a fleet of boats left the coast of Maui.

The goal was to get to the Hawaiian island of Kaho'olawe.

For centuries Native Hawaiians had fished and farmed here.

And they'd worshipped at its many religious sites.

Its original name had been Kohemalamalama o Kanaloa.

The island had been very sacred and dedicated to Kanaloa.

The God of the ocean.

But by the time this group of Native Hawaiians made the journey to the island,

it was a very different story.

The US military had taken over the island of Kaho'olawe.

It was just littered with all kinds of artillery bombs, unexploded bombs.

Nothing growing.

It was the worst environmental damage to land

that anybody could ever experience

or view or feel.

This is Dr. Emmett Aluli,

one of many Native Hawaiians on the boats that day in 1976.

They wanted to take Kaho'olawe back

and they were willing to go up against the most powerful military in the world.

What happened next turned this journey into a movement

not just to reclaim the island,

but to reclaim everything that was taken from Native Hawaiians.

This is the story of the taking of one Hawaiian island.

But before I tell you that story,

I have to start with the taking of all of Hawai'i.

More than a thousand years ago, the first Polynesian voyagers made it to the Hawaiian archipelago.

Over time, a distinctly Hawaiian culture emerged.

Fishing and agriculture were common.

And a blend of Polynesian language, arts, and navigation traditions took shape

along with an intricate social, political, and religious system.

For centuries Native Hawaiians exercised sovereignty over the islands.

By 1810 a monarch united the islands as one nation.

Around this time, American and European missionaries arrived,

along with businessmen looking to turn the land into a sugar industry.

Many missionaries believed Hawaiian religious practices were a moral wretchedness and so,

they began the work of communicating to them the knowledge of Christ.

When the missionaries come with their promise of enlightenment and wisdom

our people lost contact with who they were.

Over the course of the next century this new western, Christian ideology

slowly replaced the traditions and culture of many Native Hawaiians,

also known as Kanaka Maoli or Kanaka.

The missionaries and businessmen became advisors to the monarchs who then suppressed Hawaiian language, healing practices,

navigation arts, and even traditional forms of hula.

Soon, they set their sights on privatizing land ownership

and changed the political system, too.

In 1887, a group led by white businessmen rewrote the constitution

forcibly taking away much of the Hawaiian monarchy s power,

and disenfranchising most Native Hawaiian voters.

When a new monarch Queen Lili'uokalani rose to power,

she attempted to restore Native Hawaiian rights.

But, in response, much of the same group of wealthy, white businessmen,

now known as the Committee of Safety,

staged a coup to overthrow the queen's government.

In 1893, they illegally took over the government of Hawai'i.

Native Hawaiians pushed back and started a movement to reclaim Hawaiian sovereignty.

A massive petition drive led to 38,000 signatures

that eventually convinced the US Congress to reject the annexation of Hawai'i.

But it was a short-lived win.

In 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out.

Part of it was fought in the Philippines, and all of a sudden,

the location of the Hawaiian islands in the Pacific became valuable to the US military.

Congress quickly passed a resolution and illegally annexed Hawai'i.

Decades later, in 1959, Hawai'i became the 50th state of the US.

To have this 50th member is truly a unique experience.

But statehood made many Native Hawaiian problems worse.

The development of resorts and condos increasingly displaced families,

encroached on rural land, and exploited Native Hawaiians.

By the 1970s a new wave of Native Hawaiian activists demanded change

and their protests reignited the movement to reclaim Hawaiian sovereignty.

That gave rise to the ALOHA organization.

It stood for Aboriginal Lands Of Hawaiian Ancestry.

They had a bill for reparations for Native Hawaiians.

And the Congress was not taking it seriously.

ALOHA came up with an idea:

they would occupy federal land to bring attention to their cause.

The only question was where.

Kaho'olawe is the smallest of the major Hawaiian islands and it sits here,

in the middle of the archipelago.

Some traditional oli or chants spoke of the importance of the island and navigation.

If you are on Kaho'olawe and you're observing what the sky looks like,

you could see the where the Southern Cross sits in the sky

in relation to the Northern Star.

And this was important for training navigators.

Not so much how to get where you want to go but how do you get home.

Archaeological evidence also suggests that for centuries

Kaho'olawe was key to this kind of celestial navigation

and was the location of several sacred sites

including shrines, petroglyphs and burials.

But by 1832 the Hawaiian monarchy started using the island as a penal colony.

Then in 1858, the Hawaiian government leased Kaho'olawe out for

ranching introducing livestock that depleted the island's soil.

In 1941, just after the attack on Pearl Harbor

the US declared martial law in Hawai'i,

and turned Kaho olawe into a military bombing range.

A few years later, when the war ended,

Hawaiian territorial officials thought that the island would be returned to civilian jurisdiction.

But instead, President Eisenhower issued an executive decree to extend the US use of the island,

and then they continued to train for other arenas in Asia and the Pacific.

Year after year, Kaho'olawe was used as a practice target for more wars

like the Korean War and then Vietnam War.

During that period there were targets on the island that resembled Korean vehicles and Korean villages.

And then jets would come to practice bombing those targets.

The top of the island has been just defaced of any vegetation.

It's what we call hardpan.

And about eight feet of the topsoil has washed away into the ocean.

And every time there's a big rain event,

it's bleeding out into the ocean.

In one series of Navy explosions, they simulated an atomic bomb blast

and exploded 500 tons of TNT.

And almost every day in 1970 alone,

the Navy used the island for bombings or weapons exercises.

Those who live, particularly outside Maui,

would see the bombing of Kaho'olawe regularly.

Houses would shake.

It's just like this way poking a knife into the spirit of the Kanaka

every time a bomb would go off.

Local residents and politicians began demanding an end to the bombings.

So in January 1976, when ALOHA was looking for a location to occupy as a protest

they chose Kaho'olawe.

The mismanagement of land by the Navy, the military, was just so obvious.

And so it was just something we kind of like felt we had to do.

Aluli and other activists came together from all over Hawaii.

And on January 4th, they left for Kaho'olawe on a fleet of boats.

But there was a problem:

a leaked press release led to the Coast Guard intercepting them

bringing the risk of arrest and federal charges.

One boat with Aluli and eight other protesters on it snuck past the Coast Guard

and made it to the island.

But the Coast Guard wasn't far behind.

We saw them coming with their megaphones and telling us that we needed to board the Coast

Guard cutter and get taken back to Maui.

Myself and one of the organizers from Maui, Walter Ritte,

we decided we didn't come to call Kaho'olawe just to get back with the Coast Guard.

As the Coast Guard caught up with the group on the shore,

Aluli and Walter Ritte broke away and went deeper into the island.

There were no trails to follow and the paths were rough

but slowly they made their way up to the peak of the island.

And then once we were on the top,

just knowing that this island was almost central in our archipelago,

that it must have been something real special.

But then you see the devastation.

For two days, Aluli and Ritte hid out on the island.

The island was muddy, was red.

There were old trucks that were lined up to be caravans.

These are the targets.

The whole island was littered with targets.

On day three, federal marshals found Aluli and Ritte,

arrested them, and flew them off the island.

But just being able to kind of be lifted up in a helicopter

and seeing more damage and feeling more passionate,

about we got to do something.

It was like the land was calling to me pleading, crying, asking us to do something.

We decided to come over and pay a visit to the governor and pay a visit to you also.

Inspired by what they saw, the activists formed a new group,

Protect Kaho'olawe 'Ohana, to focus specifically on caring for the island.

At the core of their work,

was the concept of Aloha 'Aina.

Aloha 'Aina in its simplest form is just to love the land.

But for us Aloha 'Aina also has a deep political meaning,

and that it means a love of your nation.

The organizing for Kaho'olawe helped spark a greater movement for Hawaiian rights

in what became known as the Hawaiian Renaissance.