Hydroxy chloroquine hydroxychloroquine.

羥氯喹羥氯喹。

I happened to be taking it, the malaria drug being called a potential coronavirus cure by some and a potentially harmful solution by others, with the World Health Organization halting its trials at the end of May.

我正好在服用，這種瘧疾藥物被一些人稱為潛在的冠狀病毒治療方法，被另一些人稱為潛在的有害解決方案，世界衛生組織在5月底停止了試驗。

So what exactly is Hydroxychloroquine?

那麼，羥氯喹到底是什麼？

And will it help with the fight against Covid?

而這對對抗科維德有幫助嗎？

19?

19?

This is Hydroxychloroquine, a prescription drug and chemical compound modeled after quinine, a once popular natural anti malaria drug made from tree bark as the ideal model for synthetic malaria drugs in the early 19 hundreds.

這就是羥氯喹，是一種以奎寧為原型的處方藥和化合劑，奎寧是19世紀初曾經風靡一時的天然抗瘧藥，以樹皮為原料，作為合成瘧疾藥物的理想模型。

Quinine first paved the way to chloroquine used around World War two.

奎寧首先為二戰前後使用的氯喹鋪平了道路。

But there was a slight issue.

但有一個小小的問題。

Chloroquine had too many side effects to be widely used, including retinal damage and hearing issues.

氯喹的副作用太多，無法廣泛使用，包括視網膜損傷和聽力問題。

1955.

1955.

A less risky version was made hydroxychloroquine made from this mix of atoms.

一種風險較小的版本是由這種原子的混合製成的羥氯喹。

The only real difference is the addition of a hydroxyl group.

唯一真正的區別是增加了一個羥基。

That's Dr Neil Schlager, the chief of the division of pulmonary allergy and critical care medicine at Columbia University.

那是Neil Schlager博士，哥倫比亞大學肺部過敏和重症醫學部門的主任。

And he says, it's this simple addition of an oxygen bound to a hydrogen that makes the drug less risky.

而他說，正是這種簡單的添加了一個與氫氣結合的氧氣，使得藥物的風險降低。

So those chemical changes are often made either to improve a drugs activity or to decrease its toxicity.

所以這些化學變化往往是為了提高藥物的活性或降低其毒性。

Despite the side effects, chloroquine is still used.

儘管有副作用，但氯喹仍被使用。

In fact, both hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are considered versatile drugs, a valuable trade in the pharmaceutical industry, which might explain why people thought the drug originally designed for malaria could be a treatment for Covid 19.

事實上，羥氯喹和氯喹都被認為是多用途的藥物，是製藥工業中一個有價值的貿易，這可能解釋了為什麼人們認為最初為瘧疾設計的藥物可以治療科維德19。

There are actually two main reasons.

其實主要有兩個原因。

This theory has become so popular.

這個理論已經變得如此流行。

One hydroxychloroquine works by limiting the body's immune response and stops it from going into overdrive in the first place.

一羥氯喹的作用是限制人體的免疫反應，並在第一時間阻止免疫反應的過度發展。

The drug has been proven to be effective in treating autoimmune diseases such as Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis diseases that cause the immune system to inadvertently attack and damage the body.

事實證明，該藥在治療自身免疫性疾病，如狼瘡、類風溼性關節炎疾病等導致免疫系統無意中攻擊和損害身體的疾病方面效果顯著。

And although it hasn't been proven, experts say the drug may have some role to play in stopping covid.

而雖然還沒有得到證實，但專家表示，這種藥物可能對阻止covid有一定作用。

19 cases from becoming severe to both Hydroxychloroquine and Chlor Queen have shown effectiveness against viral infections.

19例從變得嚴重到羥氯喹和氯後都顯示出對病毒感染的有效性。

In fact, multiple studies have noted hydroxychloroquine is ability to smother and reduce HIV replication, and notably, researchers have found, chloroquine can actually suppress corona viruses in cell cultures, inhibiting and limiting replication of the human coronavirus SARS one, which emerged in 2000 and two.

事實上，多項研究已經注意到羥氯喹是能夠扼殺和減少HIV的複製，值得注意的是，研究人員發現，氯喹實際上可以抑制細胞培養物中的冠狀病毒，抑制和限制人類冠狀病毒SARS一，出現在2000年和二的複製。

Scientists believe this comes down to the anti binding ability of Chlor a queen, specifically its effect on the binding capabilities of the ace two receptor on human cells, the entry point for not just the SARS virus but also the Covid 19 virus.

科學家認為，這歸根結底是由於氯一女王的抗結合能力，特別是它對人體細胞上王牌二受體結合能力的影響，而王牌二受體不僅是SARS病毒的入口，也是科維德19病毒的入口。

All of this pushed scientists to study the effects Hydroxychloroquine and Chlor a queen have on SARS cov two, and they were somewhat correct.

這一切都促使科學家們研究羥氯喹和氯一後對SARS cov兩的影響，他們的研究有些正確。

Lab based studies found that both have abilities to fight the covid 19 coronavirus, triggering the FDA to approve emergency use of these two drugs on covid 19 patients and many others to propose them as a preventative medication.

基於實驗室的研究發現，這兩種藥物都有對抗科維德19冠狀病毒的能力，引發了FDA準許這兩種藥物在科維德19患者身上的緊急使用，也引發了很多人提出將其作為預防藥物。

But and this is a major one.

但這是一個重要的問題。

How a drug works against the virus in the lab is not the same as inside a human.

實驗室裡的藥物如何對抗病毒，和人體內的病毒是不一樣的。

Things could be inactivated by a variety of systems in the human body.

事情可能會被人體的各種系統所滅活。

They could turn out to be too toxic, they could turn out not to be able to achieve a high enough level in the blood to be active in human beings.

它們可能會變成毒性太強，它們可能會變成無法在血液中達到足夠高的水準，無法在人類中發揮活性。

So the whole host of reasons why lots of things that work and test tubes don't work in human beings.

所以一大堆的原因，為什麼很多東西，試管在人身上不起作用。

Crucially, Petri dishes don't experience side effects, but humans do.

最關鍵的是，培養皿不會出現副作用，但人類會。

For hydroxychloroquine, side effects can range from headaches, hair loss and nausea to something a lot more dangerous.

對於羥氯喹，副作用可以從頭痛、脫髮、噁心到更危險的東西。

It's one of a large number of drugs that can affect the electrical activity in the heart in a way that could make people susceptible to developing potentially very dangerous abnormalities of the heart rhythm that could be fatal person to person.

它是大量藥物中的一種，可以影響心臟的電活動，使人容易產生潛在的非常危險的心律異常，可能是致命的人對人。

These side effects vary dramatically, so it's difficult to know how the drug would individually impact someone, which is why doctors have warned against immediate widespread use and individual use without medical advice.

這些副作用差異很大，所以很難知道這種藥物對某個人的個體影響，這也是為什麼醫生警告不要立即廣泛使用和在沒有醫生建議的情況下個人使用。

First, because of the FDA emergency approval, however, thousands of Covid 19 patients have taken hydroxychloroquine, which has led to large observational patient studies and some not so promising results, bringing us back to Dr Neil Schlager and his colleagues.

首先，由於FDA的緊急準許，然而，成千上萬的Covid 19患者已經服用了羥氯喹，這導致了大量的觀察性患者研究和一些不那麼樂觀的結果，讓我們回到Neil Schlager博士和他的同事。

We saw no association between receiving the drug and a favorable outcome or an unfavorable outcome for that matter, and Schlager study wasn't the only one to come to this conclusion.

我們看到接受藥物和有利的結果或不利的結果之間沒有關聯，Schlager研究不是唯一一個得出這個結論的人。

But we analyzed data from 1376 patients just a few days after a very similar analysis on a very similar number of patients was published in JAMA, almost the identical results.

但是我們分析了1376名患者的數據，就在幾天後，《美國醫學會雜誌》上發表了一個非常類似的分析，對非常類似數量的患者進行了分析，幾乎是相同的結果。

In fact, Hydroxychloroquine could actually be making things worse.

事實上，羥氯喹實際上可能使事情變得更糟。

A substantial study published in late May concluded that both hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were associated with higher mortality among covid 19 patients.

5月底發表的一項實質性研究認為，羥氯喹和氯喹都與covid 19患者的較高死亡率有關。

And while a few small studies showed improvements when tested with humans, experts question the reliability of those studies methods.

而一些小的研究表明，用人類測試時有改善，但專家質疑這些研究方法的可靠性。

So I think that's sort of the state of things right now that these large observation all studies have found no evidence of benefit and perhaps some evidence of harm.

所以我覺得這也算是現在的狀態，這些大型的觀察所有的研究都沒有發現獲益的證據，或許還有一些傷害的證據。

As a result, the World Health Organization halted its sizable randomized trial use of hydroxychloroquine for covid 19 patients.

是以，世界衛生組織停止了其大規模的隨機試驗使用羥氯喹治療covid 19患者。

Still, this probably isn't the last we'll hear of the drug.

不過，這可能不是我們最後一次聽到這種藥物了。

A large scale study testing the potential preventive effect of the drug is currently ongoing in the UK, and organizations and researchers are looking into other treatments, such as the drug remdesivir, which has shown promising potential in early stages.

目前，英國正在進行一項大規模的研究，測試該藥物的潛在預防效果，組織和研究人員正在研究其他治療方法，如藥物雷米西韋，該藥物在早期階段顯示出了良好的潛力。

But those positive studies have not concluded that this is a cure for the disease.

但這些積極的研究並沒有得出結論說這是一種治療疾病的方法。

So as of late May 2020 there is no proven treatment for Covid, 19, a lot of good ideas in medicine.

所以截止到2020年5月底，科維德還沒有被證實的治療方法，19歲，醫學上有很多好的想法。

Just don't pan out.

只要不氾濫就好。

And, uh, the only thing you can do is is do the best studies and let the best drug win.

你唯一能做的就是做最好的研究，讓最好的藥物獲勝。