The regulators have been blamed for taking too long to approve vaccines,

監管部門一直被指責為審批疫苗時間太長。

suppliers have missed delivery targets and more recently, 13 EU nations

供應商未能實現交付目標，最近，13個歐盟國家

suspended the use of the AstraZeneca shot over fears about possible side effects.

由於擔心可能的副作用，暫停使用阿斯利康注射液。

It is a messy picture, further complicated by the unique nature of European politics.

這是一個混亂的局面，而歐洲政治的獨特性質又使之更加複雜。

So, what's going wrong with the EU's vaccine rollout?

那麼，歐盟的疫苗推廣到底出了什麼問題？

The European Union, a group of 27 advanced economies,

歐洲聯盟，一個由27個先進經濟體組成的集團。

is lagging in terms of how many people have been vaccinated so far against coronavirus.

是滯後的，到目前為止，有多少人接種了冠狀病毒疫苗。

While Israel, the UAE and the U.S. are quite advanced in their vaccination drives,

雖然以色列、阿聯酋和美國的疫苗接種工作相當先進。

the EU is only slightly above the global average inoculation rate so far,

到目前為止，歐盟僅略高於全球平均接種率。

despite extensive resources and advanced vaccine production capacities.

儘管有廣泛的資源和先進的疫苗生產能力，但。

There are a few reasons behind these numbers,

這些數字背後有幾個原因。

starting with: how much was invested in research at the start.

首先是：一開始投入了多少科研經費。

If we look at the differences between how did the U.S. approach this

如果我們看一下美國是如何處理這個問題的差異。

and how did Europe approach this, we see two quite different strategies.

以及歐洲是如何處理的，我們看到了兩種完全不同的策略。

The U.S. government said 'we are going to push money into the research and development,

美國政府說'我們要把錢推給研發。

we are going to subsidize and reduce the risk for companies,

我們要對企業進行補貼，降低風險。

we are going to push money in manufacturing, we are going to pay companies early on,

我們要把錢推給製造業，我們要儘早給企業付錢。

you scale up production even if we don't know if your product is going to be successful'.

你擴大生產規模，即使我們不知道你的產品是否會成功'。

Europe took a very different approach. They didn't put as much money into R&D.

歐洲採取了非常不同的做法。他們沒有投入那麼多錢到研發中。

Some, but not at the scale of the U.S. 

一些，但沒有達到美國的規模。

and instead they put all  of the emphasis at the end.

而他們卻把所有的重點都放在了最後。

By the end of 2020, the U.S. government had committed almost $13 billion

到2020年底，美國政府已投入近130億美元。

to develop, manufacture and distribute vaccines.

開發、生產和銷售疫苗；

In comparison, the EU has only invested about $1.2 billion in vaccine research

相比之下，歐盟在疫苗研究方面的投入只有約12億美元。

and another $3.4 billion in expanding production capacity.

並另外投入34億美元擴大產能。

And although this total doesn't include contributions from individual member countries,

雖然這一總數不包括個別成員國的捐款，但。

it contrasts starkly with the efforts made across the Atlantic.

它與大西洋彼岸的努力形成了鮮明的對比。

This brings us to the next step in putting together a vaccination program:

這就涉及到下一步如何制定疫苗接種計劃。

negotiating contracts with the vaccine manufacturers.

與疫苗製造商談判合同；

The European Commission, the executive arm of the EU,

歐盟委員會，是歐盟的行政部門，

assumed the responsibility for this task on behalf of the bloc.

代表該集團承擔了這項任務的責任。

By negotiating as one, smaller countries within the bloc

通過一體談判，集團內的小國就可以在集團內進行談判

could leverage the body's power to secure access to the future vaccines and negotiate lower prices.

可以利用該機構的力量，確保未來疫苗的使用權，並協商降低價格。

However, the Commission struck deals with the pharma firms later than the U.S. and the U.K.

然而，委員會與製藥企業達成交易的時間比美國和英國晚。

While these countries inked  their first deals in May 2020, 

雖然這些國家在2020年5月簽署了第一批協議。

the EU only closed its first  vaccine agreements in August.

歐盟在8月才結束第一批疫苗協議。

This three-month delay has been viewed as one of the reasons

這三個月的延遲被認為是以下原因之一： 1.

why it took EU member states longer to receive Covid-19 shots.

為什麼歐盟成員國需要更長的時間才能收到Covid-19注射液。

Then there is the issue of vaccine approval.

還有就是疫苗審批問題。

The first pharmaceutical venture to announce positive results from its Covid shot

首家醫藥企業公佈科維德注射液的積極成果。

was a joint effort between American drug giant Pfizer and German firm BioNTech.

是美國藥物巨頭輝瑞公司和德國BioNTech公司聯合推出的。

The U.K. greenlit their shot on December 2. 

12月2日，英國對他們的拍攝進行了綠燈。

In the U.S., the FDA approved the same vaccine on December 11,

在美國，FDA於12月11日準許了同樣的疫苗。

while the European Medicines Agency only announced they had reached the same decision on December 21.

而歐洲藥品管理局卻在12月21日才宣佈他們做出了同樣的決定。

MHRA had adopted a rolling approval model, so they were obviously looking at data

MHRA採用了滾動審批模式，所以他們顯然是在看數據。

at every stage of the process, from the early-phase lab-based studies

從早期的實驗室研究，到現在的每一個階段，我們都會在這個過程中進行研究。

right through to the phase 3 trials. EMA was actually adopting a similar model,

直到第三階段試驗。EMA其實也在採用類似的模式。

but their systems are just a little bit less responsive and I think potentially more complex.

但他們的系統只是反應速度慢了一點，我認為可能更復雜。

I think it's really important to emphasize that the rigor of both systems is really strong.

我覺得真的要強調一下，這兩個系統的嚴謹性真的很強。

Even as other vaccines entered the market in the following weeks and months,

即使其他疫苗在隨後的幾周和幾個月內進入市場。

that didn't end the challenges for European nations.

這並沒有結束歐洲國家的挑戰。

In fact, the region has been receiving significantly fewer doses than it initially expected

事實上，該區域收到的劑量比最初預期的要少得多。

from one supplier in particular: AstraZeneca.

特別是來自一個供應商。阿斯利康。

The EU was initially expecting 90 million doses of AstraZeneca's vaccine in the first quarter of 2021.

歐盟最初預計在2021年第一季度，阿斯利康的疫苗將有9000萬劑。

However, the Anglo-Swedish pharmaceutical giant said it could only deliver 40 million doses

然而，英瑞製藥巨頭表示，它只能提供4000萬劑的劑量

and then further revised this number down to just 30 million doses.

然後又將這一數字進一步修正為只有3000萬劑量。

AstraZeneca has pinned the blame for the delay on low yields in European plants.

阿斯利康公司將延遲的原因歸咎於歐洲工廠的低產量。

Like you, of course I am disappointed that lower-than-expected output

和你一樣，我當然也很失望，產出低於預期。

in our dedicated European supply chain has affected our ability to deliver,

我們在歐洲的專用供應鏈影響了我們的交付能力。

but I want to assure you that we are working up production and doing everything that we can.

但我想向你保證，我們正在努力生產，盡我們所能。

But then things got worse.

但後來事情變得更糟了。

In addition to adjusting its first-quarter targets, the firm also said it could not deliver

除了調整第一季度目標外，該公司還表示無法實現。

the 180 million vaccines that the EU was expecting in the second quarter.

歐盟第二季度預期的1.8億支疫苗。

Instead, it will provide less than half.

相反，它將提供不到一半。

We also know that AstraZeneca has unfortunately under-produced and under-delivered.

我們也知道，阿斯利康不幸的是，生產不足，交付不足。

And this painfully, of course, reduced the speed of the vaccination campaign.

當然，這也痛快地降低了疫苗接種的速度。

These delivery issues infuriated many officials in Brussels,

這些交付問題讓布魯塞爾的許多官員感到憤怒。

who are keen to ensure that the region gets as many vaccines as possible.

他們熱衷於確保該地區獲得儘可能多的疫苗；

As a result, the Commission introduced restrictions on the export of Covid-19 vaccines at the end of January 2021.

是以，委員會在2021年1月底對Covid-19疫苗的出口實行限制。

Do you think that the EU is indeed practicing vaccine nationalism?

你認為歐盟確實在實行疫苗民族主義嗎？

I think the EU is definitely prioritizing its population first

我認為歐盟肯定是先把人口放在首位的

but no different from other high-income countries or regions.

但與其他高收入國家或地區無異。

The United States is doing the same, the U.K. is doing the same,

美國也是這樣做的，英國也是這樣做的。

so in that sense, it is no different. I think where the nuance is a bit,

所以在這個意義上，它沒有什麼不同。我認為其中的細微差別是有點。

that we have to be careful with the notion that the EU is stockpiling vaccines,

我們必須謹慎對待歐盟正在儲存疫苗的說法。

they are rolling out the vaccines that they get.

他們正在推出的疫苗，他們得到。

Between the start of February and late March, the EU exported 43 million vaccines to 33 countries.

從2月初到3月底，歐盟向33個國家出口了4300萬支疫苗。

The U.K., which recently left the bloc in a messy breakup,

英國，最近在一次混亂的分手中離開了集團。

was the biggest recipient, receiving just under 11 million doses.

是最大的接受者，接受了不到1 100萬劑量。

The European Union has indeed, we have to say, been exporting

我們不得不說，歐洲聯盟確實一直在輸出。

quite a substantial amount of vaccines. These export bans are not particularly helpful

相當數量的疫苗。這些出口禁令並不是特別有用。

and because European strategy is quite focused on European production of vaccines,

並因為歐洲戰略相當注重歐洲疫苗的生產。

we should move beyond this logic.

我們應該超越這種邏輯。

Beyond the delivery issues, the EU's vaccine program has also been clouded

除了配送問題，歐盟的疫苗計劃也是雲裡霧裡的。

by decisions to suspend the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine temporarily.

由決定暫時停止使用阿斯利康疫苗。

In mid-March, 13 out of the 27 EU nations halted injections of the AstraZeneca shot

3月中旬，27個歐盟國家中，有13個國家停止注射阿斯利康針劑。

after a number of blood clot cases were observed in people who had received this shot.

在接受過這種注射的人中觀察到一些血栓病例後。

Our position is that the benefits continue to outweigh the risks.

我們的立場是，利益仍然大於風險。

The European Medicines Agency maintained that member states should continue using this jab,

歐洲藥品管理局堅持認為，各成員國應繼續使用這種刺。

even while reviewing the data from the incidents. But these nations opted for the most cautious approach.

即使在審查事件數據的同時。但這些國家選擇了最謹慎的做法。

This is actually a sign that the alert system is working.

這其實是警報系統工作的一個信號。

These countries and Europe as a whole have a well-established mechanism

這些國家乃至整個歐洲都有一個完善的機制。

for reporting adverse events and it's not uncommon when you have got

報告不良事件，而且當你有了不良事件時，這並不罕見。

millions of people being vaccinated that there will be events and they need to be studied.

數百萬人接種疫苗，會有一些事件發生，需要進行研究。

On the other hand, it causes harm. So the pause is scientifically justified in terms of

另一方面，會造成傷害。所以，從科學的角度來說，暫停是有道理的。

'let's have time to look at the data and the cases', but the problem is that Europe as whole

'讓我們有時間看看數據和案例'，但問題是，整個歐洲

and some countries in particular are facing another wave of Covid.

尤其是一些國家正面臨著另一波科維德。

People are dying from this disease every single day. And if you only have a few days' delay in rollout

每天都有人死於這種疾病。如果你只需延後幾天推出

of a particular vaccine that is available, it means people will not receive it

的疫苗，這意味著人們將不會接種它

and then at a population level you will have fewer people protected.

然後在人口水準上，你會有更少的人保護。

While most EU countries later resumed using the AstraZeneca shot after it was

雖然大多數歐盟國家後來恢復使用阿斯利康針劑後，其。

deemed safe by Europe's drugs regulator, mistrust in the vaccine was growing.

被歐洲藥品監管機構認為是安全的，對疫苗的不信任感越來越強。

A recent poll showed that German, French, Italian and Spanish citizens were

最近的一項民調顯示，德國、法國、意大利和西班牙公民都是

already less confident about AstraZeneca's vaccine compared with other shots.

與其他疫苗相比，已經對阿斯利康的疫苗信心不足。

But the same poll showed these citizens became even more skeptical about its safety following the suspensions.

但同樣的民調顯示，這些市民在停牌後對其安全性更加懷疑。

And what about those countries in the bloc which continued to use the vaccine?

而該集團中那些繼續使用疫苗的國家呢？

In Belgium, health authorities believed it would be “irresponsible” to halt its use

在比利時，衛生當局認為，停止使用該產品是 "不負責任的"。

while the blood clot cases were being reviewed.

在審查血栓病例時。

The additional challenge facing the EU is that while the Commission is responsible

歐盟面臨的另一個挑戰是，雖然委員會負責

for negotiating contracts and overseeing exports of vaccines,

負責合同談判和監督疫苗出口；

most of the responsibility for health policy remains with the individual countries.

衛生政策的大部分責任仍然由各個國家承擔；

It's a big organization and often it is not easy to get everybody on the same page

這是一個大的組織，往往不容易讓每個人都站在同一戰線上。

but nevertheless, the negotiation tried to spread the risk between different options

但儘管如此，談判還是試圖在不同的選擇之間分散風險。

because at the time nobody really knew which one, or which ones, would be able

因為在當時，沒有人真正知道哪一個，或者哪一個，能夠

to reach the market, being safe and effective.

以進入市場，安全有效。

And therefore there was a significant risk involved in choosing the different options.

是以，在選擇不同的方案時，存在著很大的風險。

But we also need to be aware that health has not been a part of the core tasks of the EU.

但我們也要意識到，健康一直不是歐盟核心任務的一部分。

Do you think that perhaps countries would have been better if they had done this alone?

你認為，如果國家單獨這樣做，也許會更好嗎？

I think it is very unlikely, this is a very competitive situation,

我覺得可能性很小，這是一個非常競爭的局面。

to try and negotiate the vaccines, so eventually some of the bigger countries

試圖談判疫苗的問題，所以最終一些較大的國家

might be better off because they have more bargaining power but then

可能會更好，因為他們有更多的議價能力，但隨後... ...

the smaller countries would probably be in a more difficult situation.

小國的處境可能會更困難。

There have also been issues at the national level, such as bureaucratic red tape

在國家一級也存在一些問題，如官僚主義的繁文縟節。

slowing down the initial distribution of vaccines in France.

放慢了疫苗在法國的初步分發。

But there are some brighter prospects ahead for the EU's vaccine rollout.

但歐盟的疫苗推廣還有一些更光明的前景。

The EU expects to receive 55 million doses of Johnson&Johnson's single-shot vaccine,

歐盟預計將收到5500萬劑Johnson&Johnson的單針疫苗。

200 million from Pfizer/BioNTech, 35 million from Moderna

輝瑞/BioNTech提供2億，Moderna提供3500萬。

and 70 million from AstraZeneca between April and June.

並在4月至6月間從阿斯利康獲得7000萬。

And this means the EU is well placed to achieve its target of

而這也意味著歐盟完全有能力實現其目標。

vaccinating 70% of the adult population by the end of summer.

在夏季結束前為70%的成年人口接種疫苗；

This target is critical for the health of the bloc's citizens, and will also bring economic benefits.

這一目標對集團公民的健康至關重要，也將帶來經濟效益。

The European Central Bank has projected a 4% increase in GDP this year

歐洲央行預計今年GDP將增長4%。

for the 19 countries that share the euro. However this forecast is heavily dependent

19個共享歐元的國家。然而，這一預測在很大程度上取決於

on a successful vaccine rollout, and it still doesn't lift economic activity to pre-pandemic levels.

疫苗的成功推廣，但它仍然沒有將經濟活動提升到流行前的水準。

Hi everyone, thank you for watching. If you have any ideas for any future videos?

大家好，感謝大家的觀看。如果你對以後的視頻有什麼想法？

Let us know in the comments section, and I will see you soon.

請在評論區告訴我們，我們很快就會見面。