If hang around til the end, I'll give you a link to try 2-months of Skillshare for free!

影片最後會有連結，讓你免費試用Skillshare 2個月

It's 3,000 BCE, and it's an unbearably hot day in Sumer, a civilization which thrived

現在是西元前3000年，這是個很熱的一天，而我們在蘇美文明，

in what is now known as southern Iraq.

而蘇美文明位於我們目前所知伊拉克南部

Under the bright sun, two Sumerians quench their thirst with a nice wheat beer.

在艷陽下，兩名蘇美人想用一杯小麥酒來止渴

But they've been having a problem.

但他們碰到了一個問題

Their fermentation process often leaves some unwanted solid byproducts floating at the

他們的發酵過程通常讓一些多餘的固體副產品

top of their drink that are hard to avoid.

浮在他們的飲品上面，很難避免不喝到

Luckily they found a solution: a straw.

幸運地，他們找到了一個替代方案:吸管

Crafted from bone, metal, or even organic materials like reed, Sumerians used the straw

由動物骨頭、金屬或甚至蘆葦等有機材料，蘇美人用吸管

as a way to safeguard their sipping activities from bugs, grain husks, and any sort of sediment

來避免喝到不小心跑進飲品裡的蟲、穀物外殼

that may have happened to sneak into their drinks.

以及任何的沉澱物

Fast-forward thousands of years and straws are still very much a staple across the globe.

快轉幾千年後，而吸管目前在全球各地都被使用

But now these straws are plastic (and bendy).

但現代吸管是塑膠製的，而且可彎曲

A fact to which many environmentalists take umbrage.

這個事實讓許多環保主義者感到不滿

So much so, that plastic straw bans have now been enacted in Vancouver, Seattle, as well

不滿到，塑膠吸管現在在溫哥華、西雅圖等地被禁用

as has been proposed by the European.

在歐洲各地也被提議禁用

Despite the recent passage of these bans, I'm curious about their effectiveness.

儘管最近這些禁令紛紛被通過，我很好奇這些禁令是否真的有效用

Today, I want to figure out whether straw bans are effective, but more importantly,

今天，我想探討塑膠吸管禁令是否真的有效，而更重要的是

what are the ramifications of banning plastic straws?

當塑膠細管被禁用後，有哪些延伸效應

One number, at least for me, puts straw bans into a broader context: .025%.

有個數據對我來說，能幫助我們釐清塑膠禁令: 0.025%

According to Phys.org, plastic straws account for only .025% of the total mass of trash

根據Phys.org的數據，塑膠吸管僅造成海洋垃圾組總質量的0.025%

in the ocean.

根據Phys.org的數據，塑膠吸管僅造成海洋垃圾組總質量的0.025%

According to the Ocean Conservancy's annual clean up report they pulled 643,542 straws

根據海洋保護協會的年度清理報告，在2018年，他們從海洋中清出了

or roughly .26 metric tonnes from the ocean in 2018.

643,542支吸管，這大約是0.26公噸

Scientists Denise Hardesty and Chris Wilcox estimate that there could be as much as 8.3

Denise Hardesty和Chris Wilcox兩名科學家估計，全球各地的海岸總和起來

billion plastic straws on the world's coastlines.

大約有830億支塑膠吸管

But when you consider that a straw weighs .4 grams, 8 billion straws equate to roughly

但需要考慮的是，一支吸管重約0.4克，而800億支吸管大約等於

3,320 metric tonnes of plastic.

3320公噸的塑膠

While that is a large number, it's remarkably small compared to the 8 million metric tons

這的確是個很大的數字。但相較於每年約有800萬公噸的

of pieces of plastic that enter the ocean annually.

塑膠垃圾被送到海洋之中，這個數字並不算大

So, straws are just a small part of a much larger ocean trash problem.

所以，吸管只是海洋垃圾問題的其中一小部分

In fact, if we look at the make-up of trash in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, fishing

事實上，如果我們看太平樣垃圾帶的組成成分

nets and gear make up 46% of the mass.

漁網和捕魚用具佔了46%的總質量

So, plastic straws are not a large part of the piling mountain of trash, but they are

所以，塑膠吸管並不是造成一大堆垃圾的主因

a part.

但他們仍舊是其中一部分

For that reason, the possibility of straw bans is cropping up in major metropolises

因此，全球各大都市都開始禁用塑膠吸管

like New York City.

像是紐約

And part of the reason people are so eager to ban them is that they seem like low hanging

而人們如此熱衷於禁用塑膠吸管，其中一部分原因是它們是容易下手的目標

fruit.

而人們如此熱衷於禁用塑膠吸管，其中一部分原因是它們是容易下手的目標

Most people can get away with not using them.

大部分的人可以不用吸管

But this seemingly linear connection between banning single-use plastic straws and minimizing

但這個「禁用塑膠吸管」和「環境影響最小化」看起來很直觀的連接

environmental impact is more nuanced upon closer inspection.

當我們更仔細檢視後，我們會發現並沒有那麼簡單

In fact, calls for straw bans have experienced strong pushback from the people with disabilities,

事實上，塑膠吸管禁令承受了來自身心障礙人士相當大的反彈

and rightfully so.

而這個反彈，並不是毫無道理的

Eliminating plastic straws is a prime example of eco-ableism.

取消塑膠洗管是個典型的「環保健全中心主義」

But to understand straws and ultimately eco-ableism, we need to first discuss spoons.

但要了解吸館，以及環保健全中心主義，我們必須先討論湯匙。

In a blog post for the University of Alabama's Institute for Human Rights, Marlee Townsend

在阿拉巴馬大學的人權研究所，Marlee Townsend寫的文章裡

describes the concept of spoon theory initially coined by blogger Christine Miserandino.

她描述了湯匙理論的概念，這個概念起初是由Christine Miserandino啟發。

Townsend writes that within this spoon theory metaphor, able-bodied people wake up every

文章裡寫道，這個以「湯匙」作為隱喻的理論是，身心健全的人每天醒來

day with an infinite amount of spoons, while people with disabilities only wake up with

都能有無限支的「湯匙」能使用。但身心障礙人士每天醒來，

a couple of spoons.

只能有一些「湯匙」能夠使用。

Every activity, like putting on socks or brushing your teeth requires a spoon.

每個活動，像是穿上襪子、或刷牙洗臉，都需要消耗一支「湯匙」

People with disabilities have to be deliberate with how they spend their spoons.

身心障礙人士須要慎選他們要把有限的「湯匙」用在哪些事情上

Otherwise, as Townsend writes, they'll be out of spoons before lunch, immobilized and

否則，他們在午餐前就會用完「湯匙」，

exhausted.

無法活動，身疲力竭。

So not having access to a bendy straw, requires spending a spoon whenever someone wants to

所以當沒有可彎曲的吸管，每次他們想喝東西的時候

take a drink.

身心障礙人士都需要額外使用「湯匙」

In short, straw bans represent an instance of eco-ableism because in our haste to frontline

簡短來說，塑膠吸管禁令代表了我們急於處理環境議題時

environmental concerns, able-bodied people have made the lives of disabled folks harder

身心健全的人將身心障礙者的生活變得更困難

by eliminating a product of convenience.

透過消除一個帶來便利的用品

At this point, you might be saying, “Hey, but what about the other straw alternatives!!”

此時，你可能會說:「嘿，那塑膠吸管的替代品呢?」

You're right, there are currently paper, metal, and bamboo straws out there that restaurants

沒錯，現在有些餐廳開始提供紙、金屬以及竹製的吸管

have started to use, but unfortunately they are not as easy to use, durable, and flexible

但不幸地，他們相較於塑膠吸管， 較不容易使用、耐用和可彎曲

as plastic straws.

但不幸地，他們相較於塑膠吸管， 較不容易使用、耐用和可彎曲

In an op-ed in The Guardian disability rights activist, Penny Pepper, tackles this issue

在一篇英國衛報的專欄裡，倡導殘疾人權者 Penny Pepper直接談到了這個問題

head-on.

在一篇英國衛報的專欄裡，倡導殘疾人權者 Penny Pepper直接談到了這個問題

She notes that flexibility is one of the key reasons why plastic straws are so useful because

她寫道，塑膠吸管如此好用關鍵因素之一， 就是可彎曲。

it's much easier to get the right angle for safe drinking, especially when you can't

這讓安全飲用更加簡單，尤其如果你無法

hold a cup or even if another person holds it for you.”

用手拿一個杯子，或讓其他人幫你拿。

Metal and bamboo straws are often too hard or wide, which can prove problematic for people

金屬和竹製的吸管通常太堅硬或太寬，

with biting issues.

讓有咀嚼困難的人們難以使用

Alternatives also may be too costly, be a choking hazard, cause an allergic reaction,

替代吸管也可能會太昂貴、有窒息風險、造成過敏反應

or might not be able to hold up to high temperatures.

或無法承受高溫

But to believe that people with disabilities are at odds with the environmental movement

但如果認為身心障礙人士不關心環境議題

would be a mistake.

是個錯誤的想法

In her op-ed Pepper goes on to write, “The irritating thing is that somehow disabled

在專欄裡，Pepper寫到:「最令人生氣的是 社會把殘疾人士塑造成

people are tainted as not caring about environmental issues.

不關心環境議題，

The truth, in my experience, is that many actually care more…

但事實上，以我的經驗來說，他們其實更關心。

I don't actually want to use harmful chemicals in the interests of my personal care.”

他們不想用對環境有害的物質， 只為了他們個人的身體健康」

In essence, straw bans seem to be such a small portion of ocean plastic.

重點是，塑膠吸管禁令是海洋塑膠垃圾中的一小部分。

The environmental good that bans will create will be minimal.

而這個禁令會對環境造成的好處，相當的微小

We have not listened to or considered the effects a straw ban will have on disabled

我們沒有傾聽，或考慮過這個禁令對殘疾人式的影響

folks.

我們沒有傾聽，或考慮過這個禁令對殘疾人式的影響

If indeed, cleaning up ocean trash is our goal, then the management of fishing nets

如果清理海洋垃圾是我們的目標，那麼漁網

and refuse, which make up a larger percentage ocean trash, might be a much better use of

和垃圾廢料都佔有更大的海洋垃圾比例， 處理這兩個問題

our time.

應該是更好的做法

The point here is that straws are just a small piece of the plastic problem, and other areas

我的論點是，吸管只是塑膠問題的一小部分，而處理其他垃圾問題

of waste management would have a greater effect on our global drawdown of plastic use.

會更有效地減少全球塑膠用量

Straw bans show environmental action can't be done unilaterally and without viable alternatives

塑膠吸管禁令顯示，不能單方面的處理環境議題

for those who need them.

也不提供替代品給那些需要使用的人

It's not just that marginalized people will have it worse if the environmental movement

不僅少數社會邊緣族群會因為環境保護運動

continues to ignore and create forms of oppression, it's that we cannot do any of this work without

持續忽略或欺壓下，過得更加辛苦。 我們需要注意任何的環境保護運動

marginalized people.

若沒有這些社會邊緣的族群，也難以成功

Most oppressed communities experience the worst of the world and therefore also tend

大部分受壓迫的社群，經歷過世界上最糟的事情，於是

to have the most radical solutions and build the most successful movements.

通常會有最根本的解決辦法，且發起最成功的社會運動

Despite the amount of time I spend honing my flashy graphics and slick visuals, the

即使我花了很多時間精進我的圖像和視覺效果

hardest part about making videos is writing a well-crafted story.

製作影片最困難的部分是寫一個精心架構的故事。

At the end of the day, if the script isn't good, then the video isn't good.

畢竟，如果獎搞不好，影片就不會好。

That's why I've recently turned to Skillshare to learn more about developing strong narratives

這就是為何我最近使用Skillshare來學習更多非小說的寫作手法

in non-fiction writing.

這就是為何我最近使用Skillshare來學習更多非小說的寫作手法

Skillshare is an online learning community with over 25,000 classes covering topics like

Skillshare是個線上的學習社群。它有超過25000堂課

motion graphic design, video creation, and much much more.

有各式各樣的主題像是:圖像設計、影片製作以及更多

Skillshare has been an essential way for me to work on my storytelling and writing in

Skillshare已經成為我精進說故事和寫作能力的重要方法

order to create more engaging and informational videos.

為了要創造更吸引人，更資訊豐富的影片

I recently dove into New Yorker Staff Writer Susan Orlean's Creative Nonfiction writing

我最近觀看了紐約客雜誌作家Susan Orlean的創意非小說寫作課

class, which guides you through every step of the writing process from finding a subject

她在寫作每個步驟都一步步地引導你

to the final edit.

從最初的尋找主題、到最後的編輯

And I'm absolutely loving it.

而我非常的愛

Above all else though, Skillshare is affordable.

最重要的是，Skillshare不而貴

Their Premium Membership gives you unlimited access to high quality classes for under $10

會員資格僅需每月10美元以下

a month if you sign up for an annual membership.

就能讓你觀看這些高品質的課程

So, join the millions of creators and learners on Skillshare today with a special offer just

所以，快來和上百萬名創作者和學習者一起加入Skillshare

for you: If you use the link in the description below you can get 2 months of unlimited access

底下連結能讓免費試用2個月的Skillshare

to Skillshare for free.

底下連結能讓免費試用2個月的Skillshare

Hey everyone, it's Charlie.

嘿大家，我是Charlie

Just wanted to let you know that there is a global climate strike happening on September

想讓大家知道，9月20號會有個全球氣候罷課

20th and I'd highly recommend supporting in whatever way you can.

而我希望大家盡自己所能支持

Also, speaking of support, thank you so much to people like Chris Lam who support me on

談到支持，我像感謝Chirs Lam在Patreon上的贊助

Patreon.

談到支持，我像感謝像Chris Lam的人們 在Patreon上的贊助

They're really the backbone of this whole operation and help bring consistency to my

他們是整個企畫的背後核心，也讓我能維持頻道的一致性

channel.

他們是整個企畫的背後核心，也讓我能維持頻道的一致性

So thanks again, and I'll see you in two weeks.

再次感謝，兩周後見