Name: 如何打败赌场以及他们如何阻止你（How to Beat the Casino, and How They'll Stop You）
Uploaded: 2021-06-10T16:08:25.000Z
Duration: 14 min 12 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

基礎被動語態

This video was made possible by Brilliant.

Learn more about the math and science behind this video's topic for 20% off by being

one of the first 200 to go to Brilliant.org/Wendover.

Within the walls of the 51 licensed casinos of the Las Vegas Strip, there are 2,879 gaming

tables collectively bringing in $3.1 billion in revenue annually, or over a million dollars

In addition, there are some 38,864 slot machines bringing in another $3.4 billion.

A single large Las Vegas casino, like the Bellagio, make more annually than some small

This is because the Casino business model is pretty much bulletproof.

Overall, the odds are always in the Casino's favor—if this weren't true, the casino

would fail—so these floors just print money.

MGM International, for example, one of the world's largest multinational gaming companies,

has about 2.5 million square feet of Casino floor worldwide meaning it makes, on average,

With the money their casinos bring in, they could line every inch of every foot of their

casino floor worldwide with a brand new iPad and still have money left over.

This is all to say, casinos make a lot of money, but to do so, they need a lot more

You see, the casino business model all revolves around risk.

With every game they have, the odds are in their favor, but that's not to say the house

Their advantage varies from game to game—in roulette, it's about 5.25%, in Poker, it's

about 3.35%, and in Blackjack, it's about 0.5%.

Of course, given how tight these margins are, there's a natural variability so casinos can

come out behind on a given table on a given night, but overall, with enough tables and

enough nights, they'll average out to these odds.

However, in order to do so, they need an immense amount of money running through their casinos.

Blackjack, for example, is one of the games with the lowest house edge, so if a casino

wants to earn $1 billion in a given year from the game, which would not be an unreasonable

estimate for a large gaming company like MGM International, they would need $200 billion

changing hands within their doors each year.

$200 billion is an enormous amount of money.

That's pretty much the entire GDP of New Zealand, passing through, in the case of MGM,

a physical structure barely larger than the Empire State Building.

When you have such a rapid throughput of money, very slight changes in the odds can make a

huge dent in the gaming company's earnings.

If, for example, the house edge in Blackjack changed from 0.5% to 0.4%, they would lose

$200 million, assuming $200 billion in annual play.

This is why making sure these odds stay in their favor is so important to casinos.

It can quite literally make or break them.

Despite what pop culture might portray, a casino's biggest problem is not robbers

or hackers or even technically cheaters, because each of those is relatively easy to prevent.

Rather, their biggest problem is people who are able to turn the odds in their favor without

You see, in most common-law countries, such as the US, England, Ireland, or Australia,

cheating is legally defined as altering the outcome of the game, acquiring knowledge not

available to all players, or changing ones bet after learning of the outcome.

Cheating in a casino is generally illegal, however, it's possible for a player to consistently

The best-known example of this is card counting—a type of advantage play used in the Blackjack

family of games which is not illegal and, in some cases, is even legally protected.

This advantage play technique essentially takes the basic principles of the game of

Blackjack and uses them against the casino, and these principles are fairly simple.

So start a game, each player bets an amount of money, then, six decks of cards are shuffled

Each player is dealt two cards, face-up, while the dealer gets one face-up and one face-down.

The goal for all participants is simple—it's to get their cards to total as close to 21

Starting from the left, each player will either decide to stick with the total they have,

Of course, the player doesn't know what the next card will be worth, it could be anything

from 1 to 11, so it's a gamble on whether it'll make the total go over 21—in which

The higher the original total, the riskier it is to take another card, but there is,

in fact, a mathematically optimal choice for every scenario.

Once every player is done taking cards, or not, the dealer reveals the face-down card

and, automatically, if their total is below 17, they take additional cards until it isn't.

If it's 17 or higher, the leave it as is.

If the dealer goes above 21, all players' bets are doubled, as long as they didn't

If the player's total is higher than the dealer's, then the player's bet is doubled.

However, if the player's total is lower, they lose their bet.

Of course, this explanation skipped over plenty of smaller rules and unlikely edge-cases,

but it is these fundamental elements of game-play that tie into why card counting works.

Now, without getting too much into the math, on average, in Blackjack, higher-value cards

benefit the player, while lower cards benefit the dealer.

While the explanation for the higher-cards is more complex, lower cards benefit is based

on the fact that they are required to take additional cards when their total is less

than 17 and so a greater density of lower cards makes it less likely that they'll

total over 21—in which case each player's bet is doubled.

Therefore, if you know that a bunch of low cards are coming, you know that the odds are

against you and so you should reduce your bet or not play.

But, the question is, how do you know what's coming in a randomly shuffled deck?

Well, you perform process of elimination, or, even more simply, you count the cards

There are hundreds of different forms of card-counting that work in hundreds of different ways, but

all are more or less based on what's known as the Hi-Lo system.

With this, each card is assigned a value.

Two through six are assigned one, seven through nine are assigned zero, and ten, the face

cards, and the ace are assigned negative one.

This is based on the fact that, every time a high-value card is dealt, there are fewer

of them in the deck, which means the odds get worse for the player considering that

high-value cards are better for them, and vice versa.

With every card a player sees, they add up its assigned value.

So, if there are three players, and they are dealt these cards, the running count would

be one plus zero plus negative one plus one plus zero plus one plus zero, which would

字幕列表影片播放

如何打败赌场以及他们如何阻止你（How to Beat the Casino, and How They'll Stop You）

assume

slightly

average

positive