Name: 福特 T 型车如何征服世界（How The Ford Model T Took Over The World）
Uploaded: 2021-06-05T17:47:09.000Z
Duration: 14 min 6 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

基礎被動語態

This Episode of Real Engineering is brought to you by Skillshare, home to over 20,000

classes that could teach you a new lift skill.

Depending on how you define what a car is, that honour was achieved 100 years before

Henry Ford was even born in 1769, when French engineer Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot created this

steam powered vehicle designed to travel off rail.

The honour for the first true automobile goes to Karl Benz, founder of Mercedes Benz, in

With this single piston 2 stroke gasoline powered vehicle.

The art of the automobile was well under development before Henry Ford hit the scene.

No Ford did not invent the automobile, he invented something much more profound.

That is a massive claim, but bear with me.

His manufacturing techniques did not just revolutionise how we design and build everything.

Making complicated machinery like tractors and cars affordable for the masses.

His manufacturing techniques radically changed the trajectories of billions of people's

At the turn of the 18th century craft manufacturing was the status quo.

People wishing to pursue a career in automotive manufacturing, entered their career and progressed

Picking up a huge variety of skills, gradually learning the tricks of the trade and being

Many would go on to run their own machine shops.

These were less employees, and more contractors.

In these days, a machine like an automobile was not built entirely in house.

Parts would come from smaller machine shops from all over a city.

They used general purpose tools and machines to create the parts needed, which would be

These part would vary massively from one batch to another, requiring a skill assembling team.

Workers needed to understand the function of the part they were working on, and skillfully

manipulate the parts together into the final vehicle.

There was no mass manufacturing of complex machines like this.

Each vehicle was one of a kind, commissioned by whoever was wealthy enough to afford it.

At this production volume no company could create a monopoly.

There were hundreds of small craft shops like this across Western Europe and North America,

but many would soon be run out of business by Henry Ford before they had the chance to

Only the best craft manufacturers survived.

Companies like Aston Martin and Bentley succeeded by focusing on the ultra wealthy that could

afford these one off vehicles, using skilled craftsmen to build unique and luxurious cars,

but even they would soon have to join the movement to survive.

All eventually being bought out by these mass production power houses, no longer able to

keep up with cost of innovation and manufacturing required to keep pace in the automotive industry.

At the high point of the Model T's success in 1923, Ford was manufacturing 2.1 million

Model Ts a year, a figure that would only be matched by a single vehicle model again

Many people chalk Henry Ford's success down to inflexibility in design.

The famous quote of “You can have colour as long as it is black”.

This was true for many years, but perhaps not for the reason you think.

You see, Henry Ford was obsessed with manufacturing speeds.

The painting process he used allowed the paint to dry quickly, and it was only available

[6] He shaved time off wherever possible to achieve that monumental milestone of 2.1 million

The Model-T was no fluke, it was the culmination in over 20 design iterations over 5 years.

Each one tweaking the design and manufacturing procedure to cut seconds off the total process,

and the innovations continued through the nearly 20 years of production, that would

see a total of 15 million Model Ts manufactured.

On the first day of production in 1908, the average task cycle for the Model T lasted

The task cycle time is the length of time before a single task is repeated.

So, the average worker did not repeat a task for 8 and a half hours.

For Ford, this was essentially how quickly a single production line was producing vehicles,

as assembly lines cannot start a new vehicle until another has exited at the other end.

So, he set to work on reducing that cycle time, and by 1913 he managed to bring it down

For a product this complex, consisting of hundreds of parts, with hundreds of processes,

that is astounding and was something no other company had ever achieved.

How on earth did Ford achieve this quantum leap forward in manufacturing speedl?

Let's first start with innovations that Ford was not responsible for that allowed

As I said, one of the reasons highly skilled workers were essential to these industries

before Ford came along, was because of the high variability between parts.

When I worked as a design engineer, I needed to specify the tolerances I needed for specific

Say I needed a shaft to fit a particular hole, I need to specify how much the machinist was

permitted to deviate from the listed dimension.

If I have a 20 mm hole paired with a 19 mm shaft, and I specify that both can deviate

from that dimension by plus or minus 0.5 millimeters.

Even at the extreme ends of both, where both are 19.5 mm wide, they will still fit with

This may not be acceptable depending on application, and higher tolerancing may be needed, which

Engineers regularly screw up with these things even today, but in Ford's day consistently

achieving a tolerance that tight in mass manufacturing would have been huge task, and was generally

something saved for military applications, and not for low cost consumer products.

This was largely due to the manufacturing techniques of the day, specifically heat treatment

As explained in my knife forging and aluminium videos, metals need to be heated and cooled

in specific ways to strengthen or harden the metal, but this also makes the metal much

harder to cut and shape, so the metals were often cut first and heat treated after.

This heating and cooling causes the metal to deform due to thermal expansion, which

can then throw the original piece out of tolerance.

This is called warping, and it made it nigh on impossible to get a consistent final product.

Many attribute Ford with revolutionizing the standardisation of parts [3], but in truth

he was simply at the right place at the right time to benefit from technologies that facilitated

字幕列表影片播放

福特 T 型车如何征服世界（How The Ford Model T Took Over The World）

entire

eventually

incredibly

dedicated