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Oh! Oh no!
噢!噢!不
Sorry, butter fingers.
對不起,黃油手指。
Make sure you turn the scales on.
確保你把天平打開。
Alright how many have we got there? 2,000.
好吧,我們有多少人了?2,000.
Yeah, we still have
是的,我們仍然有
a bit more to go.
還有一點要做。
Okay, a bit more to go. Fill them up, fill them up.
好了,還差一點。把它們填滿,把它們填滿。
So why are we
那麼,為什麼我們
filling up jars, Tom?
填充罐子,湯姆?
We're trying to explain why a new global tax rate has
我們正試圖解釋為什麼一個新的全球稅率有
been agreed by some of the world's biggest economies.
世界上一些最大的經濟體已經同意。
In June 2021, the leaders
2021年6月,領導人
of the countries that make
的國家,使
up the Group of Seven, otherwise known as the G-7,
組成七國集團,又稱七國集團。
endorsed a deal to make multinational
認可一項協議,使多國
companies pay more tax.
公司支付更多的稅。
Governments have been trying to solve the
各國政府一直在努力解決
challenge of taxing companies operating
對營運公司徵稅的挑戰
across many countries for a long time, and that
長期以來,在許多國家都是如此。
challenge has only grown with the rise
挑戰只會隨著時間的推移而增加。
of huge tech corporations.
巨大的科技公司的。
Now don't go over
現在不要過去
because then we'll
因為這樣我們就會
have to start taking them out.
必須開始把它們拿出來。
Okay. Oh my god,
好的。哦,我的上帝。
it's so much pressure.
它的壓力太大。
CNBC's Silvia Amaro covers European politics
CNBC的Silvia Amaro報道歐洲政治
and macroeconomics. If she's not in London,
和宏觀經濟。如果她不在倫敦。
you're likely to find her in Brussels.
你可能會在布魯塞爾找到她。
So, there's a reason why
所以,這是有原因的
we've done this. I promise.
我們已經做了這個。我保證。
We've filled up this jar to 5,000 grams.
我們已經把這個罐子裝到了5000克。
That's because we are working on a conversion
這是因為我們正在進行一項轉換工作
rate of 1 gram to 10 million dollars.
匯率為1克兌1000萬美元。
So, if we've got 5,000 grams that is how much?
那麼,如果我們有5000克,就是多少?
50 billion.
500億。
Correct, well-done Silvia.
正確,做得很好,西爾維婭。
So, $50 billion dollars is how much Amazon made in
是以,500億美元是亞馬遜公司在
revenue, in Europe, last year, in 2020.
收入,在歐洲,去年,在2020年。
But despite the record sales, Amazon's European headquarters
但是,儘管銷售額創下新高,亞馬遜的歐洲總部
in Luxembourg made a $1.4 billion loss and
位於盧森堡的公司出現了14億美元的虧損,並且
therefore paid no corporation tax to the grand duchy. Other
是以沒有向大公國支付公司稅。其他
big tech companies in recent years have also
近幾年來,大的科技公司也
paid little corporate tax.
繳納的公司稅很少。
Turnover for Facebook's
臉書的營業額為
U.K. outfit in 2019 was
2019年英國的裝備是
$1.4 billion, and yet they paid $516
14億美元,而他們卻支付了516美元
million in corporation tax.
萬元的公司稅。
In the 12 months ending
在結束的12個月內
in June 2020, Google's
在2020年6月,谷歌的
turnover in the U.K. was $2.37 billion and they paid
在英國的營業額為23.7億美元,他們支付了
less than $708 million in corporation tax.
不到7.08億美元的公司稅。
So, now it's your turn to
所以,現在輪到你了
explain to us why that is
向我們解釋為什麼會這樣
and how a new global tax rate is going to change that.
以及一個新的全球稅率將如何改變這種情況。
Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google and Microsoft
Facebook、蘋果、亞馬遜、Netflix、谷歌和微軟
are some of the world's biggest tech companies.
是世界上最大的一些科技公司。
This graph shows their total revenue in the U.S. was more
這張圖顯示他們在美國的總收入超過了
than $4.6 trillion between 2010 and 2019.
2010年至2019年期間,超過4.6萬億美元。
Their declared profits were $1.1 trillion, and the tax
他們申報的利潤為1.1萬億美元,而稅收
they paid was $180 billion – which means they paid a
他們支付的費用是1800億美元--這意味著他們支付了
16.2% tax rate during that time.
在此期間,16.2%的稅率。
Given the U.S. had a 35% federal corporate income
鑑於美國有35%的聯邦企業收入
tax rate for most of that decade, the gap in tax paid
在這十年中的大部分時間裡,所付稅款的差距
with the expected headline rates is $155.3 billion.
與預期的標題率相比,是1553億美元。
What's going
什麼情況
on here, Silvia?
在這裡,西爾維婭?
Why aren't these companies paying more in taxes?
為什麼這些公司不多繳稅?
Well, first all they are
嗯,首先他們是
paying the taxes they are
支付他們的稅收
supposed to pay. The core problem here is that there
應該支付。這裡的核心問題是,有
are different tax rates across the globe and when you are a
全球各地有不同的稅率,而當你是一個
global company you have the means to change your
全球化的公司,你有辦法改變你的
headquarters in a way that you pay less tax, and so it just
總部的方式,你支付更少的稅,所以它只是
makes sense from an accounting perspective.
從會計的角度來看是有意義的。
So, this new tax deal aims
是以,這個新的稅收協議旨在
to change things in two ways.
以兩種方式來改變事情。
First companies will have to pay tax where they operate
第一批公司將不得不在其經營地繳稅
and not just where they have their headquarters.
而不僅僅是他們的總部所在地。
So that is a big change already, and then the second
所以這已經是一個很大的變化,然後第二個
thing here is that they want to implement a corporate
這裡的事情是,他們想實施一個企業的
minimum tax rate of 15%. The idea there is to prevent
最低稅率為15%。這裡的想法是為了防止
countries from undercutting one another.
國家之間不會相互壓價。
One of the ways organizations can reduce their tax is
組織可以減少稅收的方法之一是
through corporate profit shifting.
通過公司利潤轉移。
This is where businesses set up their headquarters
這裡是企業設立總部的地方
and create local branches in countries with low
並在低水平的國家建立當地分支機構
corporate tax rates and declare profits there.
公司稅率,並在那裡申報利潤。
For example, the U.K. has a corporate tax rate of 19%
例如,英國的公司稅率為19%。
so a business could move its headquarters from the U.K.
是以,企業可以將其總部從英國遷出。
to the Isle of Man where there is a 0%
到馬恩島,那裡有一個0%的
corporate tax rate. The company could then
公司稅率。 然後,該公司可以
book its profits in the Isle of Man and pay no tax
在馬恩島記錄其利潤並不繳稅
– even if the profits mainly come from sales made elsewhere.
- 即使利潤主要來自於其他地方的銷售。
To attract business and stay competitive, one country after
為了吸引商業和保持競爭力,一個又一個國家
another after another have been making significant cuts
一家又一家的公司都在進行大幅削減
to their own rates, including members of the G-7.
到自己的費率,包括七國集團的成員。
For too long there has been
長期以來,一直存在著
a global race to the bottom
全球性的競爭
for corporate taxes, where countries compete by
在公司稅方面,各國的競爭是通過
lowering their tax rates instead of the wellbeing
降低他們的稅率,而不是降低福利。
of their citizens and natural environments.
他們的公民和自然環境。
Corporate tax rates have
公司稅率有
been in decline for decades.
幾十年來一直在下降。
In the last 40 years, the world's biggest economies
在過去的40年裡,世界上最大的經濟體
have made significant cuts. The U.S. has reduced its
已經進行了大幅削減。 美國已經削減了其
rates by more than 25%, the U.K. in excess of 30%
增長率超過25%,英國超過30%。
and Germany by a whopping 40%.
和德國高達40%。
This has been a real
這一直是一個真正的
challenge, Tom.
挑戰,湯姆。
On the one hand, as a nation, you want to attract
一方面,作為一個國家,你想吸引
these big companies and essentially improve your
這些大公司,並從本質上改善你的
economic activity, but on the other hand you're
經濟活動,但另一方面,你是
competing with a lot of other countries who are
與許多其他國家競爭,他們是
offering more attractive tax incentives and in the
提供更具吸引力的稅收優惠,並在
end these companies have been really skilled at
最後,這些公司已經真正熟練地掌握了
manoeuvring these profits. A lot of people have
操縱這些利潤。很多人都有
not been happy about that.
並不高興。
There are several popular
有幾個流行的
tax havens to shift profits
利用避稅天堂轉移利潤
to, such as Malta, the Cayman Islands
諸如馬耳他、開曼群島
and of course Ireland.
當然還有愛爾蘭。
Apple, the world's biggest company, chose the country
世界上最大的公司--蘋果公司選擇了這個國家
to be its European headquarters.
將成為其歐洲總部。
One report concluded
一份報告認為
that it was the biggest
它是最大的
'tax haven' in the world, with foreign multinationals
世界上的 "避稅天堂",外國跨國企業
shifting $106 billion of corporate profits to
將1,060億美元的公司利潤轉移至
Ireland in 2015 alone. The headline tax rate
僅在2015年,愛爾蘭就出現了這種情況。 總的稅率
in Ireland is 12.5%, but according to the report
在愛爾蘭是12.5%,但根據報告
the effective tax rate is around 5%.
實際稅率約為5%。
While the new tax deal
雖然新的稅收協議
aims to prevent the
旨在防止
shifting of profits to these low tax countries,
將利潤轉移到這些低稅率國家。
there are concerns that a large loophole could be
有人擔心,一個大的漏洞可能會被發現。
exploited by companies which run their business
被那些經營業務的公司所剝削
at very low profit margins.
在非常低的利潤率下。
So a lot of detail has yet
所以很多細節還沒有
to be worked out, including
有待解決的問題,包括
which companies will actually be affected
哪些公司將實際受到影響
by these new rules and there is a concern out
在這些新規則下,人們擔心
there that Amazon might not be impacted, simply
在那裡,亞馬遜可能不會受到影響,只是
because the company has registered less than 10%
因為該公司的註冊資金不足10%。
profit which is needed to be considered under
需要考慮的利潤
these new rules. However, the U.S. Treasury secretary Janet
這些新規則。然而,美國財政部長珍妮特
Yellen has said that Amazon as well as Facebook will
耶倫曾表示,亞馬遜以及Facebook將
qualify under these new rules.
符合這些新規則的條件。
Amazon says it has low profit
亞馬遜稱其利潤低
margins because it reinvests
利潤率,因為它再投資於
significant sums into infrastructure and research,
在基礎設施和研究方面投入大量資金。
adding that it complies with all local tax laws, amounting
補充說,它遵守所有的地方稅法,相當於
in hundreds of millions of dollars in corporate tax paid
在數以億計的公司稅支付中
to European nations through other parts of the business.
通過業務的其他部分向歐洲國家提供服務。
Part of this G-7 deal seems
七國集團的這一協議的一部分似乎是
to be to prevent another
是為了防止另一個
trade war, a trade war over digital taxes. Explain that.
貿易戰,一場關於數字稅的貿易戰。解釋一下。
Right, this is a very
對,這是一個非常
interesting one because
有趣的是,因為
the Communique that the finance ministers agreed
財政部長們在《公報》中同意
to does say that ultimately the idea is to remove all
他確實說過,最終的想法是要消除所有的
digital services taxes that are in
稅收方面的數字服務稅,是在
place to avoid double taxation.
地方,以避免雙重徵稅。
However, we're not sure how this is going to work because
然而,我們不確定這將如何運作,因為
both Canada and the EU have said that they want,
加拿大和歐盟都說他們想要。
nonetheless, to have their own digital taxes.
儘管如此,還是要有自己的數字稅。
This could be a very tricky
這可能是一個非常棘手的問題
issue from a political
課題,從政治
perspective because we know that from the previous
角度,因為我們知道,從以前的
administration that the U.S. has issues with the
美國政府認為,美國在這方面有問題。
idea of a digital tax, in the sense that most
數字稅的想法,在這個意義上,大多數
of these digital companies are American and they don't
這些數字公司是美國人,他們不
want these firms to be disproportionately targeted.
希望這些公司成為不成比例的目標。
In fact, under the presidency of Joe Biden, that policy
事實上,在喬-拜登擔任總統期間,這一政策
has not changed, even though we have to say that the tone
沒有改變,儘管我們必須說,語氣
there is very different from
那裡與
the previous administration.
上屆政府。
Is there any
是否有任何
opposition to the deal?
反對該交易?
There's a lot of opposition to the deal in the sense that
有很多人反對這項交易,認為
some people say that 15% is not enough.
有些人說,15%是不夠的。
Others criticise the deal because it will only benefit
其他人責備該交易,因為它只有利於
rich countries and not low-income nations and
富裕國家,而不是低收入國家和
ultimately there's also a group of countries out
最終也有一批國家出來了
there who don't like the idea that it's these seven
有誰不喜歡這七個人的想法?
countries that came up with this agreement.
達成這一協議的國家。
They don't want to be told what to do based
他們不希望被告知要做什麼的基礎上
on a small number of nations.
對少數國家的影響。
To increase pressure on low tax countries, many
為了增加對低稅率國家的壓力,許多
believe there needs to be a wider agreement
相信需要有一個更廣泛的協議
amongst the G-20. Collectively, the G-20
在20國集團中。20國集團集體
economies account for around 80 percent of
經濟體佔到了約80%的
the world's gross domestic product
全世界的國內生產總值
and 75 percent of global trade.
和全球貿易的75%。
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
經濟合作與發展組織
Development estimated that a deal with wide-reaching
發展部估計,一項具有廣泛意義的交易
consensus could increase global corporate income tax
共識可能增加全球企業所得稅
revenues by about 50 to 80 billion dollars per year.
每年的收入約為500至800億美元。
The pandemic has left a
這場大流行病留下了一個
lot of these countries
這些國家中的很多
that we're talking about in a dire economic situation.
這就是我們在嚴峻的經濟形勢下所談論的。
Has that been one of the driving forces in
這是否也是在中國的推動力之一?
getting this deal agreed?
達成這筆交易?
Absolutely, well, first
絕對的,嗯,首先
of all it's important to
最重要的是
point out that the deal is not totally completed.
指出,該交易並沒有完全完成。
We still need to see an agreement at the G-20 and
我們仍然需要看到在20國集團達成協議,並且
at the OECD, but definitely the
在經合組織,但肯定是
pandemic played a huge role here.
大流行病在這裡發揮了巨大的作用。
First because the economic shock was very severe across
首先是因為整個經濟衝擊非常嚴重
the board and these big corporates were the ones
董事會和這些大公司是那些
that profited the most from the pandemic in the sense
從這一流行病中獲利最多的國家有
that most of us were at home, working from home and needed
我們中的大多數人都在家裡,在家裡工作,需要
these technology companies to work for us in a way.
這些技術公司在某種程度上為我們工作。
And then the other thing that
然後,另一件事是
I would point out is the U.S.
我想指出的是,美國。
perspective is very interesting here as well because there was
這裡的觀點也非常有趣,因為有
a lot of social unrest in the United States, prior to the
在美國有很多社會動盪,在這之前。
election of Joe Biden. So when he arrived at
喬-拜登的選舉。 是以,當他來到
the White House, he knew he had to do something
在白宮,他知道他必須做一些事情
about inequality and to address those social
應對不平等問題,並解決這些社會問題。
concerns and what would be the best way to do that
擔心的問題,以及什麼是最好的方法?
than taxing big corporates.
而不是對大公司徵稅。
It's also important to bear in mind that the
同樣重要的是,要牢記
Senate needs to approve the deal in its current
參議院需要準許目前的交易。
form and that could be a tough battle
形式,這可能是一場硬仗
for Joe Biden and his team.
為喬-拜登和他的團隊。
Ultimately though we have
最終,雖然我們有
the seven most advanced
七個最先進的
economies coming up with an agreement on global
達成一項關於全球性的協議
corporate tax and that in itself is significant
公司稅,這本身就很重要
because it does change the rhetoric and it does propel
因為它確實改變了言辭,也確實推動了
the debate among international institutions on how to
國際機構之間就如何
move forward in terms of taxation.
在稅收方面取得進展。
Hold that, don't drop it.
拿著,別掉了。
Ok, heavy.
好的,很重。
Now take a look. Yeah.
現在看一下。 是的。
How many coins do you
你有多少個硬幣
think is in the jar
認為是在罐子裡
and if you guess close to the right
如果你猜得接近正確
answer you can keep it.
答:你可以保留它。
I'm going to
我將會
say, 5000?
比如說,5000?
Do you want another guess?
你想再猜一次嗎?
10,000?
10,000?
No, you're getting colder.
不,你越來越冷了。
1,250. Only 1,250?
1,250. 只有1,250個?
Yeah, you can
是的,你可以
give it back to me.
把它還給我。