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  • Thanks to SkillShare for making this video possible. SkillShare is an online

    感謝SkillShare使這影片變為可能

  • community where you can learn almost anything, including many of the skills

    SkillShare是一個可以讓你學到任何東西的 線上社群,包含本影片的各個技術

  • used to make this video. The first 300 people to click the link in the

    前三百個使用資訊欄連結的使用者

  • description, get a 2 month free trial.

    可以得到兩個月的免費試用

  • Some consider the period just before the jet age to be a golden era for air

    有些人認為噴射機時代前為 航空旅行的黃金時代

  • travel. But flying aboard a piston powered propeller aircraft, well it

    但搭乘螺旋槳動力活塞引擎客機

  • wasn't always glamorous. Flights took a lot longer than they do today and the

    並不是真的那樣充滿魅力

  • relentless noise and vibration from the piston engines; well it was exhausting.

    光飛行時間就比現在更耗時

  • And most aircraft couldn't fly high enough to avoid bad weather, so you'd be

    無止境的噪音跟引擎的震動更讓人感到疲勞

  • in for a bumpy ride. And you'd better have your air sickness bag ready.

    而那時大部分的飛機更飛不夠高 無法迴避壞天氣

  • But then, seemingly out of nowhere in 1949, along came a new kind of

    所以當氣流不穩時,你最好準備好你的嘔吐袋

  • aircraft. It was sleek, quiet, and nearly twice as fast as some conventional

    就在1949年,一種新型飛行器悄悄問世

  • airliners. Cruising at 40,000 feet, it could avoid messy weather. This was the

    它有滑順的外表,很安靜 飛得有同時期的客機兩倍快

  • de Havilland comet. It shattered conventional thinking and proved that

    在四萬英呎的高空飛行 它能迴避各種壞天氣

  • jet travel was the future. But the excitement would be short-lived because

    它是哈維蘭彗星型客機,它打破大眾的想法

  • within months things started to go seriously wrong. And the leap into the

    更證明噴射機是未來趨勢

  • jet age it wouldn't go as smoothly as hoped.

    但好景不長

  • In the 1940's, the British set out to change civil aviation. In fact they

    幾個月後發生各種問題打破大眾的興奮

  • really had no choice. Because after the Second World War, American manufacturers

    噴射機時代不會像所期望的那樣順利到來

  • had the Civil Aviation market cornered. At one point, ninety percent of the world's

    哈維蘭 彗星型噴射客機 世界第一架噴射客機

  • airline passengers were flying aboard these: American built Douglas DC-3's. The

    1940年代英國開始發起民用航空改革

  • Americans left the Second World War with a lot of experience designing and

    因為他們沒有其他選擇

  • building military transport aircraft. After the War, with their industry fully

    二戰後美國客機生廠商讓 世界其他競爭對手擔憂

  • intact, manufacturers could switch to producing civil aircraft based on their

    當時的美造的這架道格拉斯DC-3 有著百分之九十的載客率

  • military transport designs. But Britain on the other hand, had to rebuild. Much of

    二戰期間美國累績大量設計與建造 軍用運輸機的經驗

  • its focus during the war had been on building heavy bombers. So it now needed

    戰後,他們的產業便已有相當程度的經驗

  • to develop the infrastructure and the expertise to compete in the civil

    航空器製造商能迅速應用之前的經驗 設計新民航機

  • aviation market. If the British were going to become leaders in aerospace,

    但英國這邊卻需要從頭開始

  • they had better come up with something extraordinary. But a jet powered airliner,

    二戰期間英國都在研發、設計重型轟炸機

  • that was dismissed by a lot of people. The conventional thinking of the day

    所以戰後若要在民用機市場上競爭

  • amongst manufacturers and airlines was that jet engines produce too little

    英國需要建立起新的基礎與相關知識

  • power relative to their fuel consumption, and they were just too unreliable for

    若英國想成為航空業龍頭

  • civil aviation. But at the same time piston engines were approaching their

    他們就需要不同凡響的點子

  • limits. To squeeze out ever more power, they had grown large and complex with

    但當時的人們並不歡迎噴射客機這想法

  • superchargers and dozens of cylinders. This made piston powered propeller

    當時飛機生產商與航空公司普遍認為 噴射引擎的大量油耗與推力效率轉換太低

  • engines increasingly expensive to maintain. And you can only spin a

    同時噴射引擎的低穩定性也不適合民用市場

  • propeller so fast before its efficiency starts to diminish. As part of a larger

    但活塞引擎也差不多發展到了極限

  • effort to develop Britain's post-war aviation industry, the de Havilland

    若想要從活塞引擎擠出更大的推力 將使得引擎更大更複雜化

  • Aircraft Company was awarded the task of building the world's first jet-powered

    再裝上更多增壓器與數十個汽缸後

  • airliner. The aircraft, which would later be

    螺旋槳引擎維護成本將大幅提升

  • named the Comet, was developed in secrecy. In fact, untenable designs were

    而螺旋槳轉速提升後將難以保持其油耗效率

  • deliberately used to confuse competitors. So when the comet was revealed just

    身為戰爭時期較大的英國航空器生產商

  • three years later in the summer of 1949, it stunned the world.

    德哈維蘭公司開始設計世界第一架噴射客機

  • Its sleek lines, swept wings, and for integrated turbojet engines, well they

    而他們秘密研製的新型噴射客機

  • were straight out of the future. Even today, a lot of this aircraft looks

    後來被命名為彗星型客機

  • pretty modern. So you can only imagine the impression it would have left on the

    為此,德哈維蘭公司甚至 釋出假設計來混淆競爭對手

  • flying public in 1952. The comet sent a powerful signal to the

    經過三年發展

  • world about Britain's newfound superiority in aerospace. Orders poured

    哈維蘭彗星型客機於1949年夏季出廠 震撼世人的想像

  • in, and even in America where airlines were still skeptical of jets, Pan Am

    它的流線型機身、後掠式機翼 與四具置於機翼內的渦輪引擎

  • placed orders for a larger lengthened version. The Comet was revolutionary

    根本就是科幻電影裡跑出來的東西

  • because it had solved a key barrier to efficient jet travel. While turbojets

    以現代的角度來看彗星型客機也十分先進

  • consumed enormous amounts of fuel at lower altitudes, where most planes of the

    可想而知當時1952年投入服務時 大眾對它的普遍想法

  • year a flew, the Comet would instead cruise at an unprecedented 40,000 feet. Where the air is thin and there's less drag.

    彗星型客機的出現 帶來英國成為航空龍頭的強烈信息

  • Allowing the Comet to consume much less fuel. But to allow its passengers to breathe at such high altitude, the cabin

    彗星型客機的訂單大幅湧入

  • needed to be pressurized. And while the Comet wasn't the first airliner to

    即使是在對噴射客機仍有疑慮的美國

  • have a pressurized cabin, no other flew so high. The Comet went into service in

    泛美航空也下單訂購加長型號

  • 1952 and immediately began breaking travel time records. And in doing so, it

    彗星型客機能如此充滿革命性 是因其解決了噴射飛行的效率障礙

  • became a point of national pride for the British public. But here's the thing, in

    噴射引擎在當代飛機飛的低海拔飛行會 消耗大量燃油

  • some ways, the comet was a little too ahead of its time. With such a clean

    而彗星型客機卻選擇在大氣較稀薄 阻力較低的四萬英尺航行

  • sheet design, there were suddenly so many new variables to work with. There were

    如此一來彗星型客機便能減少油耗

  • numerous problems with its electrical and hydraulic systems. But when two

    但要讓乘客能舒適的在高空呼吸 機艙便需要加壓

  • Comets skidded off the runway in 1952 and 53,

    縱使彗星型客機不是第一個使用 增壓機艙的客機

  • the pilots were blamed. It was suspected that they were still flying the Comet as

    卻沒有其他客機飛過這麼高

  • if it were a piston powered airliner. Over rotating the aircraft on takeoff. It

    1952年彗星型客機投入載客服務 便迅速刷新多個旅行時間紀錄

  • was later determined that a design change of the leading edge of the

    如此一來彗星型客機便成為 當時英國大眾的驕傲

  • comet's wing was needed. But public confidence in the comet had not been

    但不幸的是 彗星型客機有點太過「先進」了

  • shaken. and the British remained enthusiastic about jet-powered air

    如此嶄新的設計必須面對許多新的變數

  • travel. But then, just two months later, another incident. This time far more

    它的液壓與電子系統有許多問題

  • catastrophic. A Comet leaving Calcutta ominously disintegrated while flying

    1952年與隔年發生的兩起滑出跑道事故 飛行員成為被責怪的對象

  • through a severe thunderstorm. And only eight months later, another Comet

    當時認為事故起因為 飛行員將彗星型客機當成舊式螺旋槳客機駕駛

  • exploded shortly after taking off from Rome. After these rapid succession of

    並在起飛時過度迴轉

  • incidents, BOAC, the airline with the most Comets in service had no

    但後來研究顯示 彗星型客機的機翼前沿需要重新設計

  • choice but to ground their fleet. The focus shifted to a suspected turbine

    但大眾對彗星型客機依舊充滿信心

  • explosion in one of the engines. So the engine housing on the other Comets was

    英國人還是對噴射飛行充滿熱情

  • reinforced. But public confidence still remained high and when the Comet

    但兩個月後發生了新的事故 而這次的事故更加慘烈

  • re-entered service. Airlines had no trouble selling seats. Yet just three

    一架從印度加爾各答機場起飛的彗星在 大雷雨中解體了

  • months later, another comet disintegrated over the Mediterranean. Now the entire

    在僅僅八個月後

  • worldwide fleet of comets had to be grounded as their Certificate of

    一架彗星型客機從羅馬起飛後不久後 在空中爆炸

  • Airworthiness was revoked, An unprecedentedly large investigation

    在短短數個月發生多起事故後

  • began. And it would reveal that sudden catastrophic depressurization of the

    擁有最多彗星型客機的英國海外航空 只好使其機隊停飛

  • Comet's cabin was to blame, essentially causing comets to suddenly explode apart

    當時認為事故原因為彗星其中一具引擎爆炸

  • in midair. See, the Comets cycles of pressurization and depressurization were

    技術人員便加強維護 其它彗星型客機的引擎配置

  • faster than those of any other aircraft. After many cycles, the fuselage began to

    此時大眾隊彗星型客機的信心仍高

  • fatigue and cracks started to form. Especially around the Comets square

    當彗星型客機重新開始服務時 機票的售出毫無困難

  • windows, where hard edged corners concentrated stress forces. The entire

    但在三個月後,另一架彗星在地中海上空解體

  • comet fleet was grounded for years while the investigation lumbered forward.

    隨著適航證被撤銷,全球的彗星型客機被停飛

  • But in the end, none of the grounded planes would ever fly again.

    全球展開史無前例規模的調查

  • And while de Havilland worked to modify its design, switching to round windows

    調查後顯示空難機艙的突然失壓為事發原因

  • and increasing fuselage thickness, the rest of the world was catching up.

    機艙突然失壓 造成了事發飛機在空中突然爆炸解體

  • Aircraft manufacturers from around the world introduced their own jet-powered

    彗星型客機機艙的增減壓循環比其他飛機更快

  • offerings. And in 1958, the Boeing 707 entered service and Douglas began

    再經過多次的循環後機身金屬開始疲勞

  • producing the DC-8. That same year the, de Havilland Comet 4 entered service. But it

    龜裂開始在機身上形成

  • couldn't compete with the American offerings, which were now larger, faster

    尤其是方形機窗四角承受壓力最大

  • and more efficient. Only 76 Comet 4's were ever delivered to Airlines. That

    在事件調查緩慢進行時,彗星機隊停飛了數年

  • compares to over 500 DC-8's and over a thousand 707's America's stranglehold on

    但最終這些停飛的飛機未能再次起飛

  • the civil aviation market would only grow tighter in the coming decades.

    當德哈維蘭公司在修整設計 改用圓形窗戶與增強機身結構時

  • According to de Havilland's chief test pilot, Boeing and Douglas both privately

    其他的飛機製造商正迎頭趕上

  • admitted that they had learned from the Comets pressurization problems. And if it

    世界各地的航空器製造商 完成了自己的噴射客機

  • were not for the Comet, they could have made the same mistakes. The later, larger

    1958年波音推出了自家的波音707客機 道格拉斯飛行器公司推出了DC-8

  • and improved Comets would reliably serve airlines

    同年彗星4型客機也投入服務

  • into the 60's and 70's. The Comet last flew commercial passengers in 1980. But

    但新的彗星比不上 更大、更快、更有效率的美國貨

  • there's no question that the Comet paved the way. The British had taken a massive

    彗星4型僅有七十六架進入服務

  • risk and brought the world into the Jet Age.

    卻有超一千多架波音707與 超過五百架的DC-8投入服務

  • A lot of people ask how I put together these videos. So I'd like to share with

    而美國被掌握的民航機市場 在往後幾十年競爭只會更激烈

  • you some insights and to plug our sponsor SkillShare. SkillShare is an

    根據德哈維蘭公司首席測試飛行員表示

  • amazing online learning community with over 17,000 courses covering just about

    波音與道格拉斯都私下表示過 他們有從彗星型客機失壓經驗學到經驗

  • anything you can think of, from video production to how to start and grow a

    若不是彗星型先出狀況 他們自己也將出一樣的狀況

  • YouTube channel. It's easy to assume that to create impressive visuals you need to

    後來改進後更大的彗星型客機 很可靠地於60至70年代在各航空服務

  • first become an expert in one single piece of software, like Adobe After

    彗星式客機最終於1980年進行最後一次載客服務

  • Effects. Of course that helps, but personally I think for someone just

    毫無疑問的,彗星式客機成為時代的推手

  • starting out, a better approach is to instead learn the basics of a few

    英國冒著巨大的風險 把世界帶進了噴射客機時代

  • different tools, so you can get right down to creating. I used several pieces

    很多人問我是怎麼製作這些影片的

  • of software to make this video, and I'm not an expert in any of them. But I know

    這就要感謝我們的贊助人SkillShare

  • the strengths of each tool, and when I want to learn something new,

    SkillShare是個擁有超過17000個線上課程 的優秀線上學習社群

  • I often rely on video tutorials. And SkillShare is an excellent resource. You

    教學涵蓋任何你所想的內容,從影片製作到經營Youtube頻道都有

  • can get started with introductory courses like learning the in's and out's

    普遍認為入想做好視覺效果要學好

  • of Illustrator, or you can learn advanced techniques like how to use a 3D camera

    特定一個專業程式,像是Adobe AE

  • in After Effects. With such a huge selection of courses on offer, you don't

    當然這想法不錯,但我個人認為

  • need to waste your time and energy searching for instructions hidden

    初學者若能學會使用一些基本工具更好

  • somewhere on some message, board blog post, or YouTube video. The first 300

    這能幫助你的產出

  • viewers who sign up for SkillShare using the link in the description will

    我使用了多個不同軟體來做這影片 但我沒有專精任何一個

  • get two months of learning for free. After that, it's just ten dollars a month

    但我知道每一個工具的強項

  • Whatever your passion SkillShare have got you covered.

    因此當我想學新技術時我會看教學影片 而SkillShare擁有優質的資源

Thanks to SkillShare for making this video possible. SkillShare is an online

感謝SkillShare使這影片變為可能

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