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  • A vaccine is the world's best hope of overcoming the covid-19 pandemic

  • More than 20 vaccines are in development, globally...

  • ...but as scientists move closer to success...

  • Possible breakthrough in the development...

  • ...of a coronavirus vaccine

  • ...there's a problem

  • Freedom

  • A growing number of people say they won't take a vaccine

  • I don't want to inject anything like this into my body

  • This is linked to declining trust in scientific experts and political leaders...

  • Hypocrite

  • ...problems brought into even sharper focus by the pandemic...

  • I call it covid bollocks

  • ...and fuelled by a spiralling infodemic

  • Take off your mask

  • Anybody who has trusted the president has been lied to...

  • ...and many people like my dad have paid with their life

  • This crisis of trust could have catastrophic consequences

  • So, what can be done to rebuild trust in vaccines...

  • ...and to protect the world from future disasters?

  • All vaccine advocates need to be more tech savvy

  • We have science and evidence and right and fact on our side

  • This is the front line in the race to find a covid-19 vaccine

  • Professor Jonathan Heeney is one of those leading the charge

  • It has very much been a race against time...

  • ...and sometimes I wish time could stand still

  • The professor has been developing vaccines for over 25 years

  • Now we have representatives of those viruses...

  • ...that are closely related to SARS-1 or SARS-2

  • But finding one to fight a virus...

  • ...which has brought the world to its knees, feels different

  • I do know people who've had covid and it's a terrible, terrible death

  • It is an agonising disease

  • This project in Cambridge is about to begin clinical human trials...

  • ...and the stakes could not be higher

  • If we don't have a vaccine, we will be stuck in this lifestyle of isolation...

  • ...social distancing, masks for a long, long time

  • For a vaccine to immunise populations effectively against covid-19...

  • ...around 70% of people need to be willing to take it

  • Trust is absolutely critical

  • If only part of the population is onboard...

  • ...we're never going to bring this virus to its knees...

  • ...and control this epidemic

  • Choose your side, choose your side

  • But, in the rich world especially...

  • ...polls suggest that persuading people to take vaccines...

  • ...may be as difficult as producing them in the first place

  • Are you gonna take it?

  • No

  • Are you gonna let your kids have it?

  • No

  • What are they?

  • Liars

  • Many of these protesters belong to a growing minority...

  • ...who believe a covid-19 vaccine...

  • ...would actually be harmful to their health

  • Do I worry about vaccinations, this one in particular?

  • Yes, definitely

  • It's been rushed and imposed on us...

  • ...and I know I want to have my choice...

  • ...and I don't want to inject anything like this into my body...

  • ...and into my children's body

  • Some here see a vaccine as part of a wider government conspiracy...

  • ...to exaggerate the dangers of covid-19

  • We do not consent

  • Many of these people have lost trust in their government

  • Take off your masks

  • I call it covid bollocks, what do you call it?

  • Covid bollocks

  • We want the truth

  • And we will not give up until we get the truth

  • We're not going to stand for being lied to by our governments...

  • ...by people that we should trust

  • They want us to trust but we can't trust them

  • The views being expressed here are extreme and belong to a minority

  • The proportion of the global population opposed to vaccines generally...

  • ...is estimated to be well under 10%

  • But anti-vaxxers, as they are often called...

  • ...are a vocal minority and their views are increasingly...

  • ...influencing broader society

  • Distrust can be infectious

  • A poll carried out in America in September...

  • ...found that only 36% of adults said they would take a vaccine...

  • ...when one becomes available...

  • ...with 64% saying they wouldn't take one or weren't sure

  • In another survey under four-fifths of people...

  • ...in 16 countries responded positively to the idea...

  • ...of taking a covid-19 vaccine, if proven safe and effective

  • In the context of covid, I think empathy is absolutely crucial

  • Professor Heidi Larson is an anthropologist...

  • ...and a leading expert on why significant sections...

  • ...of the global population feel hesitant about vaccines

  • She says a failure to confront the root causes ofvaccine hesitancy”...

  • ...as she calls it...

  • ...is driving more of these people towards anti-vaccination views

  • The majority of the public that is questioning...

  • ...they're hesitant, they're anxious

  • These are people who have genuine questions...

  • ...who are open to vaccination...

  • ...but are feeling they're not getting their answers...

  • ...and then migrate more to the more anti-end...

  • ...that seem more acknowledging their concerns...

  • ...endorsing their concerns

  • Professor Larson argues that one of the historic problems...

  • ...has been a failure by the medical establishment to listen...

  • ...to the concerns of parents who have doubts...

  • ...about inoculating their children

  • A lot of parents feel like they're being judged...

  • ...called names for even asking questions

  • And that's not at all been helpful...

  • ...in trying to support people in their decision-making...

  • ...and positive sentiments towards a vaccine

  • It's really fundamentally about trust, relational trust

  • Breaking news...

  • ...testing has been paused for one of the leading...

  • ...candidates developed by Oxford University

  • In September a volunteer from a leading...

  • ...covid-19-vaccine trial was admitted to hospital...

  • ...and the project was temporarily halted

  • Professor Larson says an opportunity was missed...

  • ...to build trust with the public

  • I wish in the news instead of just this is normal process...

  • ...safety events happen, we're taking care of it...

  • ...that the voice of a participant said...

  • ...I appreciate the care and the attention...

  • ...that the clinical team gave to me during this uncertain time

  • The message is sent that there is a caring team

  • That they're not just putting vaccines in people to count numbers...

  • ...and get to the perfect vaccine

  • That there is human empathy in this

  • The medical and pharmaceutical professions...

  • ...have been far from immune to missteps...

  • ...during the history of vaccines...

  • ...and this has helped fuel today's climate...

  • ...of vaccine hesitancy and opposition...

  • ...not least the legacy of a British doctor...

  • ...named Andrew Wakefield

  • In 1998 he published research in a highly respected medical journal...

  • ...claiming there was a link between a measles vaccine and autism

  • Wakefield and colleagues altered facts about patients in their studies

  • But his research turned out to be highly compromised

  • Studies have shown no connection between the MMR vaccination and autism

  • The journal eventually retracted the research...

  • ...and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the UK in 2010

  • But, many members of the public continued to see Wakefield...

  • ...as a credible expert

  • This guy has been set up, it's nothing but lies

  • And millions across the world still have reservations...

  • ...about taking the measles vaccine

  • It's symptomatic of a wider decline in trust in traditional experts...

  • ...and governments in rich-world countries

  • Dr Jonathan Kennedy is an expert in global public health...

  • ...and has investigated the link between trust in government...

  • ...and authorities and hesitancy about vaccines

  • In this class we're going to talk about...

  • ...the question of how to think critically about global health

  • Dr Kennedy analysed voting data and surveys on public confidence...

  • ...in vaccines across 14 countries

  • He found a broad pattern

  • Where levels of electoral support for populist parties were higher...

  • ...levels of mistrust in vaccines also tended to be higher

  • Populist sentiment, this distrust of elites and experts...

  • ...isn't just isolated in politics

  • The forces driving scientific populism...

  • ...are all very similar to those that drive political populism

  • Dr Kennedy argues there's a strong relationship...

  • ...between vaccine hesitancy and political, social and economic crisis

  • At a time when trust between people and politicians...

  • ...has been breaking down...

  • ...a number of countries have seen a resurgence of measles

  • You trying to punch me sir?

  • I did not

  • How dare you

  • Yes, you racist

  • It certainly wasn't a coincidence that the UK last summer...

  • ...lost its measles-free status

  • How about that

  • At a time where there was massive conflict over Brexit

  • During the covid-19 pandemic...

  • ...the response of governments has further decreased trust...

  • ...in public-health experts and politicians...

  • ...not least in some countries with populist leaders

  • If test and trace isn't improved significantly...

  • ...there could be a second wave

  • In Britain, under Prime Minister Boris Johnson's leadership...

  • ...public-health guidance has changed constantly...

  • ...and confusingly

  • We're constantly working to improve that delivery system...

  • ...buying PPE from around the world

  • Creating a sense that the government is failing and incompetent

  • In a huge policy reversal affecting hundreds of thousands of pupils

  • What's more, senior political figures...

  • ...have failed to follow their own health guidelines

  • Trust in the British government as a reliable source of information...

  • ...about coronavirus fell from 67% in April to 44% in August

  • Don't let it dominate you, don't be afraid of it

  • In America, false information about the virus...

  • ...has flowed from a president...

  • ...whose contempt for truth has done more than anything else...

  • ...to sow distrust in politicians and experts

  • One month ago today President Trump said...

  • ...that the coronavirus wasdying out

  • I've read a lot about Hydroxy, I happen to think that it has an impact

  • And then I see the disinfectant, it knocks it out in a minute

  • Researchers at Cornell University analysed...

  • ...38m English-language articles about the pandemic

  • They found President Trump was the single largest driver...

  • ...of misinformation around covid-19

  • This is me and my mum and my dad in New York...

  • ...where I graduated from college

  • For some this has had lethal consequences

  • In June, Kristin Urquiza lost her father Mark to covid-19

  • 65-year-old Mark was a life-long Republican voter...

  • ...and Trump supporter from Arizona

  • He died after Arizona's governor reopened the state...

  • ...encouraged by the president

  • When the governor and the president went around...

  • ...pushing a reopening strategy and saying to the public...

  • ...it was safe if you didn't have an underlying health condition...

  • ...it was safe to go out, resume normal activities...

  • ...my dad listened and thought it was safe

  • Mark contracted covid-19 after visiting a karaoke bar

  • His daughter says placing trust in his political leaders...

  • ...proved a fatal mistake

  • Both the president and the governor of Arizona...

  • ...are on record through that time, downplaying the virus

  • Anybody who has trusted the president has been lied to...

  • ...has been misled and many people...

  • ...like my dad, have paid with their life as a result

  • While the actions of populist politicians have undermined trust...

  • ...in public-health advice and institutions

  • There is another factor which has driven this trend...

  • ...the unprecedented speed at which misinformation can spread

  • In February, the World Health Organisation warned of twin dangers...

  • ...a global pandemic but also an infodemic

  • A crisis in accurate public-health information

  • These insufferable globalist elitists like Bill Gates

  • He tells us we need a nationwide shutdown for months

  • This foundation is leading the charge to lower the world's population

  • Much of this infodemic is concentrated online

  • Social-media users...

  • ...who may not hold strong views about particular issues...

  • ...can rapidly be exposed to misleading and extremist content

  • Folks, I think they're trying to force a vaccine on all of us

  • Neil Johnson is a professor of physics...

  • ...at George Washington University

  • His research shows how fake news can gain the upper hand...

  • ...in the online battle for hearts and minds

  • What we expected to find was that there'd be a core of communities...

  • ...maybe public-health agencies...

  • ...that were promoting vaccines and establishment-health thinking

  • And that around this central strong core...

  • ...there'd be other opinions, sort of extremes

  • But that's not what we found

  • We found that that was actually sort of inside out

  • Professor Johnson's team mapped conversations on Facebook...

  • ...about vaccines between 100m people all over the world

  • They discovered that misinformation...

  • ...was exerting more influence than accurate information

  • In some sense it's almost like a network of trust...

  • ...and if they flipped either way of course...

  • ...they could become red, they could become blue...

  • ...and that completely changes the battlefield

  • On this battlefield map...

  • ...red represents Facebook pages and members...

  • ...with anti-vaccination views and their spread over time

  • Blue represents pages and members with pro-vaccination views

  • While green signifies the all-important groups of people...

  • ...who are undecided

  • The undecided greens are more engaged...

  • ...with the red anti-vaccination clusters...

  • ...than the pro-vaccination blues

  • The reds, they are completely entangled with the greens...

  • ...the not sures, the communities of pet lovers...

  • ...parents groups, organic-blueberry lovers...

  • ...the ones that can tip the balance one way or the other

  • The worry is, as we see the greens and the reds entangle...

  • ...what we're really seeing is a beginning of an entanglement...

  • ...of trust away from establishment science

  • Trust is the glue

  • Because in the end, when we trust the community...

  • ...if they happen to start talking about vaccines...

  • ...which is something that I don't ordinarily think about...

  • ...I will follow them in their thinking

  • This entanglement matters

  • Research has found that online exposure to recent misinformation...

  • ...about a covid-19 vaccine may significantly affect intent to take one

  • And Professor Johnson believes this kind of content...

  • ...will continue to spread online with the result that...

  • ...anti-vaccination sentiment could become the majority view

  • Within a few years, red with the concerned greens, will rise...

  • ...to essentially dominate that space

  • And it'll be very hard to reverse that

  • So something different needs to be done now

  • Social-media platforms have increased their efforts...

  • ...to stop the spread of untruths about vaccines and covid-19

  • In April, Facebook put warning labels...

  • ...on about 50m pieces of content related to the virus

  • The platform partnered with reliable sources...

  • ...like the WHO and the NHS

  • And in October, Facebook banned anti-vaccine ads

  • Yet campaigners argue the platform isn't going far enough...

  • ...and is failing to take down...

  • ...the majority of harmful content about vaccinations

  • More broadly, Facebook's own algorithm...

  • ...undermines efforts to stem the tide of the infodemic...

  • ...says Fadi Quran, from the online political campaign group, Avaaz

  • Facebook's algorithm is sabotaging the efforts...

  • ...of the platform to fix the misinformation problem

  • It cares about keeping individuals engaged, interested and online

  • Sensationalist, outrageous content, not the CDC guidelines...

  • ...but QAnon, for example, gets more engagement...

  • ...and hence the algorithm pushes it up in your news feed

  • One solution might be to detoxify the algorithm

  • What Facebook isn't doing is redesigning its algorithm...

  • ...redesigning its business model...

  • ...to ensure that it's not continuing to amplify this content

  • And this does not mean that the algorithm...

  • ...should be designed to censor content

  • It just means that the algorithm would downgrade...

  • ...instead of putting this malicious content...

  • ...at the top of one's news feed...

  • ...the platform would make sure that it is at the bottom of the news feed

  • Social-media platforms could save lives

  • They have the power

  • This is a problem that Mark Zuckerberg...

  • ...and Jack Dorsey could literally say...

  • ...we're going to solve this right now

  • Yet redesigning algorithms and tightening regulations...

  • ...on tech companies is unlikely to get to the root causes...

  • ...of mistrust in vaccines

  • To do that health bodies and experts...

  • ...will need to be proactive about building relationships...

  • ...with the public, in person, and especially online

  • According to doctors at this paediatric practice in Pittsburgh...

  • ...the key to tackling distrust, and misinformation...

  • ...is to fight fire with fire

  • Hello, it's a yucky doctor coming in

  • How are you guys doing today?

  • Good, how are you?

  • I'm doing ok

  • While it might look like any other children's surgery...

  • ...the Kids Plus practice has its own in-house video production suite...

  • ...getting messages out to patients constantly and quickly

  • Vaccine advocates are online using our voices...

  • ...not the same way we are in the office...

  • ...we're saving lives, we're protecting them against mistruths...

  • ...and disinformation that can literally kill people

  • I think all vaccine advocates need to be more tech savvy

  • Kids Plus routinely post evidence-based videos...

  • ...and information about vaccines on all major social-media platforms

  • I'll start things off until we see our questions start rolling in again...

  • ...hello to TikTok, hello to Facebook live

  • And this presence allows them to respond to questions...

  • ...from parents and families, who feel uninformed and concerned

  • Our parents, our families are living their entire lives right here...

  • ...on their phones, on their tablets, on their laptops, their desktops

  • If people hear good evidence-based information...

  • ...before they hear the mis- and disinformation...

  • ...that mis- and disinformation is much less likely to affect them

  • What you're essentially doing is inoculating them against that bullshit...

  • ...before it can take root in them

  • These doctors also argue that it's vital to take on the stream...

  • ...of highly organised and targeted viral attacks from anti-vaccine forces

  • The reality of online vaccine advocacy right now is if you post it...

  • ...they will come, the anti-vaxxers will find you and they will attack you

  • They want to terrorise providers into silence

  • It's a challenge the practice knows all about

  • Together we can prevent cancer in your children

  • In 2017 Kids Plus released a video...

  • ...promoting an HPV vaccine that prevents cancer...

  • ...and faced a barrage of hostility

  • They attacked our posts

  • They attacked our Facebook page

  • They attacked the private pages of our families...

  • ...and our patients who defended us on our post

  • They came right after our reputation

  • Kids Plus has since created a toolkit for health professionals...

  • ...and built a digital cavalry of global-vaccine advocates...

  • ...who can quickly come to the aid of those under fire...

  • ...from anti-vaccine forces

  • Now, as a vaccine for covid-19 grows closer...

  • ...Kids Plus and its self-styledkeyboard crusaders”...

  • ...are steeling themselves for a bitter, but all important new fight

  • There is no vaccine yet

  • There's no herd immunity for covid

  • And look, this is what life is like without herd immunity

  • This is what life is like without vaccines

  • Past evidence suggests some people could end up taking vaccines...

  • ...after saying they might not

  • But herd immunity to covid-19...

  • ...may require around 70% take up of a vaccine...

  • ...and just a six percentage point decline in acceptance...

  • ...could endanger this goal

  • And for many, alarm bells are ringing

  • We're losing in large part...

  • ...because the anti-vaccine forces are much more passionate...

  • ...and organised than we are

  • There are far fewer of them than there are of us

  • We have science and evidence and right and fact, on our side

  • That's how we win

A vaccine is the world's best hope of overcoming the covid-19 pandemic

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Covid-19:为什么疫苗不信任感在加剧(Covid-19: why vaccine mistrust is growing | The Economist)

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    joey joey 發佈於 2021 年 05 月 23 日
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