operating room. Learning  is less structured, and is primarily downstream  

在醫院、診所或手術室。學習的結構化程度較低，主要是在下游進行

of what patients you have on your service.  You'll occasionally be asked to prepare  

你有哪些病人在你的服務範圍內。 偶爾你會被要求準備

presentations for the attending and residents  based on patient pathologies. For example,  

根據病人的病理情況，為主治醫生和住院醫生做報告。比如說。

if a patient on your internal medicine service  has kidney pathology, you may be asked to prepare  

如果你的內科服務中的病人有腎臟病理學，你可能被要求準備

a simple 5 or 10 minute presentation on the types  of nephrotic syndrome, a form of kidney disorder. 

關於腎病綜合症（一種腎臟疾病）類型的5或10分鐘的簡單介紹。

It's common to still attend small group sessions  once per week, but these are a relatively minor  

每週仍然參加一次小組會議是很常見的，但這些是相對較小的事情。

part in your learning. Based on your rotation,  you may have skill workshops. For example,  

在你的學習中的一部分。根據你的輪換，你可能有技能研討會。比如說。

while on your surgery rotation, you'll have some  workshops focused on various surgical techniques,  

在你的外科輪換中，你會有一些專注於各種外科技術的研討會。

including suturing and knot tying. But if you've  been following either this or my personal channel,  

包括縫合和打結。但是，如果你一直在關注這個或我的個人頻道。

then you know I strongly advise students to  be practicing these techniques on their own  

那麼你知道，我強烈建議學生自己練習這些技術。

before they get to their surgery rotations.  Other examples include learning how to  

在他們進入外科輪轉之前。 其他例子包括學習如何

intubate a patient, place a central line,  or perform a thoracentesis or paracentesis. 

為病人插管，放置中心管，或進行胸腔穿刺或穿刺。

In your fourth and final year of medical  school, you'll attend sub-internships,  

在醫學院的第四年，也就是最後一年，你將參加次級實習。

or audition rotations, whereby your expectations  and level of responsibility are elevated. I  

或試鏡輪換，從而提高了你的期望和責任水準。I

explain these further in another video, but with  regards to learning style, it's quite similar to  

在另一個視頻中進一步解釋這些內容，但關於學習風格，它與以下情況非常相似

your third year core clinical rotations. You may  be asked to present something more substantial,  

你第三年的核心臨床輪轉。你可能會被要求做一些更實質性的報告。

and rather than just your attending and a couple  residents, it may be at grand rounds in front  

而不是隻有你的主治醫生和幾個住院醫生，可能是在大查房時，在你的面前

of a few dozen attendings and residents. The  pressure is on but you'll be able to handle it. 

醫師和住院醫師的幾十人。壓力很大，但你會有能力應對。

Despite the variety of different learning formats,  it's interesting that medical schools don't place  

儘管有各種不同的學習形式，有趣的是，醫學院並沒有把

a heavy emphasis on learning how to learn.  That's the main reason I created this YouTube  

著重強調學習如何學習。 這是我創建這個YouTube的主要原因。

channel - to help you understand how to study  better. And this becomes even more important  

管道--幫助你瞭解如何更好地學習。而這一點變得更加重要

since the overwhelming majority of your medical  school learning will be self-directed, outside  

由於你在醫學院的絕大多數學習都是自我指導的，所以你的學習是在外部進行的。

of the classroom. To be the most successful, you  need to be focusing on active learning methods,  

的課堂。為了獲得最大的成功，你需要專注於積極的學習方法。

leveraging the times in the day when you  are mentally fresh, and strategic with all  

充分利用一天中你精神新鮮的時間，並對所有的戰略進行調整。

aspects of your study environment, including  whether you study by yourself or with friends. 

你學習環境的各個方面，包括你是自己學習還是和朋友一起學習。

If you'd like to learn more about how to study  better, check out my study strategies playlist,  

如果你想了解更多關於如何更好地學習，請查看我的學習策略播放列表。

or this other video. Much love,  and I'll see you guys there.

或這個其他視頻。非常感謝，我們會在那裡見到你們。