Today, as in response to some requests, I'm

今天，作為對一些要求的迴應，我將

going to give you a few vocabulary words or a few words-sorry-about political views. Now,

將給你幾個詞彙或幾個詞--對不起--關於政治觀點。現在。

before I start, I just want to make sure we understand: This is just about English. We're

在我開始之前，我只想確保我們明白。這只是關於英語。我們是

not having any political discussions, here. This is meant to help you read newspapers,

這裡沒有任何政治討論。這是為了幫助你閱讀報紙。

watch TV broadcasts, listen to radio broadcasts about political news, and these are words

看電視廣播，聽廣播中的政治新聞，而這些話是

that you will see quite often when you're reading these things or watching these programs.

當你在閱讀這些東西或觀看這些節目時，你會經常看到。

Okay? So, we're going to look at a few common words that come up when we're talking about

好嗎？所以，我們要看一下我們在談論時出現的幾個常用詞

political views. Now, "political views" are basically opinions about how politics should

政治觀點。現在，"政治觀點 "基本上是關於政治應該如何發展的意見。

run, how governments should run or be run, etc.

運行，政府應該如何運行或被運行，等等。

So first we're going to look at the three main types of government.

是以，首先我們要看一下政府的三種主要類型。

There are "democracy", "authoritarianism", and "dictatorship".

有 "民主"、"專制 "和 "獨裁 "之分。

"Democracy" is a process by which several parties... Okay?

"民主 "是一個過程，由幾個黨派...好嗎？

Several parties, each one has its own leaders and its own members, and they compete for

幾個黨派，每個黨派都有自己的領導人和自己的成員，他們競爭的是

the votes of the public. You have several to choose from, the public chooses. The one

公眾的投票。你有幾個選擇，公眾就會選擇。那一個

that gets the most votes or wins somehow the election in their system, they lead the country

在他們的系統中，獲得最多選票或以某種方式贏得選舉的人，他們就會上司國家。

for a specified period of time. And then you have another election, you can choose the

在一個特定的時間段內。然後你有另一個選擇，你可以選擇

government again, you can choose another government. You can do whatever you need to do.

政府再次，你可以選擇另一個政府。你可以做任何你需要做的事情。

"Authoritarianism" is a system by which only one party... Or "in which" I should say. Only

"專制主義 "是一種制度，通過這種制度，只有一個政黨...或者說 "在其中"，我應該說。只有

one party controls the government. So, you don't really have any choice, and the elections

一個政黨控制著政府。是以，你實際上沒有任何選擇，而選舉

are not... If there are elections, are not very legitimate. There's one party, they are

是不...如果有選舉，也不是很合法。有一個黨，他們是

the controlling power, they make the decisions, everybody does what they want them to do.

他們有控制權，他們做決定，每個人都做他們想做的事。

"...ism". I'm just going to mention this. You're going to hear a lot of ism's when you're

"......主義"。我只是要提到這一點。你將會聽到很多 "主義"，當你

hearing about politics. Okay? It just means you're taking the concept of whatever the

聽到關於政治的消息。好嗎？這只是意味著你把什麼概念的

word is before it. So: "ism" is more about the concept of whatever.

字是在它之前。所以。"ism "更多的是關於什麼的概念。

"Dictatorship", this is a form of government where one person controls the government and

"獨裁"，這是一種政府形式，由一個人控制政府和

has all the power, all the decision-making power. We're not going to get into the details

擁有所有的權力，所有的決策權。我們不打算討論細節問題

of how each of these types of government rules or runs the country they're in, but we're

這些類型的政府是如何統治或管理他們所在的國家的，但我們是

just going to talk about what they are very generally.

我只想談一下它們是什麼，非常籠統。

Next, so here we're getting more into the specific views that people have. Most people

接下來，所以在這裡我們要更多地瞭解人們的具體看法。大多數人

are "Liberal" or "Conservative". Now, you're going to hear these words a lot. In America,

是 "自由派 "或 "保守派"。現在，你將會經常聽到這些詞。在美國。

for example, you hear about the Democrats and the Republicans. Generally, the Democrats

例如，你聽說過民主黨和共和黨的情況。一般來說，民主黨人

are Liberal, the Republicans are Conservative. Liberal government or Liberal politicians

是自由派，共和黨人是保守派。自由派政府或自由派政治家

believe in the individual. They want every individual to have an opportunity to succeed.

相信個人。他們希望每個人都有機會獲得成功。

They want, basically, to help everyone improve their lives somehow. Conservatives, on the

他們希望，基本上，幫助每個人以某種方式改善他們的生活。保守派，在

other hand, they're more about everybody takes care of themselves. Sorry, Liberals, they

另一方面，他們更看重每個人都要照顧好自己。對不起，自由派，他們

want the government to help the individuals; Conservatives want the individuals to help

希望政府幫助個人；保守派希望個人幫助政府。

themselves. And "Conservatives" comes from the word "conserve", there would be an "e"

自己。而 "Conservatives "來自於 "conserve "這個詞，會有一個 "e"

here. They want to keep traditions, they want to keep or maintain values, they don't like

這裡。他們想保持傳統，他們想保持或維護價值，他們不喜歡

change. Liberals, on the other hand, want to change all the time to meet the needs of

改變。而自由主義者則希望一直改變，以滿足人們的需要。

the people. More good for more people, as it were.

人民。為更多的人提供更多的好處，就像它一樣。

Now, if you hear about "left-wing" or "right-wing" or "centrist", you're talking about the spectrum.

現在，如果你聽到 "左翼 "或 "右翼 "或 "中間派"，你說的是光譜。

The spectrum is basically the range of political views. You have the far left-wing, you have

頻譜基本上就是政治觀點的範圍。你有極左翼，你有

the far right-wing, and you have the people in the centre; they're not really right, they're

極右翼，而你有中間的人；他們不是真正的右翼，他們是

not really left. Although, they generally lean. "Lean" means "rooop", I'm leaning to

不是真正的左派。雖然，他們一般都是傾斜的。"Lean "是 "rooop "的意思，我是傾向於

the right or I'm leaning to the left. So, even centrists, they're usually centre-right

右邊的，或者我傾向於左邊的。所以，即使是中間派，他們通常也是中右派

or centre-left, it means they're a little bit more to one side than the other, but generally,

或中間偏左，這意味著他們比另一方多一點，但一般來說。

they're... They want a bit of a mix. Left-wing politicians or left-wing views generally go

他們...他們希望有一點混合。左翼政治家或左翼觀點一般都會去

with Liberals. Right-wing views or right-wing politicians generally go the idea of Conservatives.

與自由派。右翼觀點或右翼政治家一般都是保守派的想法。

Centrists want a little bit of a mix. They will go with whoever will do the best benefit

中間派希望有一點混合。他們會選擇誰做得最好，誰就能受益。

for everybody.

為大家。

Now, in terms of how to make changes or how to interpret laws or how to create systems,

現在，在如何做出改變或如何解釋法律或如何創建系統方面。

you have different types of people. Again, you have "moderate", who want moderate changes,

你有不同類型的人。同樣，你有 "溫和派"，他們想要溫和的變化。

want moderate governing powers, "radicals" and "extremists". "Moderate" basically means

想要溫和的執政權力，"激進分子 "和 "極端分子"。"溫和的 "基本上意味著

they want a reasonable amount of government interference; not too much, not too little.

他們希望政府有合理的干預；不要太多，也不要太少。

They want the government to take care of everybody, but also leave everybody a little bit to their

他們希望政府照顧每個人，但也讓每個人都有一點自己的想法。

own things, as it were. Radicals want very major change. They want big changes, they

自己的事情，因為它是。激進分子想要非常重大的改變。他們希望有大的變化，他們

want radical shifts, or they want what they want very strongly. Very similar to extremist,

想要激進的轉變，或者他們想要的東西非常強烈。與極端主義者非常相似。

"extremist" means there's only one way, and that's it. Nothing else will do.

"極端主義 "意味著只有一種方法，就是這樣。其他的都不行。

They do not compromise.

他們不妥協。

"Compromise" means I'll give a little bit, you give a little bit, and we'll

"妥協 "意味著我給一點，你給一點，然後我們就

meet somewhere in the middle. Extremists don't compromise; it's this way or no way. Okay?

在中間的某個地方見面。極端主義者不會妥協；要麼這樣，要麼不這樣。好嗎？

That's the idea of "extremist", it comes from the word "extreme", as much as possible or

這就是 "極端主義 "的概念，它來自於 "極端 "一詞，儘可能地或

as little as possible, depending on the case.

儘可能少，視情況而定。

Now, this is an excellent word, you have "spin" and you have "spin doctors" we call them.

現在，這是一個很好的詞，你有 "旋轉"，你有 "旋轉醫生"，我們叫他們。

This is a bit of a slang expression. "Spin" basically means spin. Like a record, you put

這有點像俚語的說法。"旋轉 "基本上是指旋轉。就像一張唱片，你把

a record and it spins. So: "to spin" means to take let's say bad news, and turn it around

一張唱片，它就會旋轉。所以。"旋轉 "的意思是把比方說壞消息，轉過來。

and make it sound like it's actually good. So, politicians are very good at this. Good

並使它聽起來好像真的很好。所以，政客們非常擅長這個。好

politicians are very good at spin. If I say something bad about a politician or if I uncover

政客們非常善於旋轉。如果我說某位政治家的壞話，或者如果我揭發了

some history about this politician that's really bad, he or she or their... Basically

一些關於這個政治家的歷史，真的很糟糕，他或她或他們的...基本上

their advisors will take that information, they'll turn it around, and use it against

他們的顧問會利用這些資訊，他們會把它轉過來，並利用它來反對

their opponent, and they'll make themselves look good and they'll make somebody else look

他們會讓自己看起來很好，也會讓別人看起來很好。

bad. They will spin attention, the public's attention away to something else or someone

不好。他們會把注意力，公眾的注意力轉移到其他東西或人身上。

else. That's why they are called "spin doctors", they operate on the public mind. They're professionals.

別的。這就是為什麼他們被稱為 "旋轉醫生"，他們在公眾的頭腦中運作。他們是專業人士。

Okay? So this is just an introduction to some politics. We'll do another lesson again about

好嗎？所以這只是對一些政治的介紹。我們將再做一次關於

specific types of governance and other things that are important for talking about politics.

具體的治理類型和其他對談論政治很重要的東西。

If you want to practice these words and make sure you understand them, there are some

如果你想練習這些單詞並確保你理解它們，有一些

sample sentences on the quiz on www.engvid.com.

www.engvid.com 上的測驗的例句。

You can ask questions. But please, let's make

你可以提出問題。但是，請讓我們把

sure we understand: This is just learning English so you can read newspapers, you can

確保我們理解。這只是學習英語，以便你可以閱讀報紙，你可以

watch broadcasts. Let's not start a political discussion on the comment section... In the

觀看廣播。我們不要在評論區開始政治討論......在

comment section at engVid.

engVid的評論區。

One thing I will say before we're done, here, politics, talking about politics is very dangerous.

在我們結束之前，我想說一件事，在這裡，政治，談論政治是非常危險的。

Make sure that the people you're discussing politics with want to discuss politics. Don't

要確保與你討論政治的人想討論政治。不要

force your views on anyone, don't let anyone force their views on you. Okay?

把你的觀點強加給任何人，不要讓任何人把他們的觀點強加給你。好嗎？

Subscribe to my YouTube channel when you get a chance, and come back again.

有機會的話，請訂閱我的YouTube頻道，然後再回來。

See you soon. Bye.

再見。再見。