are also engaged in trafficking drugs, weapons, and typically human trafficking as well. It's

還從事販運毒品、武器，通常還包括販運人口。這是

not just damage to the environment where the trees were cut down, and it's not just the

不僅僅是對樹木被砍伐的環境的破壞，而且也不僅僅是

source country losing those resources, it's also the fact then that those profits go on

源國失去這些資源，那麼也是事實，這些利潤就會繼續。

to support these other kinds of international crime.

以支持這些其他類型的國際犯罪。

We're at a point in time where the

我們正處在一個時間點上，在這個時間點上。

world's forests need all hands on deck, if we are not actively engaged in some form of

如果我們不積極參加某種形式的活動，世界森林需要所有的人都參與進來。

protection and some form of combating illegal logging, if we don't do it now, we may

保護和某種形式的打擊非法採伐，如果我們現在不這樣做，我們可能會

not have a chance. We lose habitat that maybe we can never get back.

沒有機會。我們失去的棲息地，也許永遠也找不回來了。

Internationally, we see the bulk of illegal logging happening in the tropics.

在國際上，我們看到熱帶地區發生了大量的非法採伐。

So we talk about deforestation,

所以，我們談的是砍伐森林。

illegal logging, land conversion in places like Congo, in sub-Saharan Africa, or the

撒哈拉以南非洲的剛果等地的非法伐木、土地轉換，或者是在非洲大陸上。

Amazon in South America. The role that the US plays in the global illegal logging trade

南美洲的亞馬遜。美國在全球非法伐木貿易中扮演的角色。

is that we're a demand side, we're a consumer side of this problem. We know from research

是我們是一個需求方，我們是這個問題的消費方。我們從研究中知道

and investigations that have been going on now quite actively for about 10 years, that

和調查，現在已經積極地進行了大約10年，即：

there's actually a lot more fraud and misrepresentation of forest products than people realize and

實際上，林產品的欺詐和虛假陳述比人們意識到的要多得多。

some of that material is doubtless of illegal origin. So when we're involved in the fight

其中一些材料無疑是非法來源的。所以當我們參與到這場鬥爭中

against illegal logging, our role is really on this forensic timber identification piece.

打擊非法採伐，我們的作用其實是在木材鑑定這一塊。

This is the Center For Wood Anatomy Research. We're the home of the world's largest scientific

這裡是木材解剖學研究中心。我們是世界上最大的科學研究中心的所在地。

research wood collection. Everyone, I think, is familiar with forensics nowadays. One area

研究木收集。我想，現在大家對取證都很熟悉。一個領域

of forensics that people often overlook is botanical forensics. We'll work on whatever

人們經常忽略的取證工作是植物取證。我們將在任何

cases that we need to. We've done plane crashes, we've done murder cases, we've worked on arson

我們需要的案件。我們做過飛機失事案，我們做過謀殺案，我們做過縱火案。

cases, attempted car bombings. Since about 1999, one of the places that we've really

案件，汽車爆炸未遂。自1999年以來，我們真正的一個地方，已經

focused on heavily is using forensic wood anatomy to combat illegal logging. We develop

重視使用法醫木材解剖學來打擊非法採伐。我們開發了

the technology and the tools for field deploying this kind of information so that field agents

* 實地部署這類資訊的技術和工具，使外地人員能夠在實地部署。

can look at a paper and it says, "This is supposed to be species X. This is supposed

可以看一篇論文，它說，"這應該是物種X，這應該是。

to be species Y." They need some kind of knowledge or technology to let them look at the wood

是物種Y。"他們需要某種知識或技術來讓他們看清木頭的樣子

and see whether it lines up with the paperwork. And traditionally that's done by someone like

看看它是否與文件相符。而傳統上，這是由一個人做的，像

me, or I would train someone. And training human beings to do this takes a lot of time,

我，或者我會訓練一個人。而訓練人類來做這件事，需要很多時間。

it takes a lot of effort. I really started saying, "How can we solve this problem of

它需要很多努力。我真的開始說："我們怎樣才能解決這個問題呢?

needing to build this capacity and needing to get this information out, because I don't

需要建立這種能力，需要把這些資訊傳播出去，因為我不知道。

think we can train human beings fast enough". And that actually led us down a pretty interesting

認為我們可以足夠快地訓練人類"。而這實際上導致了我們走上了一條非常有趣的

road of trying to come up with a technological solution to this problem.

的道路，試圖提出解決這一問題的技術方案。

It is essential to have an interdisciplinary team that knows about law enforcement, AI,

必須要有一個跨學科的團隊，懂執法、懂AI。

wood anatomy, and all these fields come together here. Alex is the wood anatomist, and he's

木材解剖學，和所有這些領域走到一起。亞歷克斯是木頭解剖學家，他是。

learned a little bit of machine learning from me. I'm a machine learner and I've learned

從我這裡學到了一點機器學習的知識。我是一個機器學習者，我學到了

a little bit of wood anatomy from Alex. The Xylotron itself is this handheld, portable

一點點木頭解剖學從亞歷克斯。Xylotron本身就是這個手持式、便攜式的。

device connected to a laptop to do wood identifications. The XyloTron is built from off the shelf components

XyloTron是一臺連接到筆記本電腦上的設備，可以進行木材鑑定。XyloTron是由現成的組件製成的。

and uses all open source technologies.

並使用所有開源技術。

It has two primary components. It has the imaging device itself, which we call the xyloscope,

它有兩個主要組成部分。它有成像設備本身，我們稱之為木蘭鏡。

and then it has the laptop where we actually do the AI portion of it where the actual identification is made.

然後它有筆記本電腦，我們實際上是在那裡做人工智能部分的實際識別。

The biggest advantage is you can carry this thing in two hands and take it anywhere in the world.

最大的好處是你可以兩手拎著這個東西，到世界任何地方都可以帶著它。

That is not true of any of the other forensic technologies. They're really restricted to the laboratory.

其他任何法醫技術都不是這樣。他們真的只限於實驗室。

The artificial intelligence model that we use in the XyloTron to identify wood is a neural network.

我們在XyloTron中用來識別木材的人工智能模型是一個神經網絡。

A neural network is basically

神經網絡基本上是

a mathematical computation, which has some numbers or knobs and parameters that can be

數學計算，它有一些數字或旋鈕和參數，可以是。

tweaked and changed in a data driven manner. In our case, the input is the image of a wood

以數據驅動的方式進行調整和改變。在我們的案例中，輸入的是一個木頭的影像。

and the output is going to be what species or what category this wood belongs to.

而輸出的是要這個木頭屬於什麼品種或什麼類別。

To operate this, all we have to do is have a specimen of wood and then place this flush

操作時，我們要做的就是有一個木頭的標本，然後把這個平移的

on the top surface there. Turning on the light, pressing this onto the surface of the specimen,

在那裡的頂面。打開燈，把這個按在試樣的表面上。

and then I have to orient the Xyloscope so that a certain botanical feature called "rays"

然後我必須給Xyloscope定位，使某一植物特徵稱為 "射線"。

are running vertically in the image. It captures an image, it feeds that image into the system,

在影像中垂直運行。它捕捉影像，將該影像輸入系統。

it breaks it down according to the machine learning algorithm, and then it gives me my

它根據機器學習算法將其分解，然後給我的

output. It's basically the exact same thing I see when I look with my hand lens at a block of wood.

輸出。這和我用手鏡看一塊木頭時看到的基本一模一樣。

There's always going to be this cat and mouse game between what the criminals

總是會有這樣的貓捉老鼠的遊戲，在犯罪分子的行為之間

are doing and technology catching up with their misdeeds. Illegal logging is a global

的行為，而技術也在追趕他們的不法行為。非法採伐是一個全球性的

problem, and to address it at a global scale, what we need is access to technology and expertise

問題，並在全球範圍內解決這一問題，我們需要的是獲得技術和專門知識的機會。

that is scalable, affordable, and easy to adopt and adapt. The XyloTron project ticks

可擴展、經濟實惠、易於採用和適應。XyloTron項目符合以下條件

boxes on all these levels and it can be deployed at many different points in the wood supply chain.

在所有這些層面上的盒子，它可以部署在木材供應鏈的許多不同點。

In an ideal world, we would combat illegal logging in the forest. Right?

在一個理想的世界裡，我們會打擊非法砍伐森林的行為。對吧？

We would stop the people with the chainsaws.

我們會阻止那些拿著電鋸的人。

And there are people out there trying to do that, but that's not a place where the science that we do here

有人在那裡試圖做到這一點， 但這不是一個地方，我們在這裡做的科學，

can contribute much. If a shipment comes into the United States and we do the identifications

可以貢獻很多。如果一批貨物進入美國，而我們又做了鑑定，那就會有很大的幫助。

and it's illegal because they mis-declared what it was or because it's an endangered

它是非法的，因為他們錯誤地申報它是什麼，或者因為它是一個瀕臨滅絕的。

species, we have the legal authority to seize that shipment. And if you can do that enough,

我們有合法權力扣押那批貨物。如果你能做到這一點，

you're going to reduce the demand, you're going to reduce the degree

你要減少需求，你要減少的程度。

to which it's desirable to be out there illegally logging.

到，它是可取的在那裡非法伐木。

Because if they can't make money, they're not going to do it as frequently.

因為如果賺不到錢，他們就不會經常做。

It's just that simple.

就是這麼簡單。