The Johnson and Johnson vaccine is now one of three covid vaccines that have officially been granted emergency use authorization by the United States' FDA joining the ranks of Moderna and Pfizer.

目前，強生疫苗已成為美國FDA正式準許緊急使用授權的三種covid疫苗之一，加入了Moderna和輝瑞的行列。

Results of the phase three clinical trials led by Jansen, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, show the vaccine to be 66% effective overall at preventing moderate and severe disease.

強生公司旗下的Jansen公司主導的三期臨床試驗結果顯示，該疫苗對預防中度和重度疾病的總體有效率為66%。

While not as high as Moderna's and fighters 94 95% overall efficacy.

雖然沒有莫德娜和戰士94 95%的整體功效高。

This vaccine was found to be 85% effective against severe disease, regardless of the region or what variant it is exposed to.

經研究發現，這種疫苗對重症疾病的有效率為85%，無論在哪個地區或接觸到什麼變種。

What's more, it requires a single dose to work and doesn't have specialized freezers.

更重要的是，它只需要一劑就能發揮作用，而且沒有專門的冷凍機。

Two attributes which could be massive game changers for expanding access across the globe Because, wow has distributing covid vaccines prove tricky.

這兩個屬性可能是擴大全球訪問的巨大遊戲改變者 因為，哇有分發covid疫苗證明棘手。

Mass vaccination is never easy, but this pandemic has presented some unique challenges.

大規模的疫苗接種從來都不是一件容易的事，但這次的流行病卻帶來了一些獨特的挑戰。

For one, experts have suggested that anywhere between 50 and 85% of the population must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, which is a pretty big range, and it seems to be changing all the time.

首先，專家們提出，必須在50%到85%的人群中接種疫苗才能達到群體免疫力，這是一個相當大的範圍，而且似乎一直在變化。

Then there's the competing pressure of making enough vaccines to go around.

然後是競爭壓力，製造足夠的疫苗。

And that's not even mentioning the amount of sheer effort and energy needed to transport the vaccines from the lab to the public.

這還沒有提到將疫苗從實驗室運送到公眾手中所需要的大量精力和能量。

The International Air Transport Association figured that with a single dose of vaccine given to eight billion people, they would need 7 8040 sevens to transport it around the world.

國際航空運輸協會計算出，給80億人注射一劑疫苗，他們需要7個8040個七號疫苗才能運到世界各地。

But actually all the vaccines, except for Johnson, Johnson or two doses, that means everything from development to distribution to storage can be cut in half.

但其實所有的疫苗，除了強生、強生還是兩劑，也就是說從研發到配送到儲存都可以減半。

A logistical God sent not only that, but the change.

後勤大神不僅送來了，還送來了變化。

A vaccine is more durable than many of its counterparts, particularly those developed by Moderna and Pfizer.

一種疫苗比許多同類疫苗更耐用，特別是莫德納和輝瑞公司開發的疫苗。

Unlike M RNA based vaccines, which are incredibly fragile and require cold storage to protect from damage the change a vaccine doesn't require the same ultra cold storage to stay intact.

與基於M RNA的疫苗不同，它是非常脆弱的，需要冷藏以保護不受損傷的變化疫苗不需要同樣的超低溫儲存以保持完整。

In fact, it can keep in a regular refrigerator for up to three months.

事實上，它在普通冰箱裡可以保存三個月之久。

So how exactly did J and J bring this all together?

那麼，J和J到底是如何把這一切結合起來的呢？

Well, it all has to do with how it's vaccine is formulated.

嗯，這一切都與它的疫苗的配方有關。

Similar to the University of Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine and China's Cancino vaccine, it uses a modified adenovirus as its vector specifically, add 26 that adenovirus is going to induce certain kinds of protective responses that will allow this little piece of covid that we stuck into it to have a much greater effect.

類似於牛津大學的阿斯利康疫苗和中國的Cancino疫苗，它專門使用了一種改良的腺病毒作為載體，補充26，腺病毒是會誘發某種保護性反應，會讓我們插進去的這一小塊covid的作用更大。

Once the little piece of covid is inside the cell's nucleus, it's gene for creating a spike.

一旦小塊的covid進入細胞核內，它的基因就會產生一個尖峰。

Protein is added to the DNA of ad 26 DNA.

蛋白質被添加到廣告26 DNA的DNA上。

Double helix structure is more robust than single stranded RNA.

雙螺旋結構比單鏈RNA更穩固。

The cell can then read those instructions to make copies of the virus is spike protein.

然後，細胞可以讀取這些指令，使病毒的副本是穗蛋白。

These copies trigger the body's immune response, helping it to become familiar with the virus and develop a plan of attack.

這些拷貝會觸發人體的免疫反應，幫助人體熟悉病毒並制定攻擊計劃。

Should the to ever meet again.

應的到再次見面。

Adina viruses are usually harmless to healthy people.

阿迪納病毒通常對健康人無害。

Aside from maybe causing a running notes and therefore low risk vectors for delivering DNA into our body's cells, you can grow adenovirus two very, very high levels in manufacturing, and that allows you to make a lot of vaccine very cheaply and at high quality.

除了可以或許造成流水賬，是以低風險的載體，將DNA輸送到我們身體的細胞中，你可以在製造中生長出腺病毒兩個非常非常高的水準，這讓你可以非常便宜地製造出大量的疫苗，而且品質很高。

It has the advantage of being scalable.

它的優點是可擴展。

You can very rapidly expand and make hundreds of millions of doses very quickly, but there's a catch or two.

你可以非常迅速地擴張，非常迅速地做出上億的劑量，但是有一兩個問題。

Our bodies can develop immunity to a dino viral vectors, just like they would to most real viral infections.

我們的身體可以對恐龍病毒載體產生免疫力，就像他們對大多數真實的病毒感染一樣。

This means that unlike other vaccines, which rely on additional shots to boost immunity, a second dose of the J and J vaccine could cause the body to start attacking the vaccine itself.

這意味著，與其他疫苗依靠額外注射來提高免疫力不同，第二次注射J和J疫苗可能會導致身體開始攻擊疫苗本身。

Booster shots can be incredibly useful for providing further protection after initial vaccination, since the body can lose its ability to fight off the disease over time.

在初次接種疫苗後，由於身體會隨著時間的推移而失去抵抗疾病的能力，是以加強注射對於提供進一步的保護是非常有用的。

They also hold the potential to bring covid mutations under control by priming the body system to look out for new viral variants.

它們也有可能通過激發身體系統尋找新的病毒變異來控制covid突變。

J and J is currently running a trial with 30,000 volunteers to see how the body might react to a second shot and if it works, to raise their immunity, results aren't expected to be released until the year's end.

目前，J和J正在與3萬名志願者進行試驗，看看身體對第二針的反應，如果有效，提高他們的免疫力，結果預計要到年底才會公佈。

The body's immunity to Adina viruses may also cause a wrinkle for the vaccine's efficacy.

人體對阿迪那病毒的免疫力也可能為疫苗的療效帶來皺紋。

While most people in the U.

雖然大多數人在美國。

S and Europe haven't been exposed to add 26 therefore don't have neutralizing antibodies, research has found that people living in places like Thailand, Brazil and sub Saharan Africa have higher rates of pre existing immunity Which brings us to the results from J and J's Phase three trial.

S和歐洲沒有接觸過添加26是以沒有中和抗體，研究發現，生活在泰國、巴西和撒哈拉以南非洲等地的人有更高的前期免疫率這給我們帶來了J和J的三期試驗結果。

Overall, the vaccine is pretty effective at preventing moderate and severe illness about 66% in the U.

總的來說，疫苗對預防中度和重度疾病相當有效，在美國約66%。

S.

S.

It's even higher.

甚至更高。

But in Latin America and South Africa, the vaccine didn't perform as well.

但在拉丁美洲和南非，疫苗的表現並不理想。

Still, the J and J vaccine remains 85% effective at preventing severe disease and 100% effective at preventing hospitalizations and death.

不過，J、J疫苗對預防重症疾病的有效率仍有85%，對預防住院和死亡的有效率為100%。

Encouraged by this data, South Africa became the first country to administer the Change A vaccine in February 2021 in late February, the U.

在這一數據的鼓勵下，南非在2021年2月下旬成為第一個接種變A疫苗的國家，美國。

S.

S.

Food and Drug Administration approved it for emergency use.

食品和藥物管理局準許其用於應急用途。

In light of this decision, Johnson and Johnson has announced plans to deliver 100 million doses to the U.

鑑於這一決定，強生公司已宣佈計劃向美國提供1億劑。

S.

S.

During the first half of 2021 and up to a billion by the end of the year, which means that we could get a billion people protected.

在2021年上半年，到年底可達10億，也就是說我們可以讓10億人得到保護。

With this vaccine alone, distribution is expected to start immediately.

僅憑這種疫苗，預計將立即開始分發。

Want to learn more about this pandemic and how science is working To tackle it, check out our covid playlist here, make sure to subscribe to secret for all your covid coverage and, as always, thanks so much for watching.

想要了解更多關於這種流行病以及科學如何解決它的問題，請在這裡查看我們的covid播放列表，請務必訂閱祕密的所有covid覆蓋範圍，並且，一如既往地，非常感謝您的觀看。

Stay safe.

注意安全

We'll see you next time on seeker.

我們下次再見吧。