When we think of ancient Egypt, most imagine sand swept plains with giant pyramids jousting

up from a barren desert, juxtaposed next to the lush meandering Nile spilling nutrients

to into the surrounding floodplains to feed this burgeoning empire.

But all we have for reference for this vision of the past are the ancient monuments and

artifacts that remain and ancient hieroglyphs, that puzzled linguists for centuries.

The ways of this ancient world is shrouded in mystery, so when I was invited out by Ubisoft

to get a private tour of the British Museum, speak with historians and get hands on experience

with their 3D explorable vision of ancient Egypt in Assassin's Creed Origins to learn

more, I jumped at the opportunity.

Today we are going to explore this ancient world and try to uncover one it's greatest

secrets, how a civilisation without power machinery managed to build those gigantic

godly structure.

In our modern world, these structures may seem to some as just huge piles of rock.

With modern machinery, like cranes, it may be easy to take for granted the monumental

task of moving and lifting this much material.

So let's put this problem in context to understand why it has baffled historians for

centuries.

The largest of the Great Pyramids, Pyramid Khufu, was the tallest man made structure

on earth for almost four thousands years.

Pyramid Khufu contains over 2.3 million limestone blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tonnes,

which form the interior structure of the pyramid and an additional 200,000 blocks were used

for the smooth white stone casing, which now only exists on the upper cap.

but the Pyramids aren't simply giant piles of limestone arranged nicely, Pyramid Khufu,

incredibly, contains massive interior chambers, like the king's chamber, which is supported

by massive granite beams, with the heaviest weighing about 40 tonnes, that's about the

same as the maximum allowable weight of a fully laden articulated truck.

These stones are located between 43 metres and 65 metres up the pyramid.

Just transporting the massive stones to the site from the quarries was a massive undertaking,

but other civilisations that predate the Egyptians have achieved similar feats, like stonehenge,

or the even more ancient Irish building of Newgrange.

The limestone for the Pyramids was quarried nearby, much of it quarried directly next

to the pyramids, while the granite was likely taken from Aswan and transported to the site

on boats.

We know from hieroglyphs that the egyptians used wooden sleds to transport heavy objects,

while workers lubricated it's movement with water.

This was simply a problem of manpower, which the wealthy Egyptian empire was not short

on.

What has fascinated me is the logistic challenge of building a structure like this, the sequence

of events and mechanisms that these ancient engineers used to lift these immense weights

into place are a mystery, a mystery that many have tried to solve, but many theories come

up short.

To solve this riddle, let's start with what we do know.

First things first, unless the Pyramids were truly built by aliens with anti-gravity machines,

the pyramids were built from the bottom.

Next, because of the precise geometric shape of the pyramids, with each side of the Great

Pyramid being 230.3 metres long, with the largest difference in lengths, between the

Northern and Southern edge, at only 4.4 centimetres.

This level of accuracy could only have been possible if the external casing stones were

laid first, allowing any deviations to be caught early and corrected, before the internal

structure was filled in.

This makes any theories for external ramps or cranes unlikely, as they would have been

extremely difficult to attach to the smooth external wall, which was inclined at 52 degrees.

Instead, the most prevalent theory suggests a ramp on one side of the pyramid that would

raise with pyramid, but this has it's limit.

When pulling a weight like this uphill, the force required is given by this equation.

The average mass of blocks was 2.5 tonnes, or about 24,500 Newton's, there were heavier

blocks, but these were mainly used in the lower levels.

Let's set our slope angle alpha, at 7 degrees, and the coefficient of friction between two

pieces of wet wood is about 0.1, using these figures we can calculate the force needed

to pull this weight uphill at 5418 Newtons.

Modern safety guidelines say the maximum any worker should pull is 225 Newtons [1], but

since this is a prolonged track and stopping is not an option, most calculate the max each

worker would pull at 150 Newtons or about 15.3 kg.

So that means we would need around 36 workers would be needed to haul this weight.

This figure is reasonable, but for every additional degree of slope at least an extra 3 workers

will be needed, which would soon become extremely impractical.

The other option, of simply elongating the ramp and maintaining the angle is completely

unfeasible, as constructing the ramp would be bigger project than the great pyramid itself.

Like any modern construction project, these are all logistical issues the Egyptians would

have had to overcome.

This is the core of engineering.

Trying to solve problems with the tools at hand, and now we have to reverse engineer

this problem without knowing exactly what tools the Egyptians had.

One of the most convincing theories I have seen, from French architect, Jean-Pierre Houdin,

may hold the truth of the Pyramids construction.

Jean-Pierre theorised that this external ramp was used to construct up to the height of

the King's Chamber at around 43 metres, allowing the heaviest granite stones used to be hauled

up this ramp.

Granite has often been used in grand historic buildings for it's superior compressive

strength, allowing the buildings to grow in size, here the granite was tasked with supporting

the immense weight of the pyramid above the King's Chamber.

At this height the majority of the volume of the pyramid is completed, but we still

need a way of transporting those final blocks into place.

This is where the innovative part of Jean-Pierre's theory comes in.

He proposes that while the first 43 metres was being constructed, the workers also built

an internal ramp, which would transport material recycled from the exterior ramp to the top

of the pyramid.

Now this theory should be easy to prove, the interior ramp should still exist, but the

Pyramid is a protected structure, we can't just take it apart to see what's inside.

But we do have tools that can peer into the internal structure without damaging it, one

team used microgravimetry in 1986 to measure the density of different sections of the pyramid.

This research produced this image image, showing a strange pattern where the green indicates

lower density, which closely matches the pattern of Jean Piere's predicted internal ramp.

I believe this is the most convincing theory to date, but it is yet to be confirmed or

disproven.

The mystery of the pyramids construction may remain a mystery forever, but you can explore

this mysterious world in Assassin's Creed Origins, which is out today.

I fell in love with the Assassin's Creed franchise when I got to explore Florence in

Assassin's Creed 2.

It gave me a unique insight into this distant world, and I got the exact same feeling exploring

Egypt in Assassin's Creed Origins.

They are even including a mode called Discovery Tour to turn off the hippo violence, and give

you guided tours around this beautiful recreation of the past.

I really enjoyed the game, if it sounds like something you are into, check it out with

the link in the description.

As always, thanks for watching and thank you to my Patreon Supporters for helping to make

this channel possible.

If you want to see more content from Real Engineering, the links to my social media

accounts are in the description.

I just gave a sneak peek for next weeks video on Instagram, so if you are interested check

that out.