United Nations. The treaty created a multinational task force that would

聯合國。該條約設立了一個多國工作隊，將

support the global response to the threat of climate change. Every year,

支持全球應對氣候變化的威脅。每年都是如此。

delegations from countries signed up to this convention gather for the

簽署該公約的國家的代表團聚集在一起，參加會議。

Conference of the Parties, more commonly known as COP.

締約方會議，更多地被稱為COP。

So what happens at COP and does it really play a key role in the

那麼，在締約方會議上發生了什麼，它是否真的發揮了關鍵作用？

global fight against climate change?

應對氣候變化的全球鬥爭？

Nice wellies. You like the wellies? I put them on

漂亮的防水鞋。你喜歡這雙水鞋嗎？我把它們穿上了

especially for you. Not quite so sure about yours.  

特別是對你來說。對你的就不太肯定了。

We don't normally put wellies on in the countryside until at least October.

在農村，我們通常至少要到10月份才會穿上水鞋。

Well, these are like my city wellies. Yeah it shows.

嗯，這就像我的城市防水鞋。是的，它顯示了。

You've got the dog as well so you're a proper country bumpkin.

你還帶著狗，所以你是一個合適的鄉下人。

Well don't tell everyone. What are we here to talk about,

好吧，不要告訴大家。我們在這裡談什麼呢。

why did you want to go on a walk with me? Well, we're going to talk about COP, and

你為什麼想和我一起去散步？好吧，我們要談的是COP，而

I thought it would nice be out in nature considering it's an important

我想，考慮到這是一項重要的工作，在大自然中活動會很好。

factor in everything to do with COP. Well, a very warm welcome to the

與COP有關的一切因素。好了，非常熱烈地歡迎

Ashdown forest. Shall we crack on? Yes.

阿什當森林。我們可以繼續嗎？是的。

It's the Squawk Box show with Karen Tso and myself

這是Karen Tso和我本人的Squawk Box節目

Steve Sedgwick and these are your headlines.

史蒂夫-塞奇威克，這些是你的頭條新聞。

CNBC's Steve Sedgwick anchors Squawk Box Europe. He's also covered energy

CNBC的Steve Sedgwick是Squawk Box Europe的主播。他還報道過能源

for the last 20 years reporting from both OPEC meetings with the world's

在過去的20年裡，他一直在報告歐佩克與世界各國的會議。

biggest oil producers, to critical climate conferences such as COP21.

最大的石油生產國，參加重要的氣候會議，如COP21。

I wanted to ask him about the goings-on within COP and its

我想問他關於締約方會議內部的情況和其

effectiveness in achieving the world's climate objectives.

在實現世界氣候目標方面的有效性。

For those of us who haven't been to COP, what's it like?

對於我們這些沒有去過COP的人來說，它是什麼樣的？

Stunningly intense. Heads of state in and out. Presidents, prime ministers.

令人震驚的激烈。國家元首進進出出。總統、總理。

You've got enormous entourages, a lot of people that are actually doing the

你有龐大的隨行人員，很多人實際上是在做這件事。

negotiations. You've got action advocates as well, the protesters

談判。你也有行動倡導者，抗議者

outside. You've got a security operation which is absolutely enormous.

在外面。你有一個絕對巨大的安全行動。

The head of the negotiations in Paris once said to me and this is Christiana

在巴黎的談判負責人曾對我說，這是克里斯蒂安娜

Figueres, she said to me it as akin to herding cats. You've got basically all

菲格雷斯，她對我說，這類似於放貓。你已經得到了基本上所有

walks of society all talking about one issue. This isn't like a G meeting where

社會各階層都在討論一個問題。這並不像一個G的會議，在那裡

you have a plethora of global issues. This is one issue, it's all about

你有大量的全球問題。這是一個問題，這都是關於

climate change and affects all parts of society.

氣候變化，並影響到社會的所有部分。

A year after the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

在《聯合國氣候框架公約》簽署一年之後

Change came into force, the first COP meeting was held in Berlin,

變革生效後，第一次締約方會議在柏林舉行。

Germany in March 1995. Since then, climate change has gone from a

1995年3月，德國。從那時起，氣候變化已經從一個

fringe issue to a global priority.

從邊緣問題到全球優先事項。

Certain COPs have achieved landmark agreements. COP 3 in 1997 saw the

某些締約方會議已經取得了里程碑式的協議。1997年舉行的第三屆締約方會議上達成了

adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, which legally binds developed country parties

通過《京都議定書》，在法律上對發達國家締約方具有約束力

to emission reduction targets. And in 2015 at COP 21, the Paris Agreement

到減排目標。而在2015年的COP21會議上，《巴黎協定

was born, arguably the most significant moment in COP's history.

誕生了，這可以說是締約方會議歷史上最重要的時刻。

Today the UNFCCC has near-universal membership. The 197 parties (196

今天，《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》的成員幾乎是普遍的。197個締約方（196個

countries plus the European Union) under the convention are treaty bound

簽署該公約的國家和歐盟都受到條約的約束。

to 'avoid dangerous climate change' and find

以 "避免危險的氣候變化 "並找到

ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally.

在全球範圍內減少溫室氣體排放的方法。

What was the first COP you reported from?

你第一個報告的締約方是什麼？

Well, here's the thing. I've been to dozens of energy meetings over

嗯，事情是這樣的。我已經參加了幾十次能源會議。

the last decade but CNBC has actually only attended two COP

在過去的十年裡，CNBC實際上只參加了兩次締約方大會。

meetings in the last 12 years. Now the first was seen as a very

在過去的12年中的會議。現在，第一次被認為是一個非常

unsatisfactory outcome. That was the COP 15 that Geoff Cutmore went

不令人滿意的結果。這就是傑夫-卡特莫爾去的第15屆締約方會議

to in Denmark. It just didn't work. You had antagonism between emerging

在丹麥。它只是沒有發揮作用。你在新出現的人與人之間有對立情緒

countries and the United States. There was nothing binding about

開發中國家和美國。沒有任何約束力

it but I went to the COP21 in Paris where a lot of the ills of

但我參加了在巴黎舉行的COP21會議，在那裡，很多的弊病都是在巴黎發生的。

the previous meetings were addressed and actually it was

在之前的會議上，我們已經解決了這個問題，實際上，它是

a very successful meeting because at the end of it you had the Paris

一個非常成功的會議，因為在會議結束時，你有巴黎的

Agreement which was absolutely a seminal moment.

協議，這絕對是一個開創性的時刻。

Every country signed up to the Paris Climate Agreement has agreed

每個簽署了《巴黎氣候協定》的國家都同意

to limit global warming to no more than 2 degrees

將全球變暖限制在不超過2度的範圍內

above pre-industrial levels, with an aim for 1.5 degrees. To deliver

超過工業化前水準，目標是1.5度。為了實現

on these targets, signatories need to make money available in order to

為實現這些目標，簽署國需要提供資金，以便

adapt to the impact of climate change.

適應氣候變化的影響。

The Paris Agreement was far more binding than almost anything we'd

巴黎協定》的約束力遠遠超過了我們以往的幾乎任何東西。

seen beforehand as well. You had this commitment to get to net zero

之前也看到過。你有這個承諾，要達到淨零排放

at some stage this century, but everyone was going to go about it

在本世紀的某個階段，但每個人都要去做這件事。

in their own way. There was going to be a mechanism where everyone

以他們自己的方式。將會有一個機制，每個人

checks up on how they were progressing every five years.

每五年檢查一次他們的進展情況。

That was supposed to be Glasgow 2020, but the pandemic put paid

這本應是格拉斯哥2020年的事，但大流行病的發生使我們不得不放棄。

to that and that's why this meeting, the Glasgow COP26 is absolutely pivotal.

這就是為什麼這次會議，格拉斯哥COP26會議是絕對的關鍵。

191 Parties out of the 197 have ratified the Paris Agreement.

197個締約方中的191個已經準許了《巴黎協定》。

However, although the agreement is legally binding, the commitments

然而，儘管該協議具有法律約束力，但其承諾

that countries have made to cut their emissions are not. These are known as

各國為減少排放所做的努力是不可能的。這些被稱為

Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs, and serve to only 'embody'

國家確定的貢獻，或稱NDCs，只起到 "體現 "的作用。

each country's efforts to reduce their emissions.

每個國家都在努力減少他們的排放。

The UNFCCC's aim is to ratchet up individual commitments and therefore

聯合國氣候變化框架公約》的目的是提高個人承諾，是以

the world's climate commitments over time.

隨著時間的推移，世界的氣候承諾。

The problem is the scientists have looked at what is being committed

問題是，科學家們已經看清了正在犯下的罪行

to and what needs to be done and there is a disparity there as well.

在這一點上，也存在著差異。

Many scientists say that actually to get to 1.5 degree C a whole host of

許多科學家說，實際上要達到1.5攝氏度的溫度，需要有一大批

commitments is needed from these parties.

需要這些方面的承諾。

That's even if they do what they said they were

即使他們做到了他們所說的，也是如此。

going to do back in Paris in 2015.

將於2015年在巴黎進行。

So if the Paris Agreement is the best thing to come out of COP's more than

是以，如果《巴黎協定》是締約方大會上最好的東西，那就超過了

25-year history and it's still unable to limit

25年的歷史，它仍然無法限制

global warming, then how effective really is COP?

全球變暖，那麼COP到底有多大作用？

Well for a start Tom, it was always seen as a starting point as well.

嗯，首先湯姆，它也一直被視為一個起點。

It wasn't the be all and end all. This is where we start from in really

這不是全部，也不是全部。這就是我們的出發點，在真正

getting serious about climate change, but let me give you a good example.

認真對待氣候變化，但讓我給你一個好例子。

One of the most important countries in the world, the United States,

世界上最重要的國家之一，美國。

the president pulled them out of the Paris Agreement, but in the

總統將他們從《巴黎協定》中撤出，但在

meantime the U.S. carried on. The federal states carried on, the

同時，美國還在繼續。聯邦各州繼續開展工作，而

corporations carried on, so the process was going on, regardless

公司繼續進行，所以這個過程一直在進行，無論如何

of who was the incumbent at the White House and I think that shows

誰是白宮的執政者，我認為這表明

the worth of the Paris Agreement and despite the rankle we're seeing

儘管我們看到了巴黎協定的價值，儘管我們所看到的排場很大

on geo-political stages, the Chinese, the United States, all the other big

在地緣政治舞臺上，中國、美國和所有其他大國都是如此。

emitters they're still moving towards plans and

排放者，他們仍然在朝著計劃和

hopefully better plans at COP26.

希望在COP26會議上有更好的計劃。

But as each country has its own socio and economic characteristics,

但由於每個國家都有自己的社會和經濟特點。

I imagine some countries are a little bit more ambitious, shall

我想有些國家會有更大的野心，應

we say, with their climate change goals?

我們說，他們的氣候變化目標是什麼？

I think the ambitions there but it's just the reality of what's

我認為野心在那裡，但這只是現實的問題。

going on in the emerging world compared to the developed world.

與發達世界相比，新興世界正在發生的事情。

The developed world has the finance to do this. It has already

發達國家有足夠的資金來做到這一點。它已經

industrialised. Whereas a lot of the emerging nations, India being

工業化。而很多新興國家，印度是

the great case in point, it was in 2015, it will be in 2021, It

這是個很好的例子，它是在2015年，它將在2021年。

doesn't have the same socio-economic position as you say, it doesn't have

沒有你說的那種社會經濟地位，它沒有

the same wealth, it's not at the same stage of industrialisation.

同樣的財富，它不在工業化的同一階段。

So it's very important for the western nations to appreciate

是以，西方國家瞭解到這一點是非常重要的

that actually these other nations to come along the same journey, to

導致這些其他國家沿著同樣的旅程來，以

make those same commitments needs a hell of a lot of finance.

做出同樣的承諾需要大量的資金。

As hosts of COP26, the U.K. takes a leading diplomatic role in

作為COP26會議的東道主，英國在以下方面發揮了主導的外交作用

encouraging countries to commit to more ambitious 2030 emissions

鼓勵各國承諾實現更宏偉的2030年排放目標

reductions targets that align with reaching net

削減的目標與達到淨值的目標相一致。

zero by the middle of the century.

到本世紀中葉為零。

Alongside these emission reduction targets, the UN hopes that COP26

在實現這些減排目標的同時，聯合國希望COP26能夠

will commit countries to: accelerate the phase out

各國將承諾：加快淘汰

of coal, curtail deforestation, speed up the switch to electric  

削減煤炭，減少森林砍伐，加快向電動汽車的轉換。

vehicles and encourage investment in renewables.

輛，並鼓勵對可再生能源的投資。

Countries at the same time will need to adapt to protect communities

各國同時需要進行調整以保護社區

and natural habitats, mobilize at least $100 billion in climate finance

和自然棲息地，調動至少1000億美元的氣候資金

from developed countries per year and work together to, amongst other things,

每年與來自發達國家的專家學者合作，除其他事項外，共同致力於。

finalize the Paris Rulebook which makes the Paris Agreement operational.

敲定《巴黎規則手冊》，使《巴黎協定》得以實施。

A report released before the COP26 summit said that only one country —

在COP26峰會之前發佈的一份報告稱，只有一個國家--

The Gambia — is on course to meet the 1.5 degree Celsius target, while

甘比亞--正在實現1.5攝氏度的目標，而

momentum has stalled for other countries such as Singapore and Russia.

新加坡和俄羅斯等其他國家的發展勢頭已經停滯。

Each signatory has their own targets for

每個簽署國都有自己的目標，即

ending their contribution to climate change.

結束他們對氣候變化的貢獻。

Here in the U.K., the government's independent adviser on global

在英國，政府在全球範圍內的獨立顧問。

warming, has said the country needs plant around 100 million trees a

他說，該國需要每年種植約1億棵樹，以應對氣候變暖。

year to achieve its net-zero carbon emissions goal by 2050.

年實現其淨零碳排放的目標。

Many scientists are saying that actually now is the last chance saloon. We have

許多科學家說，實際上現在是最後的機會。我們已經

to really move in the next five, certainly the next ten years to

在未來五年，當然是未來十年，我們將真正走向

avert the worst impacts of climate change and to

避免氣候變化的最壞影響，以及

try and keep the change to below 1.5 degrees centigrade.

儘量將變化控制在1.5攝氏度以下。

And there is another crisis as well which is the global pandemic. Many

還有另一個危機，就是全球大流行病。許多人

countries see the recovery from the pandemic and averting climate change

各國都看到了從大流行病中恢復過來和避免氣候變化的情況。

and the worst parts of that climate change actually as the same strategy.

和最糟糕的部分，該氣候變化實際上作為同一戰略。

A lot of investment in digitisation, a lot of investment in renewables

對數字化的大量投資，對可再生能源的大量投資

as well. It's a unique opportunity for the world to get together and

也是如此。這是一個獨特的機會，讓全世界的人聚在一起，並且

actually have a cohesive plan rather than dribs and drabs left right and

實際上是有一個連貫的計劃，而不是左衝右突的點點滴滴。

centre for what many people think is the greatest and

許多人認為是最偉大和最重要的中心。

existential crisis of our time.

我們這個時代的生存危機。

It turns out that getting 20,000 or so people to meet at COP to

事實證明，讓2萬名左右的人在締約方大會上見面，以

discuss saving the planet can also harm the planet. According to the

討論拯救地球也會傷害地球。根據

Polish environment ministry a UN summit emits about 60,000 tonnes

波蘭環境部一個聯合國峰會的排放量約為60,000噸

of CO2 – roughly the same emitted by 7000 homes in a year. Unsurprisingly

的二氧化碳--大約相當於7000個家庭一年的排放量。不足為奇的是

aviation makes up more than 80% of those emissions.

航空業佔這些排放量的80%以上。

But COP says it will offset the damage by

但締約方會議表示，它將通過以下方式抵消損失

planting enough trees to soak up those emitted gases.

種植足夠的樹木來吸收這些排放的氣體。