A little miracle of technology - the atomic power stations are going up.

技術的一個小奇蹟--原子彈發電站正在上升。

We're bombarded with radiation all the time...

我們一直被輻射轟擊著...

...from everyday objects like a watch.

...來自於像手錶這樣的日常用品。

Most people think that radioactive waste is some kind of...

大多數人認為，放射性廢物是某種...

...but in actual fact, it looks a little bit like this - black glass.

...但實際上，它看起來有點像這樣--黑色玻璃。

It will be radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years,

它將在數十萬年內具有放射性。

and this is why we really need to think about its long-term future.

而這就是為什麼我們真的需要考慮其長期的未來。

The danger of radioactive waste is here today,

放射性廢物的危險今天就在這裡。

and goes on and on tomorrow.

並一直持續到明天。

In full operation,

全面運行中。

it will supply electricity for a million people.

它將為一百萬人提供電力。

Climate change, the gases blamed for global warming,

氣候變化，被指責為全球變暖的氣體。

are pumped out in ever bigger quantities.

被抽出的數量越來越大。

The window of time to mitigate the climate crisis

緩解氣候危機的時間窗口

is shrinking by the day, really.

是日漸萎縮的，真的。

The problem is how to reduce greenhouse gases.

問題是如何減少溫室氣體。

Nuclear power has a long proven record

核電有長期的成熟記錄

as a non-fossil energy source.

作為一種非化石能源。

Nuclear energy is not a solution to climate change.

核能不是解決氣候變化的辦法。

Nuclear energy has a fraught history.

核能的歷史充滿了矛盾。

Greeted with optimism in the 1950s,

在20世紀50年代，人們以樂觀的態度迎接。

its reputation was clouded by atomic bomb tests

其聲譽因原子彈試驗而蒙上陰影

and disasters like Chernobyl,

和切爾諾貝利這樣的災難。

but as global leaders work to tackle climate change,

但在全球領導人努力應對氣候變化的時候。

nuclear power's allure has come full circle.

核電的誘惑力已經完全顯現。

Once up and running, nuclear power stations

一旦啟動和運行，核電站

emit no carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases,

不排放二氧化碳或其他溫室氣體。

and nuclear's constant energy generation sets it apart

而核電的持續能源生產使其與眾不同

from renewable sources of energy, whose output can vary.

來自可再生能源，其產量可能不同。

For the past 60 years or so, it has provided

在過去60年左右的時間裡，它提供了

a very important type of electricity, which we call...

一種非常重要的電力類型，我們稱之為...

That's the type of electricity that guarantees that 24/7,

這就是保證全天候的電力類型。

no matter when you want to flip on or off your light switch,

無論你什麼時候想打開或關閉你的燈的開關。

the lights will be there.

燈光將在那裡。

The inherent dangers of nuclear energy

核能的內在危險

make it a controversial energy source,

使其成為一種有爭議的能源。

and not everyone agrees it's worth the risks it brings.

而不是每個人都同意它值得帶來風險。

Nearly all of our nuclear waste

我們幾乎所有的核廢料

is at coastal sites in one way or the other.

是在沿海地區以這樣或那樣的方式。

These are locations that are liable to coastal processes,

這些都是容易受到海岸進程影響的地方。

storm surges, sea-level rise.

風暴浪潮，海平面上升。

Those are highly vulnerable

這些都是非常脆弱的

to the worst impacts of climate change that we can foresee.

在我們可以預見的氣候變化的最壞影響下。

I'm concerned about the dangers it poses.

我很擔心它帶來的危險。

In 2011, a devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan led to meltdown

2011年，日本的一場毀滅性的地震和海嘯導致了熔斷。

at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor.

在福島第一核反應堆。

As a result of the Fukushima accident,

作為福島事故的結果。

both Japan and Germany, for different reasons,

日本和德國，出於不同的原因。

have decided to shut down rapidly

已決定迅速關閉

their national nuclear energy output.

他們的國家核能源產出。

They ramped up coal and gas output

他們加大了煤炭和天然氣的產出

for a few years after the accident.

在事故發生後的幾年裡。

Dr Kharecha's research found that there were health consequences

Kharecha博士的研究發現，存在著健康後果

linked to this reduction in the use of nuclear energy,

與這種核能使用的減少有關。

as both countries increased their use of fossil fuels

因為這兩個國家都增加了對化石燃料的使用

in subsequent years.

在隨後的幾年裡。

As a direct yet unintended consequence

作為一個直接但意想不到的後果

of their decision to drastically reduce their nuclear power output,

他們決定大幅減少其核電產出。

after the Fukushima accident, both Japan and Germany together

福島事故發生後，日本和德國一起

lost the opportunity to prevent

失去了預防的機會

over 28,000 air-pollution-induced premature deaths

超過28,000人因空氣汙染而過早死亡

that were as a result of fossil fuel power use.

這是由化石燃料的使用造成的。

Japan is slowly restoring its nuclear capacity,

日本正在慢慢恢復其核能力。

while Germany has increased its renewable energy output

而德國則增加了其可再生能源的產出

over the past decade, although that was accompanied by a steep rise

在過去的十年中，雖然伴隨著急劇上升的

in energy prices for the public.

在公眾的能源價格。

For countries with nuclear in their energy mix,

對於在能源組合中擁有核電的國家。

such as the UK, Finland, and China, constructing efficient new reactors

諸如英國、芬蘭和中國，正在建造高效的新反應堆。

is both expensive and time-consuming.

是既昂貴又耗時的。

Hinkley Point C, Britain's first nuclear reactor since 1995,

欣克利角C，英國自1995年以來的第一個核反應堆。

will cost...

將花費...

...at least twice as much as the London 2012 Olympic Games,

...至少是2012年倫敦奧運會的兩倍。

and this figure continues to rise.

而且這一數字還在繼續上升。

Modern nuclear reactors are designed meticulously,

現代核反應堆的設計是一絲不苟的。

and built to withstand earthquakes and other threats,

併為抵禦地震和其他威脅而建造。

including plane crashes, but even the best designed nuclear reactors

包括飛機失事，但即使是設計最好的核反應堆

create radioactive waste, and that needs careful disposal.

產生放射性廢物，這需要仔細處理。

In the UK, we have about four and a half million cubic metres

在英國，我們有大約四百五十萬立方米

of radioactive waste.

的放射性廢物。

The largest portion of this, about 96%, is low-level waste.

其中最大的部分，約96%，是低級別的廢物。

High-level waste is very high radioactivity material,

高級別的廢物是放射性非常高的材料。

but we have the smallest volume of this, just less than 1%.

但我們在這方面的量最小，只佔不到1%。

The radiation from high-level waste is so intense that,

高層廢物的輻射是如此強烈，以至於。

if you were to touch it,

如果你要觸摸它。

you'd receive a radiation dose about a million times more than you would

你所接受的輻射劑量將比你所接受的多一百萬倍。

receive throughout an entire year just from natural radiation sources.

在整個一年中，僅從自然輻射源中接收到的輻射量就有幾十萬。

It's extremely high for several thousands,

對於幾千人來說，這是極高的。

even hundreds of thousands of years, so, ideally,

甚至幾十萬年，所以，最好是。

where we want to be is in a place where we can isolate those wastes

我們希望在一個地方，我們可以隔離這些廢物。

from future populations in a safe way -

以安全的方式從未來的人口中獲得 -

for example, digging a very deep hole underground

比如說，在地下挖一個很深的洞

and disposing of the waste there forever.

並在那裡永遠處置廢物。

This solution is known as a...

這種解決方案被稱為...

...where waste is disposed of

...... 廢物處理的地方

between 200m and 1,000m

200米和1000米之間

below the Earth's surface.

在地球表面以下。

Because most people don't like the idea

因為大多數人不喜歡這個想法

of living next to radioactive waste, it's been very difficult

生活在放射性廢物旁邊，這是很困難的。

for governments to find a suitable site, let alone start building one.

對於政府來說，要找到一個合適的地點，更不用說開始建設了。

Finland is currently the only country in the world building

芬蘭是目前世界上唯一一個建立了

a permanent underground storage facility for their nuclear waste.

一個永久性的地下核廢料儲存設施。

Every nation with nuclear power has so far stored its waste

迄今為止，每個擁有核電的國家都將其廢物儲存起來

in temporary facilities, and those facilities are ageing.

在臨時設施中，而這些設施正在老化。

I'm not against deep disposal, because I think ultimately,

我不反對深度處理，因為我認為最終。

we'll have to deal with our present waste that way,

我們將不得不以這種方式來處理我們目前的廢物。

but that is so far ahead

但這是很遙遠的事情

that the problem here and now is safe storage.

現在的問題是安全儲存。

And all the time we're waiting for the holy grail

而我們一直在等待聖盃

of a deep disposal facility. The job of that facility is to deal with

的深度處理設施。該設施的工作是處理

the massive amounts of nuclear waste that we already have.

我們已經擁有的大量的核廢料。

The idea that we should be piling more and unknown quantities

我們應該堆積更多和未知的數量的想法

for further ahead is absolutely ludicrous, in my view.

在我看來，為進一步推進工作的做法是絕對可笑的。

If we don't get our hands on clean energy and rapidly scale them up

如果我們不掌握清潔能源並迅速擴大其規模

by as much as possible within the next few decades,

在未來幾十年內儘可能多地減少。

then we're leaving a massive, massive burden

那麼我們就會留下一個巨大的、巨大的負擔

on future generations.

對後代的影響。

We need to completely decarbonise the electricity sector,

我們需要使電力部門完全脫碳。

and ideally also the overall energy sector,

最好還有整個能源部門。

if we're to avert the worst impacts

如果我們要避免最壞的影響

of the human-caused climate crisis.

的人類造成的氣候危機。

As our understanding of the climate crisis deepens,

隨著我們對氣候危機認識的加深。

and energy demands continue to grow, the necessity that our energy

在能源需求持續增長的情況下，我們的能源需求必須得到滿足。

comes from non-fossil fuel sources makes nuclear power hard to ignore.

來自於非化石燃料來源，使得核電難以被忽視。

It is expensive and it can be dangerous

它是昂貴的，它可能是危險的

if safety protocols are not followed.

如果不遵守安全協議。

The highly radioactive waste it generates is hugely challenging

它所產生的高放射性廢物具有巨大的挑戰性

to store safely, but it also provides a reliable power baseline,

以安全存儲，但它也提供了一個可靠的電源基線。

keeping the lights from turning off on a cloudy, windless winter evening

在一個多雲無風的冬日夜晚，不讓燈光熄滅

and meeting countries' energy needs

和滿足各國的能源需求

as they transition away from fossil fuels.

當他們從化石燃料過渡到其他燃料時。

And...

而且...