"Pregnant women need to eat twice as much."

"孕婦需要吃兩倍的東西"

Absolute myth.

絕對的神話。

Don't do it.

不要這樣做。

You really actually only need about 200 extra calories a day

其實你每天真的只需要200卡路里的額外熱量。

over a normal American diet.

超過正常的美國飲食。

And that's assuming that you're starting pregnancy

那是假設你已經開始懷孕了。

at a normal weight.

在正常體重下。

"Sex during pregnancy hurts the baby."

"懷孕期間的性愛會傷害到寶寶。"

Well...

那...

Dena Goffman: "Cocoa butter prevents stretch marks."

迪娜-戈夫曼："可可黃油可以預防妊娠紋。"

This is a myth.

這是一個神話。

I'm Laura Riley.

我是勞拉-萊利

I'm a high-risk OB

我是高危產科醫生

at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell.

在紐約長老會醫院/威爾康奈爾。

I'm Dena Goffman.

我是Dena Goffman.

I'm a high-risk OB at New York Presbyterian/Columbia.

我是紐約長老會/哥倫比亞大學的高危產科醫生。

This is so exciting,

這真是太刺激了。

wondering what's gonna come next.

想知道接下來會發生什麼。

Riley: I know, I know.

Riley：我知道，我知道。

Goffman: Oh, my favorite.

戈夫曼：哦，我的最愛。

"It's OK to drink a glass of wine when you're pregnant."

"懷孕的時候可以喝杯酒"

We know that the recommendation in pregnancy is that

我們知道，孕期的建議是

you really should not consume any alcohol.

你真的不應該飲用任何酒精。

Unfortunately, there is no safe amount of alcohol

不幸的是，沒有安全的酒精含量

nor a safe time in pregnancy when we can be sure

也不是一個安全的懷孕時間，當我們可以確保

that alcohol won't affect a developing fetus.

酒精不會影響發育中的胎兒。

Riley: Also, I think it's important to add

萊利。另外，我認為重要的是要補充一句話

that we don't think it's safe to drink

我們不認為它是安全的飲用。

while you're breastfeeding, either,

當你在餵奶的時候，也。

because the alcohol does get into breast milk.

因為酒精確實會進入母乳。

And as Dr. Goffman said,

而正如戈夫曼博士所說。

we don't know what the safe amount is, and that safe amount

我們不知道什麼是安全量，和安全量。

may actually change for different women.

其實對於不同的女性來說，可能會發生變化。

Goffman: "Your belly reveals the baby's gender."

戈夫曼："你的肚皮能看出寶寶的性別。"

We certainly hear patients coming in to see us

我們當然會聽到病人來找我們

and having heard or having family members say

並聽過或家人說過

that they can tell whether you're having a boy

他們可以知道你是否有一個男孩。

or a girl based on how the woman's belly looks.

或根據女人肚子的模樣來判斷是否是女孩。

And we know that there is absolutely no evidence

我們知道，絕對沒有證據

that the shape of your belly can tell us

肚子的形狀可以告訴我們。

this type of information.

這類資訊。

Riley: The other myth that goes along with gender

Riley:The other myth that goes along with gender

I think is the heart rate is high or low.

我想是心率高了還是低了。

My patients always say that, you know, they come in,

我的病人總是說，你知道，他們來了。

oh, it's 160, it must be girl.

哦，這是160，它必須是女孩。

Like, no. If it's 160, it means the kid's moving a lot,

像，沒有。如果是160，這意味著孩子的移動很多。

and if it's sleeping it's going to be 120.

而如果是睡覺的話，就會有120。

So it doesn't tell you whether it's a girl or boy.

所以它不會告訴你是女孩還是男孩。

Goffman: "Cocoa butter prevents stretch marks."

戈夫曼："可可脂可以防止妊娠紋。"

This is a myth.

這是一個神話。

While cocoa butter is something

雖然可可脂是一種

that many patients like to use,

很多患者喜歡使用的。

we don't have any evidence that cocoa butter

我們沒有任何證據證明可可脂的存在

or anything else that we can recommend

或其他我們可以推薦的東西

will prevent stretch marks.

會預防妊娠紋。

Riley: It's probably genetic, and, essentially,

萊利：可能是遺傳，而且，基本上是。

if you gain too much weight in one spot,

如果你在一個地方增重太多。

i.e. your pregnancy gets really big,

即你的懷孕變得非常大。

you're more likely to get stretch marks, unfortunately.

不幸的是，你更有可能得到妊娠紋。

But it's not worth spending a ton of money

但也不值得花大錢去買啊

on expensive creams, because it's not gonna work.

昂貴的面霜，因為它不會工作。

That was cheery.

那是快樂的。

"You can give a cold to your developing baby."

"你可以給正在發育中的寶寶感冒。"

This is a complete myth.

這完全是一個神話。

Your baby is not gonna get the cold.

你的寶寶不會感冒的

Although your baby can get sick

雖然寶寶會生病

if you get something like the flu,

如果你得到的東西像流感。

which is why we tell you to get a flu shot,

這就是為什麼我們告訴你要打流感疫苗。

to prevent your baby from getting really sick.

以免寶寶真的生病。

There are some illnesses you can transfer

有些疾病是可以轉移的

to your baby, but probably not a cold.

對你的寶寶，但可能不是感冒。

I think people get the cold and the flu confused,

我覺得人們把感冒和流感搞混了。

which is unfortunate because the flu

這是很不幸的，因為流感

can make you really sick in pregnancy.

會讓你在懷孕期間真的生病。

Goffman: "What you eat during pregnancy

戈夫曼："懷孕期間吃什麼？

can influence the baby's palate."

可以影響寶寶的味覺"。

Riley: I don't think there is a shred of evidence

Riley：我不認為有一絲證據。

to support that.

來支持這一點。

I think that what you eat during pregnancy is important

我覺得孕期吃什麼很重要。

because it does sort of, you know,

因為它確實有點，你知道，

set your baby off to a good start

為寶寶開個好頭

in terms of its overall nutrition and good health.

在其整體營養和健康方面。

But it's probably not gonna change the baby's palate.

但這可能不會改變寶寶的味覺。

Goffman: We always talk about nutrition and food choices

戈夫曼：我們總是在談論營養和食物的選擇。

and healthy weight gain,

和健康增重。

which really can have long-term impact

真正能產生長期影響的

on your baby's development, but not specifically the palate

對寶寶的發育有影響，但不是具體的味覺。

or what they have a taste for.

或他們有什麼口味。

Riley: "Pregnant women shouldn't drink coffee."

萊利："孕婦不應該喝咖啡。"

That's a myth.

這是一個神話。

You can drink coffee.

你可以喝咖啡。

This is one where moderation is the most important thing.

這其中適度是最重要的。

In the first trimester, having excessive amounts of coffee

懷孕前三個月，喝過量的咖啡。

have been associated with a higher risk of miscarriage.

與較高的流產風險有關。

Once that first trimester is over,

一旦前三個月結束。

should you go crazy with the coffee?

你要不要瘋狂地喝咖啡？

Probably not.

可能不會

But it's not gonna harm anything.

但它不會傷害任何東西。

Goffman: "Pregnant women shouldn't eat hot dogs."

戈夫曼："孕婦不應該吃熱狗。"

So, this is a myth.

所以，這是一個神話。

I think the concern with hot dogs are a few.

我想關注熱狗的是幾個。

You want to make sure that they are well cooked

你要確保它們熟透了。

to avoid infection risk.

以避免感染風險。

And there used to be a fair amount of conversation

而且過去有相當多的談話。

about the amount of nitrites in hot dogs,

關於熱狗中亞硝酸鹽的含量。

but I think the evidence suggests that unless you're eating

但我認為證據表明，除非你吃的是

really excessive amounts of hot dogs,

真的過量的熱狗。

that it's probably OK to enjoy one.

這可能是確定享受一個。

I think there are probably things

我想可能有的東西

better than hot dogs to eat, nutritionally,

比熱狗吃的好，營養。

but I think if people enjoy one once in a while,

但我覺得如果大家偶爾享受一次。

I don't have a problem with it.

我對它沒有意見。

Riley: You're way nicer than I am.

你比我好太多了 You're way nicer than I am.

I'm not sure why anybody's eating hot dogs, frankly,

我不知道為什麼有人吃熱狗，坦率地說。

but, you know, you can have one in pregnancy,

但是，你知道，你可以有一個在懷孕。

but I think it's really important

但我認為這真的很重要

to make sure that it's cooked,

以確保它是熟的。

because the concern about listeria is a real concern.

因為對李斯特菌的關注是一個真正的關注。

So, that includes the hot dogs,

所以，這包括熱狗。

the unpasteurized cheeses, the deli meats.

沒有經過巴氏殺菌的奶酪，熟食肉。

All of those things are things that we worry about.

這些事情都是我們擔心的事情。

So I think, you know.

所以我認為，你知道的。

Yeah, it's a myth that you can't eat hot dogs,

是啊，不能吃熱狗是個神話。

but you should be certain that it's cooked well.

但你應該確定它已經熟透了。

"Pregnant women shouldn't eat smoked salmon."

"孕婦不應該吃煙薰三文魚。"

That's a myth.

這是一個神話。

You can eat smoked salmon if you like it.

喜歡吃煙薰三文魚就可以吃。

I'm not a lover of salmon, so.

我不愛吃三文魚，所以。

Goffman: I love it.

戈夫曼：我喜歡。

You can eat smoked salmon.

你可以吃煙薰三文魚。

This gets into concerns around fish consumption

這就涉及到對魚類消費的關注

in pregnancy, which is a huge topic.

在懷孕期間，這是一個巨大的話題。

And we talk to our patients about the risk

我們會和病人討論風險

of various types of fish.

各種魚類的。

So, we want to avoid fish with high mercury content.

所以，我們要避免吃含汞量高的魚。

So typically that would be avoiding excessive tuna,

所以通常情況下，那就是避免過多的金槍魚。

choosing chunk-light, canned tuna,

選擇塊狀輕巧的金槍魚罐頭。

and also limiting the number of cans of tuna in a week.

並且還限制了一週內金槍魚罐頭的數量。

There is also some concern about some of these oily fish,

對於這些油魚的一些情況，人們也有一些擔憂。

I guess, about the potential for toxins.

我想，關於潛在的毒素。

And so I would say salmon in general may fall

所以我想說三文魚一般可能屬於

into that category, but smoked salmon I think is safe

但我認為煙燻三文魚是安全的。

for pregnant women to eat.

孕婦吃的。

Riley: The whole fish story is a little

萊利。The whole fish story is a little

blown out of proportion.

被吹得天花亂墜。

And I think people get really crazy

我想人們會變得非常瘋狂

about this whole mercury thing.

關於這整個汞的事情。

I would say it's important to also recognize, though,

我想說的是，雖然也要認。

that fish has great nutritional value to it

魚的營養價值很豐富

that pregnant women and babies need and want.

孕婦和嬰兒需要和想要的東西；

So it is unfortunate that somehow the fish story

所以很不幸的是，不知為何魚的故事

has resulted in people thinking, "I can't have any fish."

導致人們認為，"我不能有任何魚"。

It's really the large steak fishes

真的是大排魚啊！

where you're worried about the mercury.

你擔心汞的地方。

But then, don't forget that something like salmon

但是，別忘了，像三文魚這樣的東西。

is gonna give you the DHEAS, which you want.

是要給你DHEAS，你想要的。

Goffman: "Pregnant women shouldn't pet cats."

戈夫曼："孕婦不應該養貓。"

This is a myth.

這是一個神話。

This would be terrible if all pregnant women

如果所有的孕婦都是這樣，那就太可怕了

in the world couldn't pet their pets, their cats.

在世界上不能撫摸他們的寵物，他們的貓。

There is a concern with pregnant women caring

孕婦的護理令人擔憂

for cats in terms of the litter box,

對於貓咪來說，在貓砂盆方面。

and really the risk is toxoplasmosis.

而真正的風險是弓形蟲病。

And the risk of exposure isn't with interacting

而暴露的風險並不是與交互式的

with your cat, but with changing a dirty litter box.

與你的貓，但與改變一個骯髒的貓砂盒。

Riley: It is actually fairly rare in the US

萊利：其實在美國相當少見。

for women to come into contact with toxoplasmosis.

婦女接觸弓形蟲病；

The more important thing about sort of the cat stories,

更重要的是關於排序的貓的故事。

everyone worries about the cat and the kitty litter;

每個人都擔心貓和貓砂的問題。

the most common exposure

最常見的接觸

that women get to toxoplasmosis

婦女感染弓形蟲病

is actually not the cat or the liter even.

其實不是貓，也不是升甚至。

It's not washing your garden vegetables,

這不是洗你的花園蔬菜。

because it's the cat that has the toxin

因為它是貓有毒素的。

that poops in your garden

園子裡的大便

and then you pick that up and eat it

然後你把它撿起來吃掉

because you don't wash it or whatever.

因為你不洗它或什麼。

So, gardening without gloves are things

所以，園藝不戴手套是事情

that we tell pregnant women to avoid

我們告訴孕婦要避免

because of that particular infection.

因為這種特殊的感染。

The cat's got a bad rap, unfortunately.

不幸的是，這隻貓的名聲不好。

"Pregnant women shouldn't fly."

"孕婦不應該坐飛機。"

Total myth, get on the plane, have a good time.

總的神話，上了飛機，有一個好的時間。

That said, there are a few things

說到這裡，有幾件事

to think about when flying.

飛行時要考慮的問題。

I think one of the major issues is that pregnant women

我認為其中一個主要問題是，懷孕的女性

are at increased risk for getting a blood clot

患血栓的風險增加。

either in their leg or their lung.

無論是在他們的腿部還是肺部。

When you fly, the air is dry.

當你飛行時，空氣是乾燥的。

You're also more likely just to be sitting

你也更有可能只是坐著。

for a prolonged period of time.

長時間的。

And that just further increases your risk

而這只是進一步增加你的風險

for getting a blood clot.

因為得了血栓。

So I always tell pregnant women, be happy, go ahead.

所以我總是告訴孕婦，開心點，去吧。

Go on those trips.

去那些旅行。

But you should hydrate before you go.

但你應該在出發前補充水分。

You should wear support hose

你應該穿上支撐軟管

or at least, like, you know, running tights

或至少，像，你知道，運行的緊身衣。

or something that gives you a little bit of

或一些讓你有點

support in your legs.

腿部的支撐。

You should get up and walk around every hour or so.

你應該每隔一個小時左右就站起來走一走。

People worry about the air pressure,

人們擔心氣壓的問題。

which makes no sense because it's a pressurized cabin.

這是沒有意義的，因為這是一個加壓艙。

That doesn't do anything,

這沒有任何作用。

you're not gonna break your water.

你不會打破你的水。

And they also worry about going through the screener, right?

他們也擔心通過篩選器吧？

Everybody's worried about the radiation

大家都在擔心輻射的問題

going through the screener,

通過篩選器。

but in fact the radiation exposure is actually higher

但實際上輻射量更大

when you're in the sky in the plane than it is

當你在天空中的飛機比它是。

when you're walking quickly

當你快步走

through the security.

通過安全。

Goffman: "Exercise during pregnancy can strangle the baby."

戈夫曼："孕期運動會勒死寶寶。"

This is a myth.

這是一個神話。

Exercise is actually strongly recommended during pregnancy.

其實在懷孕期間，強烈建議運動。

All of our professional organizations,

我們所有的專業組織。

all of us as providers talk to patients

我們所有的服務提供者都要與病人交談

about maintaining physical activity,

關於保持身體活動。

maintaining exercise throughout the pregnancy,

在整個孕期保持運動。

really unless there's a medical situation

除非有病

that comes up that changes those recommendations.

的出現，改變了這些建議。

So, exercise is not dangerous.

所以，運動並不危險。

And in fact, the opposite.

而事實上，恰恰相反。

It's really important.

這真的很重要。

Riley: I think also this whole strangling thing comes

Riley: 我想也是這整個扼殺的事情來的。

from this crazy nonsense that if you get yourself

從這個瘋狂的廢話，如果你得到自己的。

into certain yoga positions,

成某些瑜伽姿勢。

your baby can strangle itself.

你的寶寶會勒死自己。

You don't have any control

你沒辦法控制

over the position your baby gets into.

在你的寶寶進入的位置。

The baby is floating in a pool of water.

嬰兒漂浮在水潭中。

And it doesn't matter whether you're doing a headstand

而且不管你是否在做倒立

or you're just, like, chilling.

或者你只是，喜歡，寒意。

"Sex during pregnancy hurts the baby."

"懷孕期間的性愛會傷害到寶寶。"

Well, that's a big myth.

嗯，這是一個很大的神話。

And it also helps to understand

而且還有助於瞭解

sort of the anatomy a little bit.

排序的解剖學一點點。

I think this is where patients get a little bit confused.

我想這也是患者有點困惑的地方。

The baby is floating inside a pool of water,

寶寶在水池裡面漂浮著。

a big balloon bag.

一個大氣球袋。

And that balloon bag is surrounded by thick muscle,

而那個氣球袋周圍都是厚厚的肌肉。

which is the uterus, surrounds the entire bag

子宮，圍繞著整個袋子

and has, actually, a thicker portion at the bottom.

並有，其實底部有較厚的部分。

So there's just no way

所以沒有辦法

that sex is gonna get even near the baby.