It hasn't been for a while. Milk prices have dropped below

the cost of production for four years in a row

and thousands of dairy farms close every year.

Advances in technology and genetics

mean that smaller numbers of cows

can produce greater amounts of milk. Too much milk.

Tidal waves of milk in the American market lower prices,

leaving some farmers to just dump thousands and thousands of

unprofitable gallons. Similar stories have played out

in Australia and around the European Union. But

it's by no means universal. Dairy farmers struggling in

Wisconsin and Michigan just have the peak across the northern border to

see how different their lives could be.

Dairy production ramped up during World War II and the subsequent

reconstruction of Europe. But that demand dried up by the mid to late

1950s. By the 1960s, many countries were

overwhelmed with excess dairy products. Some countries started

subsidizing their dairy farmers directly. Even today, one study

estimates that dairy subsidies cost American tax payers about

$20 Billion dollars every year.

Often in Canada we say, "you know Americans pay twice for their

milk; once at the supermarket and another time through their taxes."

But not Canada. Instead, Canada implemented a

three part supply management system that empowered their

dairy farmers. Here's how it works: the first

part controls production. To sell their products, Canadian dairy

farmers must have a quota, or a license to produce a

set amount of milk. Basically, provincial marketing agencies

predict how much dairy products Canadian consumers will buy

that year. And it uses those numbers to set the quotas. Farmers buy

more quotas or sell off their existing quotas, depending on how

much they expect to produce. So these quotas prevent overproduction

of dairy. Which in turn prevents prices from

spiraling downwards.

The second part guarantees minimum prices for Canadian dairy farmers.

Imagine that: from one year to the next, the price of cow feed jumped by 20 percent.

Normally, that would cut into a dairy farmer's profits. In Canada

however, milk marketing boards in each province negotiate

with milk processors to set a minimum price

that takes into account these price fluctuations. So farmers are compensated

relative to their costs each year.

The third and final part of the supply management system takes aim at

foreign dairy. Every year Canada imports an allotted

amount of foreign dairy. Typically,

around 10 percent of its total domestic market, with

low or no tariffs. After that, tariffs shoot up

Sometimes up to 300 percent. This prevents foreign dairy

from flooding the market and encourages Canadians to buy Canadian

products. So this is how Canada tries to keep its

dairy farmers in business. It has a vested interest in

doing so, as the industry is the backbone of many rural communities.

Providing more than 220,000 jobs and

nearly $20 Billion to Canada's GDP in 2015.

Some Canadians dislike this system, arguing that consumers pay

more for dairy products than elsewhere. Whats more,

some critics of the program in Canada argue that the government props up

dairy farmers more than it should, resulting in an average income for

dairy farmers of exceeding $160,000 dollars,

and what one agricultural experts calls, "a sense of entitlement by

the sector", which has a powerful lobby at both the Federal and

Provincial level. However,

a 2017 Neilson study showed Canada's milk prices are on

par with prices from similarly developed nations. And

at least one public opinion poll puts Canadian support for the system

at about 75%. "If you value the

qualitative as opposed to mere the quantitative I

think you'd opt for the Canadian system over the

American one, because the lifestyle

that rural people in Canada lead is much, much, much more

robust, than the rural lifestyle of people in the US".

Internationally though, Canada's system has fewer fans.

Since the 1980s, Canada's trading partners have repeatedly demanded

they lower their dairy

defenses, with some calling into question the legality of the

quota system under World Trade Organization laws.

The fight over milk between the US and Canada has played out

in free trade agreements from the mid 1990s onward.

It revolves around how much of Canada's domestic dairy market

will be filled by tariff free imports from the US.

Under NAFTA, the figure is disputed. One USDA official

told CNBC, "that no US dairy

exports to Canada were tariff free under NAFTA".

But other experts cite the figure at around 1% - 3%.

During negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Obama

administration secured 3.25% of the Canadian market

without tariffs. However,

President Trump pulled out of that agreement in January 2017. The President

sees Canada's system as deeply unfair to American dairy

farmers in Wisconsin, and other border states.

So during the talks the renegotiate NAFTA, he threatened

to leave Canada out of the agreement, and impose steep tariffs on

cars if they didn't offer dairy concessions.

Those threats worked. Under the USMCA:

NAFTA's replacement, 3.59% of Canada's

total domestic dairy market will be comprised of imports from the US,

without tariffs. After that, the

tariffs kick in once again.

"We think it's a great deal, obviously US, Mexico,

Canadian deal, its good for agriculture. I think its

good for the US economy. I think President Trump, achieved

most if not all the objectives that we had to begin with".

This agreement has infuriated some Canadians, with farmers worried

for their future, and some consumers calling for a boycott of American

dairy products. For all the fanfare around the deal though,

some American dairy experts argue that the effects will be modest.

The US already had 3.25% access

under the TPP before they pulled out. And the difference between that and the

USMCA amounts to only an estimated $70 Million dollars

more for the American dairy industry. And besides,

it's unclear if

access to Canada's relatively small market

can make a dent in the US's massive milk surpluses.

The US has a huge dairy trade surplus with Canada,

which was already increasing prior to

USMCA negotiations. To put the

size of the problem in perspective; Wisconsin

alone produces more milk than all of Canada.

"I think for any country, to actually put their faith

in dairy exports is a panacea to,

you know, huge oversupply of dairy production,

as the Americans have done, I

think its a really, really rum game. I think it's a tsunami

washing across the US, with no home.

So, what are you gonna do?"