So the US, for example, is the largest importer of seafood in the world, about

所以，以美國為例，美國是世界上最大的海產品進口國，約有1．

30%

30%

of that seafood, we think comes from illegal fishing.

我們認為，這些海產品來自非法捕撈。

It's kind of international crime nexus at this point.

這點上算是國際犯罪關係了。

And that's what causes people to fish for sharks, take their fins, and then export these

所以人們才會去捕魚，取走鯊魚的鰭，然後出口這些東西。

to various countries.

到各個國家。

So technology has a really big role in improving our capacity for surveillance in the oceans

所以技術對提高我們對海洋的監控能力有非常大的作用。

and for reducing ocean crime and wildlife crime.

和減少海洋犯罪和野生動物犯罪。

Shark fin are the biggest economic driver, but the shark meat then is kind of really

魚翅是最大的經濟驅動力，但魚翅肉則是一種真正的

cheap.

廉價。

And because other sources of protein like other fish are being depleted, in the oceans,

而且因為其他的蛋白質來源，比如其他的魚類正在枯竭，在海洋中。

it's just easy to actually also pass on this shark meat as other fish.

只是很容易，其實也是把這種鯊魚肉當做其他魚來吃。

The fish and chips that people were having in the UK was actually

在英國，人們吃的魚和薯條其實是。

shark meat where they actually thought they were having cod or whatever other fish,

鯊魚肉，他們居然以為自己吃的是鱈魚或其他什麼魚。

it should be.

它應該是。

Why should we really care about sharks and why does it bother us if sharks are being taken out of our oceans?

我們真的應該關心鯊魚，為什麼鯊魚被從我們的海洋中帶走會讓我們感到不安？

Sharks are actually at the top of the marine food web, which means that they're apex predators,

鯊魚其實處於海洋食物網的頂端，也就是說，它們是頂層捕食者。

and they keep the balance in oceanic ecosystems.

並保持海洋生態系統的平衡。

If you take out the apex predator, there is an increase in mesopredators that are below

如果你把頂層捕食者拿掉，就會增加中層捕食者，而這些中層捕食者低於

the sharks in the trophic food web.

營養食物網中的鯊魚。

And that increase in mesopredators can then deplete species that are at the bottom of

而中掠食者的增加會消耗掉那些處於底層的物種。

the food chain and all of this together, it can just really lead to a big imbalance in

食物鏈和所有這一切在一起， 它可以真正導致一個大的不平衡在

the ecosystem.

生態系統。

So the MinION is a portable sequencer where in you can take DNA from any given species

所以MinION是一個便攜式測序儀 你可以從任何物種中提取DNA。

and quickly prepare it and then you can introduce into the MinION and then you plug it into

並迅速準備好，然後你就可以把它引入到MinION中，然後你把它插進

your laptop and you can actually start seeing sequencing happening in real time.

你的筆記本電腦，你可以真正開始看到實時發生的排序。

Let's take a scenario where we got a shipment and we want to figure out what's really in

讓我們來看看這樣一個場景：我們收到了一批貨物，我們想弄清楚裡面到底有什麼。

this shipment of shark fins.

這批魚翅。

Is it a hammerhead shark or is it a silky shark? Or is it a great white shark?

是雙髻鯊還是絹鯊？還是大白鯊？

So you would take a small bit of the fins in that shipment and extract the DNA and then

所以你會從那批貨中提取一小部分魚翅，然後提取DNA，然後...

I take that DNA and do a sample prep and then plug it into the MinION sequencer.

我拿著這些DNA做樣本預處理，然後把它插入MinION測序儀。

I can figure out what species of fins I'm dealing with in the first

我可以在第一時間弄清楚我面對的是什麼品種的魚翅。

couple hours.

幾個小時。

In order to get more extensive genomic data to figure out the stock, the origin population

為了獲得更廣泛的基因組數據，弄清種群情況，產地種群

for these fins, I would leave it plugged in and let it sequence all of the DNA that has

對於這些鰭，我會離開它插入 並讓它的序列所有的DNA，有

been entered into the device for about 48 hours.

已進入設備約48小時。

Using convention techniques you would get this

使用傳統技術，你會得到這樣的結果

Using conventional techniques, you would get the samples and send it out to a sequencing person.

使用傳統的技術，你會得到樣本，然後把它發給測序人員。

And then wait for you to get the data back.

然後等你拿回數據。

So when we are thinking of law enforcement sometimes the timing

所以，當我們在考慮執法的時候，有時候時機

is really important because you don't want to wait days or even months kind of get some

是非常重要的，因為你不希望等待數天甚至數月種得到一些。

of these results.

這些結果的。

Genomes offer a big array of information about a given species.

基因組提供了一大批關於特定物種的資訊。

So the first thing that you can tell from looking at a genome is what is the species like.

所以，看基因組首先可以知道物種是什麼樣的。

If you have looked at multiple individuals of the same species,

如果你看過同一物種的多個個體。

you can start figuring out what is the effective population size of this species, from this particular population.

你可以從這個特殊的種群中，開始找出這個物種的有效種群數量。

So let's see if there are very few genomic variations that would indicate that the population

所以我們來看看是否有極少的基因組變異，這將表明該種群中的

size is not very big, which means that this could be a functionally extinct or really

大小不是很大，這意味著這可能是一個功能滅絕或真正的

depleted stock.

枯竭的庫存。

You can take those genetic differences and then test seafood that you think has come

你可以把這些基因差異，然後測試海鮮，你認為已經來了

from a given part of the world and ask is this shark that they're claiming has been

並問他們聲稱的這條鯊魚是否已被

fished in the Indian Ocean?

在印度洋捕魚？

Is it really from the Indian Ocean?

真的是來自印度洋嗎？

Or is it being fished in some where in Atlantic or the Pacific?

還是在大西洋或太平洋的某個地方被捕撈？

Genomic surveillance per se is really key in this toolkit because genetic signatures

基因組監測本身在這個工具箱中確實很關鍵，因為基因標誌。

of seafood is essentially tamper proof.

的海產品基本上是防偽的。

I can misreport and turn off my vessel monitoring system so that nobody can figure out where

我可以謊報並關閉我的船舶監控系統，這樣就不會有人知道我的船在哪裡。

I am.

我就是

I can mislabel my shipping boxes and say whatever I want to say about the origin and the contents.

我可以給我的運輸箱貼上錯誤的標籤，想說什麼產地和內容就說什麼。

However, I cannot change the genetic makeup or the DNA of my seafood

但是，我不能改變我的海產品的基因組成和DNA。

In the end,

到最後。

the people who are engaging in illegal fishing are doing that in most cases

從事非法捕魚的人在大多數情況下是這樣做的。

to support their livelihoods.

以支持他們的生計。

So until we include

所以，在我們加入

the communities that are involved in fishing in our conservation programs and partner with

在我們的保護計劃中參與捕魚的社區，並與之合作

them, we are not going to have an effective and sustainable conservation strategy.

如果我們不對它們進行保護，我們就不會有一個有效和可持續的保護戰略。

And no matter how many tools we add to our surveillance toolkit, there's always going

無論我們在監控工具箱中添加多少工具，總是會有

to be a way for these communities to engage in illegal fishing and they will

是這些社區從事非法捕魚的一種方式，他們將。

do it to support their families and their livelihoods.

為養家餬口而做。

So it's really important to include social sciences and understanding socioeconomic

所以，包括社會科學和了解社會經濟真的很重要。

drivers, and rehabilitation of communities that are involved in illegal fishing or illegal

司機，以及參與非法捕魚或非法捕撈的社區的恢復。

wildlife crime to actually solve this.

野生動物犯罪，才能真正解決這個問題。