And I'm Georgina.

我是喬治娜

Gōdne mergen! Mé lícap pé tó métanne!

Gōdne mergen!Mé lícap pé tó métanne!

I beg your pardon, Neil? Is something stuck in your throat?!

你說什麼，尼爾？有東西卡在你的喉嚨裡了嗎？

Are you speaking a foreign language?

你會說外語嗎？

Ha! Well, actually Georgina, I was saying, 'Good morning,

哈！嗯，其實喬治娜，我是在說 "早上好

pleased to meet you' in English - but not the English you and I speak.

很高興見到你 "的英語--但不是你和我說的英語。

That was Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, the earliest form of English,

那是盎格魯-撒克遜語，也就是古英語，最早的英語形式。

spoken in the Middle Ages – so, between the 5th and 15th century.

在中世紀說的--所以，在5世紀到15世紀之間。

It doesn't sound anything like the way people talk nowadays.

聽起來一點也不像現在的人說話的方式。

No, but it's surprising how many of the words we use today

不，但令人驚訝的是，我們今天使用的許多詞。

have survived from Old English – beer, wine, drink, fish, bread, butter, eye,

從古英語中倖存下來的--啤酒、葡萄酒、飲料、魚、麵包、黃油、眼睛。

ear, mouth, head, hand, foot, life, love, laughter, mother, daughter,

耳、口、頭、手、腳、生活、愛情、笑聲、母親、女兒。

sister, brother, son, father – all Anglo Saxon words!

姐姐、弟弟、兒子、父親--都是盎格魯-撒克遜語!

Wow, so many everyday words!

哇，這麼多日常用語!

But what about the classics - Latin and Greek?

但是，古典文學--拉丁文和希臘文呢？

I thought a lot of English vocabulary came from there.

我以為很多英語詞彙都來自那裡。

That's also true, but the history of English is the history of invasions –

這話也沒錯，但英國的歷史就是侵略的歷史------。

you know, when the army of one country fights to enter and

你知道，當一個國家的軍隊打進和。

control another country.

控制另一個國家。

Like the Roman invasion of Britain?

比如羅馬人入侵英國？

Right, and later invasions too, by Norse-speaking Vikings

對，還有後來講北歐語的維京人的入侵。

and Germanic Saxons.

和日耳曼撒克遜人。

In fact, Georgina, that reminds me of my quiz question.

事實上，喬治娜，這讓我想起了我的測驗題。

Go on then, but in modern English if you don't mind…

那就繼續吧，但如果你不介意的話，用現代英語... ...

OK. Well, the year 1066 is remembered for a famous battle

好吧好吧，1066年因為一場著名的戰役而被人們記住了。

when the French-speaking Norman king, William the Conqueror,

當講法語的諾曼國王，征服者威廉。

invaded England – but what is the name of the famous battle?

侵略英國--但那場著名的戰役叫什麼名字？

Is it: a) The Battle of Waterloo?, b) The Battle of Hastings?,

是：a)滑鐵盧戰役?，b)黑斯廷斯戰役?

or, c) The Battle of Trafalgar?

或者，c）特拉法爾加戰役？

Hmm, my history's not great, Neil, but I think it's,

嗯，我的歷史不是很好，尼爾，但我認為它的。

b) The Battle of Hastings.

(b) 黑斯廷斯戰役；

OK, Georgina, we'll find out 'later' - another Old English word there!

好吧，喬治娜，我們會發現 "以後"--這又是一個古英語單詞!

But it's not just words that survive from Anglo Saxon,

但從盎格魯-撒克遜生存下來的不僅僅是文字。

it's word endings too – the suffix, or letters added to the

也是詞尾--後綴，或者說是加在詞尾的字母。

end of a word to modify its meaning.

詞尾，以修飾其含義。

Right, like adding 's' to make something plural,

對，就像加's'來做複數的東西。

as in: one bird, two birds.

如：一隻鳥，兩隻鳥。

Or the 'ness' in 'goodness' and 'happiness'.

或'善'與'樂'中的'無'。

And 'dom', as in, 'freedom' and kingdom'.

而'dom'，如'自由'和王國'。

Poet Michael Rosen is fascinated by Old English.

詩人邁克爾-羅森對古英語情有獨鍾。

Here he is talking about word suffixes to Oxford University

在這裡他說的是牛津大學的詞綴。

professor Andy Orchard for BBC Radio 4's programme, Word of Mouth.

安迪-奧查德教授為英國廣播公司第四臺的節目《口碑》。

Listen out for the proportion of modern English that comes

聽出了現代英語的比例，來了

from Anglo Saxon.

從盎格魯撒克遜。

'I walked' – that 'walked' the 'et' bit on the end.

'我走了'--那個'走了'後面的'等'字。

Yeah, the 'ed' ending.

是的，"ED "的結局。

Most modern verbs – if we were to say, 'I texted my daughter',

大多數現代動詞--如果我們說，"我給我女兒發了簡訊"。

I mean text obviously comes from Latin… 'I tweeted' –

我的意思是，文字顯然來自於拉丁文... ... "我發推特"--。

we still lapse to the Anglo-Saxon.

我們還是要向盎格魯-撒克遜人靠攏。

And, generally when I'm speaking, just let's do it in mathematical terms,

而且，一般我在講的時候，就用數學的方法來做。

what proportion can we say is Old English?

我們可以說什麼比例是古英語？

Can we say, like, about 80% in common parlance,

能不能說，比如，通俗點說就是80%左右。

sorry to use a French word there?

對不起，用了一個法語詞？

In speech it would be something like that –

在言語中，它將是這樣的--

in the written language, less.

在書面語言中，少。

They're the basic building blocks of who we are and what we think.

它們是我們是誰和我們的想法的基本構件。

Professor Orchard estimates that 80 percent of spoken English

據Orchard教授估計，80%的英語口語。

in common parlance comes from Anglo Saxon.

俗話說，來自盎格魯撒克遜。

In common parlance means the words and vocabulary that

通俗地講就是指以下的詞語和詞彙

most people use in ordinary, everyday conversation.

大多數人在普通的日常對話中使用。

So Anglo Saxon words are the building blocks of English -

所以，盎格魯-撒克遜語是英語的構件--。

the basic parts that are put together to make something.

基本的部分，放在一起做的東西。

He also thinks that the languages we speak shape

他還認為，我們所說的語言塑造了

the way we see the world.

我們看待世界的方式。

Here's Michael Rosen and Professor Andy Orchard discussing

以下是邁克爾-羅森和安迪-烏查德教授在討論。

this idea on BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth:

這個想法在英國廣播公司第四臺的節目 "口碑 "中出現。

Can we say that English speakers today, as I'm speaking to you now,

我們能不能說，今天講英語的人，就像我現在跟你說的一樣。

view the world through Anglo-Saxon eyes, through Anglo-Saxon words?

通過盎格魯-撒克遜人的眼睛，通過盎格魯-撒克遜人的語言來觀察世界？

Can we say that?

我們能說嗎？

Well, in Old English poetry it's always raining and I suppose it's

嗯，在古英語詩歌中，它總是在下雨，我想這是... ...

always raining today.

今天總是在下雨。

There is a retrospective element, that we're still inhabiting that

有一個回顧的元素， 我們仍然居住在該

worldview, those ideas; the same words, the same simple ideas

世界觀，那些思想；同樣的文字，同樣的簡單的思想。

that they inhabited.

他們居住的地方。

And what's extraordinary if you think about the history of English is

而如果你仔細想想英語的歷史，最特別的就是

despite the invasions by the Norse and by the Norman,

儘管有北歐人和諾曼人的入侵。

and then despite the years of empire when we're bringing things back,

然後，儘管多年的帝國 當我們把東西回來。

the English that we're speaking today is still at its root

我們今天所說的英語仍然是根深蒂固。

Old English word, at its heart Old English word, still very much English.

古英語單詞，核心是古英語單詞，還是很有英語特色的。

Michael Rosen asks if English speakers see the world

邁克爾-羅森問道，如果說英語的人看到的是世界。

through Anglo Saxon eyes.

通過盎格魯撒克遜人的眼睛。

When we see something through someone's eyes,

當我們通過別人的眼睛看到一些東西時。

we see it from their perspective, their point of view.

我們從他們的角度，他們的觀點來看。

And Professor Orchard replies by saying that despite all the

奧查德教授回答說，儘管有這麼多的... ...

history of invasion and empire, the English we speak today is still

侵略和帝國的歷史，我們今天說的英語仍然是。

Old English at heart – a phrase used to say what something is really like.

Wow! So much history crammed into six minutes!

哇！這麼多的歷史被塞進了六分鐘裡!

And now, time for one more history fact.

現在，是時候再講一個歷史事實了。

Do you mean your quiz question, Neil?

你是說你的測驗題嗎，尼爾？

What's the name of the famous battle of 1066?

著名的1066年戰役叫什麼名字？

What did you say, Georgina?

你說什麼，喬治娜？

I said b) The Battle of Hastings.

我說b）黑斯廷斯戰役。

Which was… the correct answer!

那是... 正確的答案！

The Battle of Hastings in 1066 played a big part

1066年的黑斯廷斯戰役發揮了重要作用。

in the Norman Conquest and mixing French words into the language.

在諾曼征服中，並將法語詞彙混入語言中。

And I also know how the English ruler, King Harold, died –

我還知道英國統治者哈羅德國王是怎麼死的-----。

shot through the eye with an arrow!

一箭穿心

Ouch!

哎喲！

OK, let's recap the vocabulary, some of which exists

好了，我們來回顧一下詞彙，有些詞彙是存在的

because of invasions – when one country enters and controls another.

因為入侵----當一個國家進入並控制另一個國家時；

A suffix is added to the end of a word to make a new word.

後綴加在一個詞的末尾，組成一個新詞。

The phrase in common parlance means using ordinary, everyday words.

這句話通俗點說就是用普通的日常用語。

Building blocks are the basic parts used to make something.

積木是用來製造東西的基本部件。

To see things through someone's eyes means, from their point of view.

通過別人的眼睛看事情，意味著，從他們的角度來看。

And finally, at heart is used to say what something is really like.

最後，在心裡是用來說某件事情的真實情況的。

That's all for this programme.

這個節目就到此為止。

Join us again soon at 6 Minute English but for now,

很快就會再次加入我們的6分鐘英語，但現在。

'far gesund!' – that's Old English for 'goodbye'!

'far gundes'--那是古英語中'再見'的意思!

Far gesund!

遠的健康！