A world heavyweight championship.

一個世界重量級的冠軍。

Fought in Sydney, Australia, between American boxer Jack Johnson and defending champion,

在澳洲雪梨，美國拳擊手傑克-約翰遜和衛冕冠軍之間的比賽。

Canadian boxer Tommy Burns.

加拿大拳擊手湯米-伯恩斯。

Johnson won.

約翰遜贏了。

The fight wasn't even close.

鬥得不相上下。

And the film displayed signature traits of Johnson's:

而影片中展現了約翰遜的標誌性特徵。

his habit of taunting his opponents,

他習慣於嘲弄他的對手。

and flashing his famous “golden smile” while he fought.

並在戰鬥中閃現出他著名的 "金色微笑"。

The reel ends moments before police stepped into the ring and put a stop to it, preventing

卷軸結束前的瞬間，警察介入了這個圈子，並制止了它，防止了。

Johnson from knocking Burns out.

約翰遜從擊倒伯恩斯。

This is the night Jack Johnson became the first Black heavyweight champion of the world.

這是傑克-約翰遜成為世界上第一個黑人重量級冠軍的夜晚。

In front of 20,000 mostly-white spectators.

在2萬名大部分是白人的觀眾面前。

And, more importantly, motion picture cameras.

而且，更重要的是，動態影像攝影機。

Copies of the fight film spread throughout Australia within days.

幾天內，打鬥片的拷貝就傳遍了整個澳洲。

Replaying Johnson's effortless victory over and over at screening events attended by paying

在由付費觀眾參加的放映活動中，一遍又一遍地重播約翰遜毫不費力的勝利。

crowds.

人群。

Pretty soon, that film was seen worldwide.

很快，那部電影就被全世界的人看到了。

And from the moment Jack Johnson's reign as world heavyweight champion began,

而從傑克-約翰遜蟬聯世界重量級拳王的那一刻開始。

a target was on his back.

靶子在他的背上。

Commercial motion pictures and professional boxing both came to prominence around the turn

商業電影和職業拳擊都是在轉折期才開始嶄露頭角的。

of the 20th century.

20世紀的。

Boxing's format, short rounds fought in a stationary ring,

拳擊的形式，在固定的擂臺上進行短回合的比賽。

lent itself well to early film, with its clunky cameras and relatively short film reels.

笨重的攝影機和相對較短的膠片卷軸很適合早期的電影。

Film companies would travel around the country, projecting reels of prizefights in packed

電影公司會在全國各地巡迴演出，在人滿為患的地方放映拳擊比賽的錄像帶。

theaters and opera houses.

劇院和歌劇院；

Champions were celebrated as heroes.

冠軍被譽為英雄。

And that's because boxing, going back centuries, has been wrapped up in themes of identity

這是因為拳擊運動，可以追溯到幾個世紀前，一直被身份認同的主題所包裹著

and pride.

和自豪感。

Boxers symbolized their communities.

義和團象徵著他們的社區。

Not just their national communities, but also their race.

不僅是他們的民族社區，還有他們的種族。

Theresa Runstedtler teaches history at American University.

Theresa Runstedtler在美國大學教授歷史。

And specializes in the intersection of race and sport.

並專門研究種族和體育的交集。

They imagined that boxers in the ring, particularly for interracial fights,

他們想象著，拳擊手在擂臺上，尤其是跨種族的比賽。

that they were almost engaged in this kind of… Darwinian struggle.

他們幾乎是在從事這種... 達爾文式的鬥爭。

Fights between white men and Black men, they became a kind of metaphor for race relations.

白人和黑人之間的爭鬥，成了種族關係的一種隱喻。

So in other words, if a white man won, it would reinforce ideas of white supremacy.

所以換句話說，如果一個白人贏了，就會強化白人至上的觀念。

But if a Black man won, then it would upend ideas of white supremacy.

但如果一個黑人贏了，那麼就會顛覆白人至上的觀念。

As professional boxing, or “prizefighting”, became more popular around the turn of the

隨著職業拳擊，或者說 "拳擊比賽"，在20世紀初變得更加流行。

century, fights pitting Black boxers against white boxers were organized at all levels.

世紀，各級組織了黑人拳擊手與白人拳擊手的比賽。

Except for the highest honor in the sport:

除了這項運動中的最高榮譽。

the heavyweight championship.

重量級的冠軍。

There had been a kind of unwritten rule that white heavyweight fighters were not to fight

有一種不成文的規定，就是白人重量級拳手不可以打比賽

Black fighters in title fights.

黑人拳手在冠軍爭奪戰中。

This de facto line of segregation was called the “color line.”

這條事實上的隔離線被稱為 "色線"。

And so Jack Johnson, being the best Black fighter at the time, struggled to find white

於是傑克-約翰遜作為當時最好的黑人拳手，努力尋找白人的蹤跡

opponents.

對手。

Johnson, who by 1908 had already defended his separate title of World Colored Heavyweight

約翰遜，他在1908年已經衛冕了他單獨的世界彩色重量級頭銜。

Champion 17 times, was repeatedly denied a shot at the most prestigious title in the

冠軍17次，卻屢屢被剝奪了在最負盛名的冠軍頭銜上的機會。

world.

岍。

Until defending champion Tommy Burns accepted his challenge in 1908.

直到1908年衛冕冠軍湯米-伯恩斯接受他的挑戰。

And you already know how that turned out.

你已經知道結果如何了。

Burns's defeat at the hands of a Black American fighter disrupted that narrative of white

伯恩斯在美國黑人戰士手中的失敗 打亂了這種白人的說法

supremacy.

至高無上的地位。

You can see this happening in how newspapers framed the fight.

你可以從報紙如何構思這場鬥爭中看到這種情況。

Reporting on Johnson was heavily skewed to appeal to white readers.

對約翰遜的報道嚴重傾斜，以吸引白人讀者。

And overwhelmingly drew attention to his race, sometimes before using his name.

並絕大部分引起了人們對他種族的關注，有時在使用他的名字之前。

Jack Johnson, holding on to the heavyweight crown was just not acceptable in an era of

傑克-約翰遜，堅持重量級的王冠是不能接受的，在一個時代的。

of white imperialism, Jim Crow and global white supremacy.

白人帝國主義、吉姆-克勞和全球白人至上主義。

The search for a white heavyweight to take the title back from Johnson began the night

從約翰遜手中奪回冠軍頭銜的白人重量級選手的尋找從當晚就開始了

he won it.

他贏得了它。

Former heavyweights claimed they would come out of retirement to fight him, and that “a

昔日的重量級人物聲稱要退役後與他一決高下，並稱 "一。

white man must hold the title.”

白人必須擁有這個稱號。"

The most popular choice among promoters and white boxing fans was James Jeffries.

在推廣人和白人拳迷中，最受歡迎的選擇是詹姆斯-傑弗里斯。

A former heavyweight champion who had retired undefeated in 1905.

前重量級冠軍，曾在1905年不敗退役。

And was named “the only hope of the white race.”

並被評為 "白種人的唯一希望"。

Johnson, for his part, was ready to defend his title against anyone, the retired Jeffries

約翰遜則做好了與任何人衛冕的準備，退役後的傑弗里斯

included.

包括：

Jeffries was out of shape, and hadn't stepped into the ring in over four years.

傑弗里斯已經不在狀態了，已經有四年多沒上過擂臺了。

They had him believing that if he just trained a little bit and got back in shape, that he

他們讓他相信，只要他稍加訓練，恢復體型，他就能... ...

could win.

可以贏。

And get the heavyweight crown back for the white race.

併為白種人奪回重量級皇冠。

The pressure, and the promise of big money, worked.

壓力，以及大筆資金的承諾，起了作用。

Johnson and Jeffries signed a deal, setting a date for the following year.

約翰遜和傑弗里斯簽訂了協議，確定了下一年的日期。

White press coverage leading up to the fight depicted racist cartoons of an over-confident

白人媒體對這場鬥爭的報道描繪了一個過度自信的種族主義漫畫。

Johnson.

約翰遜。

And predicted his downfall at the hands of Jeffries.

並預言了他在傑弗里斯手中的下場。

This fight, hyped as the “battle of the century,” was to be a contest of racial

這場被炒作成 "世紀之戰 "的戰鬥，將是一場種族的較量。

supremacy.

至高無上的地位。

And, of course, it would all be on camera.

當然，這一切都會被拍下來。

The fight was set for July 4th, 1910, in Reno Nevada.

比賽定在1910年7月4日，在內華達州的裡諾。

And a massive stadium was constructed.

並建造了一個巨大的體育場。

Outfitted with nine motion picture cameras positioned around the ring.

配備了9臺攝影機，放置在擂臺周圍。

To document and then commercially distribute the event.

記錄，然後進行商業化傳播。

On July 4th, Independence Day, over 20,000 spectators crowded inside.

7月4日，獨立日，兩萬多名觀眾擠在裡面。

They imagined that this would be the ultimate way to celebrate.

他們想象著，這將是慶祝的終極方式。

To watch Jim Jeffries, their great white hope, beat the crap out of this uppity, unruly African-American

看著吉姆-傑弗里斯，他們偉大的白人希望，把這個桀驁不馴的非洲裔美國人打得屁滾尿流。

who didn't know his place.

誰不知道自己的位置。

Crowds gathered outside in cities all across the US too.

美國各地的城市也都有人群聚集在外面。

And packed into theaters, separated by race, because of segregation laws in the US,

而且因為美國的種族隔離法，擠在影院裡，按種族分開。

to listen to instantaneous telegram updates of every round.

以收聽每輪的即時電報更新。

Waiting to find out if Jack Johnson,

等著看傑克-約翰遜是否。

who, 9 months earlier, knocked out challenger Stanley Ketchel so hard,

誰，9個月前，擊倒挑戰者斯坦利-凱切爾如此艱難。

he fell down himself from the momentum.

他自己也因為這股勢頭而倒下了。

Would lose his heavyweight title to Jim Jeffries.

會把他的重量級頭銜輸給吉姆-傑弗里斯。

But of course, that didn't happen.

但當然，這並沒有發生。

In the 15th round, Johnson knocked Jeffries down for the first time in Jeffries' career.

第15回合，約翰遜將傑弗里斯擊倒，這也是傑弗里斯職業生涯中的第一次。

Waited for him to get up.

等他起來。

And when he tried, sent him through the ropes.

當他嘗試的時候，把他送進了繩索。

Jeffries' corner helped him to his feet and entered the ring, which technically should

傑弗里斯的角落裡扶著他站了起來，進入了擂臺，嚴格來說應該是

have ended the fight.

已經結束了戰鬥。

And let the former champ get punched in the face and thrown to the mat one more time

再讓前冠軍被打臉，再把他扔到墊子上。

before stepping in to call it.

才出面叫。

Johnson was once again the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world.

約翰遜再次成為無可爭議的重量級世界冠軍。

And the nation erupted.

全國人民都爆發了。

Violence broke out in American cities, where anxious crowds had been awaiting news of the

美國城市爆發了暴力事件，焦急的人群一直在等待消息。

fight.

鬥。

And they called them race riots, but essentially it was white mob violence against African-Americans.

他們稱之為種族暴亂，但本質上是白人暴徒對非裔美國人的暴力。

It became this kind of attempt to put African-Americans back in their place.

就成了這種試圖把非裔美國人放回原位。

At least 19 people died the night of July 4th in the violence following the fight, with

7月4日晚，至少有19人在打鬥後的暴力事件中死亡，其中有

hundreds more injured.

還有數百人受傷。

Fear of further unrest led to an immediate attempt to ban the much-hyped Johnson-Jeffries

由於擔心進一步的動盪，立即試圖禁止備受關注的約翰遜-傑弗里斯。

fight film.

鬥片。

Black press outlets pointed out the hypocrisy of this ban.

黑人媒體指出了這一禁令的虛偽性。

Like the Afro-American Ledger, which printed:

就像《非裔美國人報》一樣，它印。

“It was a race question from the start to the finish, for which the negro was not and

"這是一個從頭到尾的種族問題，對於這個問題，黑人並沒有和

is not responsible. The results, riots, deaths and injuries lie at the door of the white

是不負責任的。結果，騷亂，死傷，都在白衣人的門下。

man and his prejudices”

人和他的偏見"

The Professional World noted that: “A real fight was advertised and a real

職業世界》指出，。"一場真正的比賽被宣傳了出來，一場真正的

fight was had. What more or less could have been expected?”

鬥了起來。還能有什麼更多更少的期待？"

Police were instructed to break up screening events.

警方奉命破除放映活動。

White authorities were worried about the symbolic implications of the Jack Johnson victory being

白人當局擔心傑克-約翰遜的勝利的象徵意義是：

replayed.

重播。

They worried that any demonstration of Black victory and any demonstration of white weakness

他們擔心任何黑人勝利的表現和任何白人軟弱的表現。

or defeat, would undercut the narratives of white supremacy.

或失敗，將削弱白人至上主義的說法。

Not just in the United States, but in colonies like South Africa, also India, the Philippines.

不僅僅是在美國，在南非等殖民地，還有印度、菲律賓。

But the hype that surrounded the fight meant there was no way to completely suppress it.

但圍繞著這場比賽的炒作，意味著沒有辦法完全壓制它。

So it became this kind of Pandora's box and they tried to shut it.

所以它就成了這種潘多拉的盒子，他們試圖關閉它。

But any time you make something illegal, you just push it underground.

但任何時候，你把一些非法的東西，你只是把它推向地下。

So they criminalized it, but. They couldn't ultimately get rid of it.

所以他們把它定為犯罪，但是。他們最終無法擺脫它。

Congress banned the distribution of all prizefight films of prize fights in 1912,

國會在1912年禁止發行所有獎賽的獎賽影片。

citing the “race feeling stirred up by the exhibition of the Jeffries-Johnson moving

以 "Jeffries-Johnson動人的展覽所激起的種族感情 "為由。

pictures.”

圖片。"

But by that point, the film was notorious worldwide.

但到了那個時候，這部電影在世界範圍內已經聲名狼藉。

It was the most talked-about motion picture of its time,

這是當時最受關注的電影。

and screenings drew crowds for years following the event.

並在活動結束後的數年內放映吸引了眾多觀眾。

Jack Johnson lost the heavyweight title in 1915, after successfully defending it 8 times.

1915年，傑克-約翰遜8次成功衛冕後，失去了重量級拳王稱號。

His legacy of crossing the color line and becoming the first Black heavyweight champion

他的遺產是跨越膚色線，成為第一個黑人重量級冠軍。

inspired generations after him.

激勵了他之後的幾代人。

This is a picture of one his greatest fans in 1968,

這是他1968年最偉大的粉絲之一的照片。

outside of a theater producing a play called “The Great White Hope,” which was loosely

一家劇院外，正在上演一出名為 "偉大的白色希望 "的劇目，該劇大致上是

based on Johnson's life.

根據約翰遜的生平。

A legendary heavyweight champion who named Johnson as a major inspiration:

一個傳奇的重量級冠軍，他把約翰遜作為主要的靈感來源。

Muhammad Ali.

穆罕默德-阿里