it's really dangerous to talk about right and wrong.

談論對與錯真的很危險。

You can be targeted, judged for something you said 10 years ago, 10 months ago,

你可以因為10年前、10個月前說過的話而被針對、被評判。

10 hours ago, 10 seconds ago.

10小時前，10秒前。

And that means that those who think you're wrong

這意味著那些認為你錯了的人... ...

may burn you at the stake

焚身之禍

or those who are on your side

或者站在你這邊的人

that think you're not sufficiently orthodox

嫌你不夠正統

may try and cancel you.

可能會試圖取消你。

As you're thinking about right and wrong, I want you to consider three ideas.

當你在思考對與錯的時候，我希望你能考慮三個想法。

What if right and wrong is something that changes over time.

如果是非是隨著時間的推移而變化的東西呢。

What if right and wrong is something that can change because of technology.

如果是非是可以因為技術而改變的東西呢。

What if technology is moving exponentially?

如果技術的發展是指數級的呢？

So as you're thinking about this concept,

所以當你在思考這個概念的時候。

remember human sacrifice used to be normal and natural.

記得人類的犧牲曾經是正常的，自然的。

It was a way of appeasing the gods.

這是一種討好神靈的方式。

Otherwise the rain wouldn't come,

否則雨就不會來了。

the sun wouldn't shine.

陽光不會照耀。

Public executions.

公開處決。

They were common, normal, legal.

他們是普通的、正常的、合法的。

You used to take your kids to watch beheadings in the streets of Paris.

你曾經帶著你的孩子去巴黎街頭看砍頭。

One of the greatest wrongs, slavery,

最大的錯誤之一，奴隸制。

indentured servitude,

契約奴役；

that was something that was practiced for millennia.

那是幾千年來一直在實行的事情。

It was practiced across the Incas, the Mayas, the Chinese,

它在印加人、瑪雅人、中國人中都有實行。

the Indians in North and South America.

南北美洲的印第安人。

And as you're thinking about this,

而當你在思考這個問題的時候。

one question is why did something so wrong last for so long?

有一個問題是，為什麼如此錯誤的事情會持續這麼久？

And a second question is: why did it go away?

而第二個問題是：為什麼會消失？

And why did it go away in a few short decades in legal terms?

而在法律上，為什麼短短几十年就消失了呢？

Certainly there was a work

當然，有一個工作

by extraordinary abolitionists who risked their lives,

冒著生命危險的非凡的廢奴主義者。

but there may be something else happening alongside these brave abolitionists.

但在這些勇敢的廢奴主義者身邊可能還發生了別的事情。

Consider energy and the industrial revolution.

考慮能源和工業革命。

A single barrel of oil contains the energy equivalent

一桶石油所含的能量相當於

of the work of five to 10 people.

5至10人的工作的。

Add that to machines,

加到機器上。

and suddenly you've got millions of people's equivalent labor

忽然間你就有了幾百萬人的等價勞動。

at your disposal.

在你的支配下。

You can quit oppressing people and have a doubling in lifespan

你可以不壓迫別人，讓自己的壽命增加一倍。

after a flattened lifespan for millennia.

經過千百年的扁平化壽命。

The world economy, which had been flat for millennia,

世界經濟，已經平淡了幾千年。

all of a sudden explodes.

突然爆發。

And you get enormous amounts of wealth and food and other things

你會得到大量的財富和食物和其他東西。

produced by far fewer hands.

由少得多的人手生產。

Technology changes the way we interact with each other in fundamental ways.

技術從根本上改變了我們彼此之間的互動方式。

New technologies like the machine gun

機槍等新技術

completely changed the nature of warfare in World War I.

徹底改變了第一次世界大戰的戰爭性質。

It drove people into trenches.

它把人們趕進了戰壕。

You were in the British trench, or you were in the German trench.

你在英國戰壕裡，或者你在德國戰壕裡。

Anything in between was no man's land.

中間的任何東西都是無人之境。

You entered no man's land.

你進入了無人之境。

You were shot. You were killed.

你被槍殺了你被殺了

You tried to leave the trench in the other direction.

你想從另一個方向離開壕溝。

Then your own side would shoot you

那你自己就會向你開槍

because you were a deserter.

因為你是個逃兵。

In a weird way, today's machine guns are narrowcast social media.

以一種奇怪的方式，如今的機槍是窄播社交媒體。

We're shooting at each other.

我們在互相射擊。

We're shooting at those we think are wrong

我們要向那些我們認為錯誤的人開槍。

with posts, with tweets, with photographs, with accusations, with comments.

有帖子，有微博，有照片，有指責，有評論。

And what it's done is it's created these two trenches

而它所做的是它創造了這兩個壕溝。

where you have to be either in this trench or that trench.

在那裡，你必須在這個壕溝或那個壕溝。

And there's almost no middle ground to meet each other,

而且幾乎沒有任何中間環節可以滿足對方。

to try and find some sort of a discussion between right and wrong.

試圖找到某種討論是非的方式。

As you drive around the United States, you see signs on lawns.

當你在美國開車時，你會看到草坪上的標誌。

Some say, "Black Lives Matter."

有人說，"黑人生命重要"。

Others say, "We support the police."

還有人說："我們支持警察。"

You very rarely see both signs on the same lawn.

你很少在同一片草坪上看到這兩種標誌。

And yet if you ask people,

然而如果你問人家。

most people would probably support Black Lives Matter

大多數人可能會支持黑人生命至上的原則

and they would also support their police.

他們也會支持他們的警察。

So as you think of these polarized times,

所以當你想到這個兩極分化的時代。

as you think of right and wrong,

如同你認為的是非。

you have to understand that right and wrong changes

你要明白，是非的變化

and is now changing in exponential ways.

並且現在正以指數級的方式變化。

Take the issue of gay marriage.

就拿同志婚姻問題來說吧。

In 1996, two-thirds of the US population was against gay marriage.

1996年，美國有三分之二的人反對同志婚姻。

Today two-thirds is for.

今天，三分之二是為了。

It's almost 180-degree shift in the opinion.

這幾乎是180度的輿論轉變。

In part, this is because of protests,

部分原因是抗議。

because people came out of the closet,

因為人們走出櫃子。

because of AIDS,

因為艾滋病。

but a great deal of it has to do with social media.

但很大程度上與社交媒體有關。

A great deal of it has to do with people out in our homes,

很大程度上與我們家裡的人外出有關。

in our living rooms, through television, through film, through posts,

在我們的客廳裡，通過電視，通過電影，通過帖子。

through people being comfortable enough,

通過人們足夠舒適。

our friends, our neighbors, our family,

我們的朋友，我們的鄰居，我們的家人。

to say, "I'm gay."

說："我是同志。"

And this has shifted opinion

而這也讓輿論發生了變化

even in some of the most conservative of places.

甚至在一些最保守的地方。

Take the Pope.

就拿教皇來說吧。

As Cardinal in 2010,

2010年擔任紅衣主教。

he was completely against gay marriage.

他完全反對同志婚姻。

He becomes Pope.

他成為教皇。

And three years after the last sentence

而在最後一句話之後的三年

he comes out with "Who am I to judge?"

他說："我有什麼資格判斷？"

And then today, he's in favor of civil unions.

而今天，他又贊成民事結合。

As you're thinking about technology changing ethics,

當你在思考技術改變倫理的時候。

you also have to consider that technology is now moving exponentially.

你也要考慮到現在的科技發展是指數級的。

As right and wrong changes,

隨著是非的變化。

if you take the position, "I know right.

如果你採取的立場是："我知道對。

And if you completely disagree with me, if you partially disagree with me,

如果你完全不同意我的觀點，如果你部分不同意我的觀點。

if you even quibble with me, then you're wrong,"

如果你連我都質疑，那你就錯了，"

then there's no discussion,

那就沒得商量了。

no tolerance, no evolution, and certainly no learning.

沒有寬容，沒有進化，當然也沒有學習。

Most of us are not vegetarians yet.

我們大多數人還不是素食主義者。

Then again, we haven't had

不過話說回來，我們還沒有

a whole lot of faster, better, cheaper alternatives to meat.

一大堆更快、更好、更便宜的肉類替代品。

But now that we're getting synthetic meats,

但現在我們得到了合成肉。

as the price drops from 380,000 dollars in 2013

由於價格從2013年的38萬降到了38萬。

to 9 dollars today,

到今天的9美元。

a great big chunk of people

一大堆人

are going to start becoming vegetarian or quasi-vegetarian.

要開始成為素食者或準素食者。

And then in retrospect, these pictures

然後回想起來，這些照片

of walking into the fanciest, most expensive restaurants in town

走進城裡最豪華、最昂貴的餐廳的感覺

and walking past racks of bloody steaks

走過一排排血淋淋的牛排

is going to look very different in 10 years, in 20 years and 30 years.

10年後、20年後和30年後的樣子會大不相同。

In these polarized times,

在這個兩極分化的時代。

I'd like to revive two words you rarely hear today:

我想重提兩個今天很少聽到的詞。

humility and forgiveness.

謙虛和寬恕。

When you judge the past, your ancestors, your forefathers,

當你判斷過去，你的祖先，你的先人。

do so with a little bit more humility,

謙虛一點。

because perhaps if you'd been educated in that time,

因為如果你在那個時候接受過教育，也許。

if you'd lived in that time,

如果你生活在那個時候。

you would've done a lot of things wrong.

你會做了很多事情的錯誤。

Not because they're right.

不是因為他們是對的。

Not because we don't see they're wrong today,

不是因為我們今天沒看到他們錯了。

but simply because our notions,

但只是因為我們的觀念。

our understanding of right and wrong change across time.

我們對是非的理解會隨著時間的推移而改變。

The second word, forgiveness.

第二個詞，寬恕。

Forgiveness is incredibly important these days.

現在，寬恕是非常重要的。

You cannot cancel somebody for saying the wrong word,

你不能因為說錯一個字就取消某人的資格。

for having done something 10 years ago,

因為10年前做了一件事。

for having triggered you and not being a hundred percent right.

因為觸發了你，而不是百分之百的正確。

To build a community, you have to build it and talk to people

要想建立一個社區，就必須建立社區，並與人交談。

and learn from people

博採眾長

who may have very different points of view from yours.

誰可能有非常不同的觀點與你。

You have to allow them a space

你要給他們一個空間

instead of creating a no man's land.

而不是創造一個無人區。

A middle ground, a ??? and a space of empathy.

一箇中間地帶，一個?"? "和一個共鳴的空間。

This is a time to build community.

這是一個建立社區的時代。

This is not a time to continue ripping nations apart.

現在不是繼續撕裂國家的時候。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝你。