Name: 美國的切爾諾貝利怎麼會在這個島上發生？ (How America's Chernobyl Could Be Happening on This Island)
Uploaded: 2021-03-10T19:16:16.000Z
Duration: 10 min 55 s

基礎被動語態

Share the 1st 1000 people to use the Lincoln.

My description will get a free trial of skill share premium.

我的描述將獲得技能分享高級版的免費試用。

Unfortunately, the world has had its fair share of nuclear disasters over the last half century.

不幸的是，過去半個世紀以來，世界上發生了不少核災難。

The Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine, Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, in Fukushima in Japan.

烏克蘭的切爾諾貝利災難、賓夕法尼亞州的三裡島、日本的福島。

But what few realize is that there is another great nuclear disaster brewing somewhere else in the world right now, and his location is so remote, it's no wonder that you've probably never heard of it before.

但很少有人知道的是，現在世界上其他地方還醞釀著另一場巨大的核災難，而且他的位置非常偏僻，難怪你可能從來沒有聽說過。

5000 miles west of Los Angeles and 500 miles north of the equator, lies a small island chain known as the Marshall Islands.

在洛杉磯以西5000英里，赤道以北500英里處，有一個被稱為馬紹爾群島的小島鏈。

For a lot of us, these islands are best known as the birthplace of the movie monster Godzilla, who was awakened and mutated from atomic bomb explosions at one of the many islands.

對於我們很多人來說，這些島嶼最著名的是電影怪獸哥斯拉的出生地，他是在眾多島嶼中的一個被原子彈爆炸喚醒並變異的。

And while sadly, the island's never actually ended up spawning a terrifying lizard that breeze radioactive fire in the real world, they may still be just as terrifying, if not even more so in the very near future.

而遺憾的是，島上的從來沒有真正的最終催生出一種可怕的蜥蜴，在現實世界中微風輻射火，但它們可能還是一樣可怕，甚至在不久的將來更可怕。

The Marshall Islands are leftover remnants of ancient volcanoes that once protruded out from this region and were first settled nearly 3000 years ago by the ancestors of the present day Marshall ease.

馬紹爾群島是古代火山的遺蹟，曾經從這一地區突出，近3000年前，現今的馬紹爾輕鬆的祖先首先定居下來。

These people cross the ocean by boat by way of Asia and Polynesia and lived a largely secluded and peaceful existence up until the mid 19 forties.

這些人乘船從亞洲和波利尼西亞渡海而來，直到1940年代中期，他們一直過著基本與世隔絕的和平生活。

During World War Two, the islands were ruled by the Japanese until the United States showed up and took them over in 1944 and very quickly after that, the American presence on the islands increased dramatically.

在第二次世界大戰期間，這些島嶼被日本人統治，直到1944年美國出現並接管了這些島嶼，之後很快，美國人在這些島嶼上的存在就急劇增加。

As the Cold War began, American officials were eager to find a location to test their growing atomic arsenal.

隨著冷戰的開始，美國官員急於找到一個地點來測試他們不斷增長的原子彈庫。

And the vast empty expanse of ocean in this region that is nearly five times the size of California seemed to be the ideal spot.

而在這個面積幾乎是加州5倍的地區，空曠的大洋似乎是理想的地點。

In fact, during the years between 1946 and 1958 the United States detonated a total of 67 nuclear devices across these islands, leaving all sorts of extremely dangerous radioactive waste behind.

事實上，在1946年至1958年期間，美國在這些島嶼上共引爆了67個核裝置，留下了各種極其危險的放射性廢物。

The islands were even home to the largest thermonuclear bomb ever tested by the United States government, known as Castle Bravo.

這些島嶼甚至是美國政府有史以來最大的熱核彈--"布拉沃城堡 "試驗的所在地。

This experimental nuclear device created a mushroom cloud 4.5 miles tall and even still, today, this bomb ranks as the third largest man made explosion ever, the equivalent of 15 megatons of TNT, making it 1000 times as powerful as the little boy atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima.

這個實驗性的核裝置產生了4.5英里高的蘑菇雲，即使在今天，這顆炸彈也被列為有史以來第三大的人為爆炸，相當於15兆噸TNT炸藥，使其威力是投在廣島的小男孩原子彈的1000倍。

And after the explosion, it dropped radioactive ash across 7000 square miles of the surrounding area in and around the Marshall Islands.

而在爆炸後，它在馬紹爾群島及其周邊地區7000平方英里的範圍內投下了放射性灰燼。

The marshall is themselves were not evacuated from their islands until three days after the bombs detonation, and many would suffer from acute radiation sickness as a result.

直到炸彈爆炸三天後，馬紹爾群島的居民才從島上撤離，許多人是以患上了急性輻射病。

While 23 additional members of a nearby Japanese fishing vessel were also contaminated by the heavy fallout, the initial blast itself even vaporized the entire island where the bomb went off and created a crater 2000 m wide by 76 m deep.

雖然附近一艘日本漁船的另外23名成員也被嚴重的塵埃汙染，但最初的爆炸本身甚至將炸彈爆炸的整個島嶼汽化，並形成了一個寬2000米、深76米的彈坑。

The last nuclear bomb that the United States detonated on the islands was in 1958 and shortly thereafter the world at large began to understand the implications of sustained above ground nuclear testing.

美國最後一次在群島上引爆核彈是在1958年，此後不久，整個世界開始瞭解持續地面核試驗的影響。

That is why, in 1963 a treaty was signed amongst most of the world's nations that banned nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater, which still stands today.

這就是為什麼世界上大多數國家在1963年簽署了一項禁止在大氣層、外層空間和水下進行核武器試驗的條約，該條約至今仍然有效。

However, as far as the Marshall Islands were concerned, the damage had already been done.

然而，就馬紹爾群島而言，損害已經造成。

Nuclear testing came at another long term horrible price because it also left behind an incredible amount of hazardous radioactive waste.

核試驗付出了另一個長期的可怕代價，因為它還留下了數量驚人的危險放射性廢物。

The United States government knew that it had to do something to clean up its mess.

美國政府知道，它必須做點什麼來收拾殘局。

And so in the 19 seventies, they decided to construct a giant tomb to house all of these radioactive debris in, and they built it here on one of the most isolated islands in the whole chain.

所以在1970年代，他們決定建造一個巨大的墓穴 來存放所有這些放射性碎片 他們把它建在這裡，在整個鏈條中最孤立的島嶼之一。

The tomb was built over a big existing crater from a previous nuclear tests and capped off with a massive concrete dome in order to seal the dangerous contents inside forever.

墓穴建在以前的核試驗留下的一個大坑上，並用一個巨大的混凝土圓頂封住，以便永遠封住裡面的危險物品。

The dome itself is 115 m wide and 18 inches thick, and today the tomb contains roughly 3.1 million cubic feet worth of nuclear waste inside roughly the equivalent of 35 full Olympic size swimming pools.

穹頂本身寬115米，厚18英寸，如今墓穴內大約有價值310萬立方英尺的核廢料，大約相當於35個完整的奧運會大小的游泳池。

But it doesn't just contain all the nuclear waste than America generated on the Marshall Islands.

但它不僅包含了所有的核廢料，比美國在馬紹爾群島上產生的。

S government also had the gall to ship over 130 additional tons of radioactive soil and atomic debris left over from the nuclear test sites in Nevada here as well, and tossed all of that into the tomb to join the Marshall Island debris as well.

S政府還膽大包天地把內華達州核試驗場遺留下來的130多噸放射性土壤和原子碎片也運到這裡來，並把這些東西也都扔進墓裡，和馬歇爾島的碎片一起。

The Tomb on Running Island became one of America's largest storage sites for nuclear waste.

奔跑島上的墳墓成為美國最大的核廢料儲存地之一。

And while it's located over 7000 miles away from Washington, D.

而雖然它距離華盛頓特區有7000多英里。

C, it's only located 665 miles away from the Marshall Islands capital city Majuro.

C，它距離馬紹爾群島首都馬朱羅只有665英里。

The construction effort of the tomb itself took three entire years to complete, with the help of 4000 US servicemen.

在4000名美國軍人的幫助下，陵墓本身的建設工作花了整整三年時間才完成。

During that construction, six men died during the cleanup due to acute radiation poisoning, and hundreds of others developed radiation linked cancers from handling the incredibly dangerous waste.

在那次施工中，有6名男子在清理過程中因急性輻射中毒而死亡，另有數百人因處理令人難以置信的危險廢物而患上與輻射有關的癌症。

This includes all sorts of radiated equipment, soil and plutonium laced chunks of concrete and metal.

這包括各種輻射設備、土壤和摻有鈈的混凝土和金屬塊。

One particular isotope of plutonium house inside of the tomb.

墓內有一個特殊的同位素鈈屋。

Plutonium 239 has a half life of 24,100 years, meaning that for the material to even lose half of its radio activity, it will literally take 24,100 years.

鈈239的半衰期為24,100年，這意味著這種材料要想失去一半的放射性活動，實際上需要24,100年。

But what's even worse is that during the construction, the government failed to build a concrete lining underneath the dome and instead just relied upon the existing crater itself.

但更糟糕的是，在建設過程中，政府沒有在穹頂下修建混凝土襯砌，而只是依託現有的火山口本身。

And as a result, seawater has slowly begun seeding into the tomb from the Pacific Ocean that surrounds it, and after it seeps in, it'll leak back out and take radioactive waste with it into the Pacific.

而是以，海水已經開始慢慢地從周圍的太平洋中向墓穴中播撒，滲入後，又會漏出，並將放射性廢物帶入太平洋。

And now the local martial ease are left with a decades old decaying structure and the responsibility of maintaining it all the while worried about the future of what was once pristine waters.

而現在，當地的武安人只剩下一個幾十年前的腐朽建築和維護它的責任，同時也擔心曾經的原始水域的未來。

It's even more alarming, though, when you remember that the world's climate is changing rapidly and that the ocean sea levels are rising and the Marshall Islands in particular, are facing a graver threat from this than most other places are.

不過，當你想起世界氣候正在迅速變化，海洋海平面正在上升，尤其是馬紹爾群島，正面臨著比其他大多數地方更嚴重的威脅，這就更令人震驚了。

In fact, since 1993 the sea levels within the Marshall Islands region have risen by about 0.3 inches per year and based upon forecasted sea levels, this could end up reaching up to four or five additional fee feet.

事實上，自1993年以來，馬紹爾群島地區內的海平面每年上升約0.3英寸，根據預測的海平面，最終可能會達到額外的4到5費英尺。

That's within most of our lifetimes, and this would effectively submerge most of these islands for good as well as the tomb itself, potentially even collapsing the dome and releasing all of that incredible amount of radioactive waste inside.

那是在我們的大部分時間內，這將有效地淹沒這些島嶼的大部分以及墳墓本身，甚至有可能使穹頂坍塌，並釋放出裡面所有的放射性廢物。

And since today, the tomb is already somewhat bobbing up and down with the tides, it could present itself as a complete disaster scenario today.

而今天，墓穴已經隨著潮水有些上下晃動了，所以今天可能會呈現出完全的災難場景。

Already, thousands of dead fish are watching up on the shore on a regular basis due to the terrible radioactive waste that is already leaking out into the surrounding water.

由於可怕的放射性廢物已經洩漏到周圍的水裡，已經有成千上萬的死魚經常在岸上觀望。

The nuclear tomb on Running Island has the potential to become one of the 21st century's greatest nuclear disasters, so you may be asking what's being done about all of this?

奔跑島的核墓有可能成為21世紀最大的核災難之一，那麼你可能會問，這一切都在做什麼？

Well, fortunately, there is actually some progress that can be reported in 2020.

好吧，幸運的是，其實在2020年可以報告一些進展。

For instance, the National Defense Authorization Act, or the U.

例如，《國防授權法》，或美國。

S military each year provided a directive for the Department of Energy, which is the department in charge of the United States nuclear arsenal, to write a report on the status of the rounded dome.

S軍方每年都會向主管美國核武庫的能源部提供一份指令，要求其寫出一份關於圓頂狀態的報告。

In that report, they determined that it's not in any immediate danger of collapse or failure.

在那份報告中，他們確定它沒有任何崩潰或失敗的直接危險。

But it remains to be seen if that will continue to be true over the next several decades, especially as sea levels rise high enough to potentially submerged the dome entirely.

但在未來幾十年內，這種情況是否會繼續存在還有待觀察，尤其是當海平面上升到足以將穹頂完全淹沒的時候。

As far as the Marshall these are concerned, however, much of the Marshall Islands are already uninhabitable now due to the large radioactive hazard in the region.

然而，就馬紹爾群島而言，由於該地區存在著巨大的放射性危害，馬紹爾群島的大部分地區現在已經無法居住。

In fact, many of the recent tests show that some of the islands are still even more radioactive than Chernobyl is.

事實上，最近的許多測試表明，一些島嶼的放射性仍然比切爾諾貝利更強。

Of the 40 or so primary islands in the atoll where run it is located, only three have been confirmed safe for human habitation, which are currently only home to around 650 residents today.

在運行它所在的環礁島的40多個原生島嶼中，只有3個島嶼被確認可以安全地供人居住，目前這些島嶼上只有650名左右的居民。

The unfortunate fact is that the marshal is don't have the capability or the funding to deal with this issue alone and instead are completely reliant upon America's willingness to clean up the mess that they left for good.

不幸的事實是，元帥是沒有能力也沒有資金單獨處理這個問題，而是完全依靠美國的意願來收拾他們留下的爛攤子。

To date, the Nuclear Claims Tribunal, an independent ruling body with the authority to arbitrate legal relations between the United States and the Marshall Islands, has awarded the Islanders $2 billion in damages.

迄今為止，核索賠法庭這個有權仲裁美國與馬紹爾群島之間法律關係的獨立裁決機構已判給島民20億美元的賠償。

However, to date, only four million of that amount has ever actually been paid out.

然而，到目前為止，實際支付的金額只有400萬。

Right now, it remains to be seen whether a more permanent solution to holding in the waste will come about, or if this really will end up becoming the world's next great nuclear disaster in the making.

現在，是否會有一個更持久的解決方案來保留這些廢物，或者這是否真的會成為世界上正在形成的下一個巨大的核災難，還有待觀察。

Whatever the future might hold for the fate of the dome on rugged island, it takes time in order to learn how to solve or overcome any challenge.

無論未來穹頂的命運會如何，嶇，崎島，都需要時間來學習如何解決或克服任何挑戰。

Just over five years ago, now I created real life floor without a single shred of knowledge in animation, editing or even audio recording.

就在五年多前，現在我在沒有一絲一毫動畫、剪輯甚至錄音知識的情況下，創造了真人地板。

I quite literally had no idea what I was doing.

And I've learned over the years, simply through trial and error and continuous learning, if you're looking to get started creating your own videos here on YouTube, whatever the genre, the good news is that just like me, you don't need any prior experience to get started.

多年來，我瞭解到，僅僅是通過試錯和不斷學習，如果你想在YouTube上開始創建自己的視頻，不管是什麼類型，好消息是，就像我一樣，你不需要任何先前的經驗來開始。

I understand that it can be intimidating at first when you don't know how to do a lot.

我明白，當你不知道如何做很多事情的時候，一開始會很害怕。

But thankfully, that's where skill share could help.

但值得慶幸的是，這也是技能共享可以幫助的地方。

My good friend Evan from the channel Polly Matter has an entire class on there called Make animated YouTube videos.

我的好朋友Evan從頻道Polly Matter那裡有一整堂課叫做製作YouTube動畫視頻。

It's only 30 minutes long, and it has 13 complete projects for you to practice with.

它只有30分鐘，而且有13個完整的項目供你練習。

That will give you all of the fundamentals you need in order to get started with your own channel.

這將給你所有的基礎知識，你需要開始與自己的管道。

And if you're not interested in creating your own animated YouTube channel, there's thousands of other classes that you can take on skill share in almost every field and subject you can imagine Want to learn how to create cinema quality videos with tools you already own?

如果你對創建自己的YouTube動畫頻道不感興趣，還有成千上萬的其他課程，你可以在幾乎所有你能想象到的領域和主題中進行技能分享 想學習如何使用你已經擁有的工具創建電影品質的視頻嗎？

Create cinematic videos with your phone by Kayla Babcock and Niles Grey.

Kayla Babcock和Niles Grey用手機制作電影視頻。

Or perhaps you just want to learn how to become more productive with your study or work habits.

或者你只是想學習如何提高學習或工作習慣的效率。

My friend Thomas Frank teaches an entire productivity master class that will teach you how to stay focused and productive while doing just about anything.

我的朋友托馬斯-弗蘭克教授了一整堂生產力大師課，將教你如何在做任何事情時保持專注和高效。

When you become a member of skill share, you can take these classes as well as thousands of others on subjects ranging from writing and Web development to music and graphic design, any of which can help you find a new passion, help you get ahead in school or give you the skills needed for career advancement.

當你成為skill share的會員時，你可以參加這些課程以及其他數千種主題的課程，從寫作和網絡開發到音樂和平面設計，任何一種課程都可以幫助你找到新的激情，幫助你在學校取得進步，或者給你職業發展所需的技能。

It's the absolute perfect activity to learn a new skill early into the new Year.

這絕對是新年初期學習新技能的最佳活動。

For whenever you're stuck at home or have a lot of free time, and with its very difficulty levels, it's still great whether you're a beginner or an expert.

適用於每當你被困在家裡或者有很多空閒時間的時候，而且它的難度非常大，無論你是初學者還是專家，它都還是很不錯的。

And best of all, you can get a completely free trial of skill share premium by being one of the 1st 1000 people who uses the link down in my description.

最重要的是，只要成為使用我描述中鏈接的第1000人中的一員，您就可以獲得完全免費的技能共享高級版試用。

By doing this, you can achieve all of your own personal learning goals and help support my channel at the same time.

通過這樣做，你可以實現你自己所有的個人學習目標，同時幫助支持我的管道。

 So go ahead and check them out and, as always, thank you for watching mhm. 

所以，去看看吧，一如既往，謝謝你的觀看嗯。