video. In just a few short years it would go from being the pride of Airlines to a

短短幾年內

plane that some thought twice about flying. [Television] The cargo door was found to have

它從航空公司的驕傲轉變為 讓乘客搭機前三思的客機

a basic fault in design. Before you got on the DC-10, were you worried about it? After the Chicago disaster though it's the

調查顯示貨艙門設計有瑕疵

engine mountings that have come under the closest scrutiny. After a series of

請問您搭乘DC-10前會不會擔心呢

accidents, McDonnell Douglas is newest jet was engulfed in an extraordinary

芝加哥空難後調查顯示

wave of controversy. And while the DC-10 ultimately went on to be safe reliable

問題出在引擎安裝上

even pioneering, the company that built it never fully recovered from its

經過一連串的空難後 麥道的新噴射客機被種種輿論與爭議吞沒

missteps.

最終DC-10經過改良變得十分可靠 甚至稱得上十分開創性

the DC-10's story begins in the early 1970s, at a pivotal time, when air travel

它的製造商卻未能從先前的失足重新振作

was undergoing a revolution. Long-distance flying, once reserved for

麥克唐納-道格拉斯 DC-10

the wealthy, opened up to the middle class. And some of this had to do with

DC-10的故事要從1970那個關鍵年代講起

aircraft design. A 1960s era airliner like a long-range Boeing 707 had a

當時的飛行正進行著一場革命

single aisle, accommodating at most six seats across. But a new generation of

曾經是富裕階層專屬的長途飛行 如今中產階級開始能夠負擔

planes introduced for the 1970s added another aisle allowing for many more

能又如此變化與飛機設計有關

seats. These new generation of airliners were called wide-bodies and their

1960年代像波音707這樣的的長途客機

increased capacity and new efficient fan jet engines helped make air travel more

機艙內只有一個走道 一排最多只能坐六人

affordable. Leading the way was Boeing's revolutionary 747. Introduced in 1970, the

而這些1970年代推出的新客機有雙走道 這樣便能擁有更多座位

world's first wide-body was doubled the size of earlier airliners, and the jumbo jet

這些新世代客機被稱為"寬體飛機"

quickly became an icon of the jet age. But rival manufacturers raced to unveil

載客量增加、裝上新式渦輪善引擎的寬體飛機 讓飛行變得更加經濟實惠

wide-bodies of their own. In 1971 McDonnell Douglas introduced the DC-10.

當中領頭的新客機為波音747

With a striking trijet configuration, it promised improved fuel efficiency

這架於1970年代推出的世界第一架寬體飛機 有著舊式客機的兩倍大

and lower maintenance costs. The medium to long range airliner could be

這架巨無霸客機迅速成為噴射時代的代名詞

configured to carry anywhere from 255 to 380 passengers. And with larger windows

同時波音的其他競爭對手也趕著推出 自家的寬體飛機

and a quiet spacious cabin, the DC-10 set a new benchmark for passenger comfort.

1971年麥道推出了DC-10

This was an entirely new kind of airliner and McDonnell Douglas

有著令人驚愕三引擎配置的DC-10 承諾將有更優異的油耗效率與保養成本

anticipated huge demand. But so did rival Lockheed, a company also introducing a

這架中長程客機可依據需要搭載 255名到380名乘客

new trijet wide-body aimed at largely the same market as the DC-10. The two

有著更大的窗戶、舒適安靜的機艙 DC-10位旅客舒適度增添了新的里程碑

companies were building pretty much the same plane, but the L-1011 was Lockheed's

它可稱為是一種全新的客機了 麥道公司認為它將會大賣

first ever jet airliner. McDonnell Douglas on the other hand, had been

麥道的對手洛克希德推出自家的寬體三引擎客機後 也認為自家的飛機將大賣

building them since the late 1950s, so they knew a thing or two about slinging

這兩架新客機瞄準了差不多相同的市場

jets. The DC-10's wide-body design incorporated many existing narrow-body

麥到根洛克希德造出了差不多的客機

technologies from earlier DC-8 and DC-9s. Focusing on simplicity and reliability,

但L-1011是洛克希德的第一架噴射客機

McDonnell Douglas took a technologically cautious

另一方面，麥道從1950年代末就在 生產噴射客機了

in an era of rapid technological change. And this helped accelerate the DC-10s

他們明顯在這方面經驗豐富

development. On the other hand the L-1011s more ambitious and technically

DC-10在寬體設計上應用了許多前型 DC-8、DC-9s等窄體機種的設計經驗

advanced design threw Lockheed's program into a tailspin of cost overruns

DC-10的設計著重在簡潔與可靠性

and delays. The DC-10 beat the L-1011 to the market, and it was less expensive. So

在這科技革新迅速的年代

McDonnell Douglas was soon out selling its rival. [Television] the DC-10 is probably the

麥道在技術使用上警慎小心

quietest jetliner you've ever flown in. The United DC-10 Friendship, a plane designed

而這樣的作法加速了DC-10的研發

to please everybody. From a wide-body Continental Airlines DC-10... but the DC-10

相較之下洛克希德野心勃勃的 高科技L-1011

would quickly lose its shine. In just a few short years the new jet would go

讓自己陷入種種預算超支與延遲

from being the pride of Airlines, to a plane that some people thought twice

DC-10比L-1011早上市 同時價格也較為實惠

about flying. A series of accidents during the 1970s, some of which were

麥道很快就在銷售戰贏過對手

attributed to the plane's design, engulfed the DC-10 in an extraordinary wave of

DC-10會是您坐過最安靜的客機

controversy. McDonnell Douglas found itself facing accusations that it had

聯合航空DC-10友宜號客機 為各位能愉快地搭乘而設計

rushed the planes development, leading to inadequate, even negligent design

寬體長途客機DC-10...

decisions. In 1979 an American Airlines DC-10 was involved in America's worst

但DC-10很快就失去的當初的光彩

air disaster, but it's the events after the crash that really damaged the

短短幾年內

plane's reputation. In an unprecedented move, the Federal Aviation Administration

這架新客機從航空公司的驕傲 變成讓旅客搭機前有疑慮的客機

suspended the DC-10 Type Certificate. For five weeks U.S. registered DC-10s

1970年代發生一連串的空難

sat grounded on tarmacs, and foreign DC-10s were banned from flying into U.S.

其中有部分失事歸咎於DC-10的設計瑕疵 這給DC-10帶來了史無前例的爭議

airspace. The investigation focused on a suspected flaw with the airplane's engine

麥道被指控在設計階段貿然趕工 導致不當甚至設計上的疏忽

mountings, but the sudden grounding caused chaos at airports.

1979年一架美國航空的DC-10 被捲入全美最嚴重的一次空難

[Television] How are you going to get there now? I have no idea, I just picked up my luggage downstairs in the mess, I don't know where I'm going to go form here.

但真正使DC-10名聲受損的原因是 空難後發生的事件

Before you got on the DC-10, were you worried about it? Well, in Los Angeles where it was every news report had a big write-up of

美國聯邦航空總署出乎意料的 撤銷了DC-10的適航證

it--about the incident of the DC-10s so it makes it is very much on edge.

在美國登記的DC-10被滯留在停機坪

This delay is due to DC-10 operating restrictions. And passengers are requested to await further calls concerning this flight.

外國的DC-10被禁止飛入美國空域

A spokesman for the FAA and the United States declared there was a distinct possibility that the model might never fly again

之後的調查重點著重在 備受質疑的引擎安裝瑕疵

operators and passengers around the world are wondering whether the sight of

這樣突然的禁飛令讓機場陷入混亂

a climbing DC-10 will be as common in the future, or whether it will ever be

那您現在要怎麼過去呢?

seen again. Damage to the DC-10s reputation was immediate and severe.

我不知道，我剛從樓下的混亂中領回行李 完全不知道接下來要怎麼過去

Airlines stopped featuring the plane in their advertisements, some quietly

在您坐上DC-10之前會不會擔心呢?

removed DC-10s from their mainline routes and new orders for McDonnell

在洛杉磯到處都有DC-10的新聞

Douglas wide-body dried up. But the 1979 American Airlines crash was ultimately

特別是上次失事的新聞 所以還是讓人挺緊張的

attributed to improper maintenance procedures and not directly to a design

由於先前發布的DC-10作業限制造成延誤 請乘客們請靜候通知

flaw in the DC-10. But that did little to vindicate the plane's reputation in the

美國聯邦航空總署發言人表示 未來特定型號的DC-10有可能無法繼續服務

eyes of the public. Because memories were still fresh from an even deadlier

世界的機組人員與乘客都在懷疑

incident five years earlier. In 1974 a Turkish Airlines DC-10 crashed outside

未來能不能再看到DC-10升空 或著再也看不到DC-10了

of Paris when an improperly locked cargo door blew open. The explosive

DC-10受到的名譽損失是十分立即且嚴重的

depressurization triggered a catastrophic chain of events which

航空公司開始把它們從廣告中撤除

ultimately severed critical hydraulic lines needed to control the jet. This was

有些航空偷偷將DC-10從主要航線中撤除

one of the world's worst air disasters, and it might have been avoidable because

麥道寬體客機的訂單瞬間蒸發

two years earlier the same catastrophic chain of events almost brought down an

但1979年的美航191號班機空難起因為 不適當的保養

American Airlines DC-10 just outside of Detroit. Only the pilot's skill and sheer

而非DC-10本身的設計缺陷

luck that some hydraulic lines still remained intact prevented disaster. But

但這無法完全挽回它的名聲 再大眾中並不是這麼一回事

remarkably McDonnell Douglas knew about issues with the cargo door even before

因為五年前的那場空難 太讓人印象深刻了

the plane entered service the company had witnessed the cargo door blow up

1974年一架土耳其航空的DC-10 因貨艙門沒有鎖好在巴黎近郊墜毀

during its own ground testing. Not surprisingly, McDonnell Douglas was

爆破性失壓帶來一連串故障事變

criticized for how it handled the issue, which involved negotiating

控制飛行的液壓系統因此故障

their way out of an FAA issued air worthiness directive. Instead McDonnell

這次空難是史上最糟糕的空難之一 但這場空難原是可以免的

Douglas was allowed to handle the cargo door flaw by issuing a Service Bulletin.

因為兩年前的美航96號班機事故有一樣的起因

But it was ultimately ignored by some airlines. After the Turkish Airlines

那次事故班機差點於底特律郊外墜毀

disaster McDonnell Douglas was hit with multiple lawsuits from families of the

事當時沒有墜毀完全是因為駕駛技術與運氣 所幸事發當下部分液壓控制系統還能運作

victims, including up to that point the largest lawsuit in history. And when it

但令人驚訝的是麥道在DC-10投入服務前 就早已知道貨艙門有設計瑕疵

became clear they'd likely be held liable, the cases were settled. But while

在試飛階段貨艙門就在他們眼前爆炸過了

the Turkish Airlines disaster was a PR nightmare for McDonnell Douglas, it's the

不意外的

1979 Chicago disaster that really seemed to crystallize the DC-10s reputation. The

麥道處理問題的手段受到批評

ensuing media frenzy, much of it driven by speculation, was truly unprecedented.

麥道沒有與美國聯邦航空總署 良好協商處理適航指令問題

But there were other more pointed criticisms, like accusations that the

最後麥道被運許發布服務通報 來忽悠貨艙門設計缺陷

DC-10 s design had been compromised in a deliberate rush to beat the L-1011 to

但最終部分航空忽視這些行動

the market, resulting in an overall less sophisticated plane. But what is certain

在土耳其航空981號班機空難後 麥道面臨大量罹難者親屬的告訴

is that it would take years for the DC-10 s reputation to recover. And by the

這次訴訟成為史上最大一場官司

1980s,McDonnell Douglas was facing even bigger challenges. The market had really only been big enough for one trijet and that ensured that neither

最終麥道在這次事件中被認定是有責任的

would become a true commercial success Airlines now wanted more efficient twin-engine

若土耳其航空981號班機空難 對麥道來說是場公關惡夢

wide-bodies from Airbus and Boeing. McDonnell Douglas was running out of

美國航空191號班機空難 就是徹底瓦解DC-10客機名聲的災難

cash to innovate, but that didn't stop the company from trying. [Television] With a new MD-11,

隨後媒體根據猜測瘋狂展開了史無前例的報導

McDonnell Douglas once again sets a standard for commercial transport

這些以外還有其他針對性的批評

excellence and technological innovation. McDonnell Douglas's efforts to sell an

像是有人指控DC-10為了能比L-1011 更早上市而匆忙趕工

improved version of its trijet in an era when twin-engine jets were clearly the

並因此造出較粗糙的飛機

future signaled the beginning of the end for the once legendary aircraft builder.

唯一能確定的是DC-10 需要花上好幾年才能擺脫它的壞名聲

But despite its troubled start the DC-10 would fly for over 40 years, serving with

1980年代麥道面臨更大的挑戰 市場只夠一架三引擎噴射客機生存

some of the world's largest airlines. In spite of tragic early accidents,

因此麥道與洛克希德的兩架客機 在銷售方面都稱不上成功

including an infamous later incident in Sioux City, statistically the DC-10

現在各航空都想要更多波因與空中巴士的 高油耗效率雙引擎寬體客機

safety record would go on to be comparable to other wide-bodies of the

麥道此時已經沒有多餘的資金創新 但他們並沒有因此放棄

era, and much safer than earlier generations of airliners. Noted for their

麥道再次用新推出的MD-11 為民用航空的舒適度與科技創新設下新標準

strength, reliability, and ease of maintenance, these iconic jets were

麥道在雙引擎客機明顯要成為主流的年代 推出自家新的三引擎噴射客機

workhorses for reputable airlines, and in no small part the DC-10 helped open up

為曾經的傳奇航空器製造商畫上句點

air travel to the masses, forever changing the modern airline industry.

撇開DC-10開始的種種挫折 它的服務年日高達四十年

Ladies and gentlemen at this time we'd like to bring your attention to

也在世界最大的幾個航空服務過

Squarespace, the best all-in-one platform for building websites. To avoid any

若不管DC-10的早期空難與後期的 聯合航空232號班機空難

turbulence in launching your website, we'd advise you to always choose Squarespace.

數據顯示DC-10的安全性 不下當代的其他寬體客機

Doing so ensures you get access to the most intuitive and easy to use user

同時也比早期客機安全多了

interfaces, a huge selection of beautiful templates, and award-winning 24/7 support.

這架以可靠性與一維護性著稱的經典客機 在諸多名聲良好的航空服務過

In the event that you are planning to launch an online store, a side hustle,

DC-10更讓一般大眾有機會體驗飛行

portfolio or would just like a personal website to showcase whatever it is you

從此改變現代航空產業

do, Squarespace will get you up to cruising altitude in no time. We'd also

各位先生女士 我們現在要跟您介紹Squarespace

like to remind you that you can start building your website for free at

Squarespace是個功能齊全的網頁製作平台

squarespace.com slash Mustard and when you're ready to launch your website use

為避免民在製作過程中遇到亂流 我們推薦您使用Squarespace

the code mustard for 10% off your first purchase.

Squarespace擁有直觀好用的使用者介面