was the graveyard of the Atlantic.

是大西洋的墳場。

It had fast currents, sandbars that shifted, and shoals, hidden ridges that wrecked ships,

它有湍急的水流，搖搖欲墜的沙洲，還有灘塗，隱蔽的山脊，使船隻失事。

but this narrow passage was crucial for tons of traffic from Europe.

但這條狹窄的通道對於來自歐洲的成噸交通來說至關重要。

The result was wreck, after wreck, after wreck, after wreck.

結果是失事，失事，失事，再失事。

The lighthouse was intended to guide ships away from land. It didn't, and a lot of lighthouses

燈塔是為了引導船隻遠離陸地。但事實並非如此，很多燈塔都是如此

around the world had the same problem. The problem at Barnegat was the light inside that

世界各地都有同樣的問題。在巴內加的問題是裡面的光。

lighthouse. It just wasn't strong enough, and the solution was an invention that fixed

燈塔。它只是不夠堅固，解決方案是一個發明，固定了

lighthouses from France to Florida, an international upgrade that's still in use today and is used

從法國到佛羅里達州的燈塔，這一國際升級版至今仍在使用，並被用於

in things like this. The lighthouse wasn't enough to save ships.

在這樣的事情上。燈塔不足以拯救船隻。

They needed the right lens. "I volunteered at the St. Augustine Lighthouse

他們需要正確的鏡頭。"我在聖奧古斯丁燈塔做志願者

here in Florida. It was in 1992, so it was a while back. And I saw the different lens

這裡在佛羅里達州。那是在1992年，所以那是很久以前的事了。我看到了不同的鏡頭

and it was just beautiful, and I stood inside of this, surrounded by all these glass prisms,

它只是美麗的， 我站在裡面的這一點， 周圍的所有這些玻璃稜鏡。

and I was just intrigued by it and I wanted to know how it worked. My name is Dan Spinella

我只是對它很感興趣 我想知道它是如何工作的。我叫Dan Spinella

with Artworks Florida Classic Fresnel Lens, and I'm a lens preservationist and designer.

與藝術作品佛羅里達經典菲涅爾鏡頭，我是一個鏡頭保存者和設計師。

I build historic reproductions of classic Fresnel lenses and also build the prisms and

我製作經典菲涅爾透鏡的歷史性複製品，同時也製作稜鏡及

lenses to help restore the original classic Fresnel lenses."

鏡片，以幫助還原原汁原味的經典菲涅爾鏡片。"

This is a Fresnel lens, the breakthrough that made lighthouses work like lighthouses should

這是菲涅爾透鏡，它的突破使燈塔發揮了應有的作用。

work.

工作。

Light from a lamp is diffuse, too weak for a ship to see it from far away. A Fresnel

燈的光線是漫射的，太弱了，船在很遠的地方都看不清。菲涅爾

lens fixes that. It takes that light and, using prisms, redirects and magnifies it in

鏡頭可以解決這個問題。它把這些光，利用稜鏡，將其重新定向和放大，使其成為一種新的光。

one unified direction. See how this light in this light both go the same way? A candle

一個統一的方向。你看這光中的這光都是怎麼走的？一支蠟燭

becomes a spotlight. This is a Fresnel lighthouse with bullseye panels in the middle, and those

變成了一盞聚光燈。這是一座菲涅爾燈塔，中間有牛眼板，而那些... ...

look like lights a lot of people use in lighthouses everywhere.

看起來就像各地燈塔裡很多人用的燈。

"You know, I have a light Fresnel that I attached to my my little spot light up here. It should

"你知道，我有一個光菲涅爾，我把它連接到我的小聚光燈上。它應該

be pretty much the same thing, right?"

是差不多的事情吧？"

"Yes, it is. It is identical in design. And that's what's amazing about it, is something

"是的，它是。它在設計上是一模一樣的。而這正是它的神奇之處，是一些

that was designed in 1819 is still being used today."

1819年設計的，至今仍在使用。"

It normally attaches to a light to make a spotlight, but it is a Fresnel. When I light

一般來說，它是連接在燈上做聚光燈的，但它是一個菲涅爾。當我點亮

a candle, it takes that light and focuses it into a spotlight. And so the light gets

一支蠟燭，它需要的光 並把它集中到一個聚光燈。是以，光得到

more intense, the brighter I make it or, in this case, the closer I hold it to the center

越強烈，我就把它弄得越亮，或者，在這種情況下，我把它拿得越靠近中心。

of the lens. The same thing happens when I use my phone. The Fresnel captures all of

的鏡頭。當我使用手機時，也會發生同樣的事情。菲涅爾捕捉到了所有的

that light and focuses and magnifies it. These lenses weren't just an improvement. They created

並將其聚焦和放大。這些鏡頭不僅僅是一種改進他們創造了

a whole system that saved lives.

拯救生命的整個系統。

Augustin-Jean Fresnel, an engineer and physicist, was part of a French lighthouse commission

奧古斯丁-讓-菲涅爾是一位工程師和物理學家，他曾是法國燈塔委員會的一員。

to improve lighthouses. Developed through the 1820s, Fresnel's lens proved better than

以改善燈塔。經過19世紀20年代的發展，菲涅爾的透鏡被證明優於

existing lights, including the ones at Barnegat.

現有的燈光，包括巴內加特的燈光。

"Tens of thousands of wrecks are scattered throughout the mooring and shoals and up and

"數以萬計的沉船散落在泊位和灘塗上和上

down that area of New Jersey. There were a lot of flaws with the lighthouse there, Lewis

在新澤西州的那個地區那裡的燈塔有很多缺陷，劉易斯。

lights. The Lewis lamp was successful and so far it was better than nothing. However,

燈。劉易斯燈是成功的，到目前為止，它比什麼都好。然而，。

the technology was flawed. It was lacking."

的技術是有缺陷的。它是缺乏的。"

Like many lamps at the time, a Lewis lamp used a reflector to catch light. It had a

和當時的許多燈具一樣，劉易斯燈也使用反光板來捕捉光線。它有一個

small lens to project that light, but a lot of light escaped.

小透鏡來投射這些光線，但很多光線都逃逸了。

"It wasn't bright enough, so they weren't as efficient and the metal wasn't as efficient

"不夠亮，所以他們的效率不高，金屬的效率也不高

because it absorbs a lot of the light. That's why the design of the Fresnel lens was so

因為它吸收了大量的光線。這就是為什麼菲涅爾透鏡的設計是如此的重要

much more efficient that it collected more of the light and directed at seaward the way

更有效地收集更多的光，並將其引向大海的方式。

it's supposed to do."

它應該做的。"

In addition to strengthening and magnifying light, Fresnels flashing with rotation turned

除了加強和放大光線外，Fresnels閃光與旋轉轉向

them into a communication device.

他們變成了一個通信設備。

"So it creates this flashing characteristic. Even though the lamp is continuously on. It

"所以就會產生這種閃爍的特性。即使燈是連續亮著的。它

was a flame. You couldn't turn it off depending on how they designed the lens. It creates

是一種火焰。你不能把它關掉取決於他們如何設計鏡頭。它創造了

different flashing characteristics.

不同的閃光特性。

So you knew where you were at, what location you were at before GPS.".

所以在GPS之前，你就知道自己在哪裡，在什麼位置。"。

Colored panels or even colored flames could make lights more distinct. Some got huge.

彩色面板甚至彩色火焰可以使燈光更加鮮明。有些人得到了巨大的。

A first order Fresnel was this big. More than 75 for are still up and running today in the

一階菲涅爾就是這麼大。超過75個的為今天仍在運行中。

United States alone. Thanks to these lenses that rippled across the globe, lighthouses

僅僅是美國。多虧了這些波及全球的鏡頭，燈塔們

cast light farther, communicate more information, and save lives.

把光投得更遠，傳遞更多資訊，拯救生命。

The Lighthouse is a wonderfully strange 2019 movie in which a Fresnel is so hypnotic, Willem

燈塔》是一部妙趣橫生的2019年電影，在這部電影中，一個菲涅爾是如此的催眠，威廉。

Dafoe's character undresses and bathes in its light. The director called it the "cosmic

大福的角色脫光衣服，沐浴在它的光芒中。導演稱其為 "宇宙

egg." With the production designer, Dan Spinella made the lens in the film.

蛋。"和製作設計師一起，丹-斯皮內拉制作了影片中的鏡頭。

"I had to work a lot of hours. I probably worked 14, 16 hour days for eight weeks straight,

"我必須工作很多小時。我可能連續八週每天工作14、16小時。

seven days a week. I didn't take any breaks. I got it done just in time. Probably five

一週七天。我沒有休息。我及時完成了它。大概五天

days before filming I was crating it up. I had to drive it up to Nova Scotia from Florida."

在拍攝前幾天，我就把它裝箱了。我不得不把它從佛羅里達州開到新斯科舍。"

"It's sort of a weird showcase for your work because it's it's sort of the most flattering

"這是一種奇怪的展示你的作品，因為它是......它是一種最討人喜歡的東西。

possible look for your work. But in a really weird movie."

可能的樣子你的工作。但在一個非常奇怪的電影。"

"It's definitely not a feel good Hallmark movie, that's for sure. I mean, I like the

"這絕對不是一部感覺良好的霍爾馬克電影，這是肯定的。我的意思是，我喜歡

fact that the focus was on the lens and I like the little sneak peek of the lens until

事實上，焦點是在鏡頭上，我喜歡鏡頭的小偷看，直到...。

you got to the very end of the movie then actually actually saw it? It was almost a

你到了電影的最後一刻才真正看到它？這幾乎是一個

star in the movie itself. They did a really good job getting everything historically accurate.

明星在電影本身。他們做了一個非常好的工作，讓一切都符合歷史的準確性。

The very first lens that I worked on, the St. Augustine Lighthouse, when I started designing

我工作的第一個鏡頭，聖奧古斯丁燈塔，當我開始設計的時候。

that lens on the computer, I was just amazed at how the formulas were actually working.

那鏡頭在電腦上，我只是驚訝於公式是如何實際工作的。

And to think that they did that in the 1800s and they went to these formulas and the same

想到他們在19世紀做了，他們去這些公式和相同的。

thing I was doing.".

的事情我在做。"。

Crashes still happened at Barnegat even after they added a fourth order Fresnel. The lighthouse

即使在巴內加裝了四階菲涅爾燈後，巴內加仍有墜毀事件發生。燈塔

was small and the sea was dangerous. But in 1857, they built a new lighthouse, and it

規模很小，海面很危險。但在1857年，他們建了一座新的燈塔，而且是

was crucial that they have one thing in it.

至關重要的是，他們有一個東西在裡面。

"They got a Fresnel lens and not just any Fresnel — the biggest one that they built,

"他們得到了一個菲涅爾透鏡，而且不是普通的菲涅爾透鏡，是他們建造的最大的一個透鏡。

which was a first order lens. The Mariners were very grateful for because it did save

這是一個一階的鏡頭。水手們非常感激，因為它確實拯救了他們的生活。

lives because, unlike a Lewis light, this would shine in at least 20 miles. They really

因為，與劉易斯燈不同，這個至少能照到20英里內。他們真的

don't know how far it could shine because the curvature of the earth. That's how powerful

因為地球的曲率，不知道能照到多遠。這就是它的威力

it is."

它是。"

"What they did to rotate the lenses, they used a clockwork mechanism. They didn't have

"他們為旋轉鏡頭所做的，他們使用了一個發條裝置。他們沒有

electricity, they didn't have electric motors. They used a clockwork mechanism, which is

電，他們沒有電動機。他們使用的是發條裝置，這是

very similar to a grandfather clock. There's a weight that would drop down the center of

非常類似於祖父鍾。有一個重物會從鐘的中心落下。

the lighthouse. And that weight was attached to a cable which was wrapped around a drum.

燈塔。而那個重物被連接到一根纏繞在鼓上的電纜上。

And that drum had a gear on the end of it. And that gear drove a series of gears inside

而那個鼓的末端有一個齒輪。那個齒輪帶動了裡面的一系列齒輪

the clockwork mechanism. And that, determined by the ratio of the gears, determine the speed

的發條機構。而這，是由齒輪的傳動比決定的，決定了速度的快慢

at which the the lens would rotate, which engaged with a gear that was underneath the

鏡頭旋轉的速度，與鏡頭下方的齒輪齧合。

bottom of the lens. The lens was on either chariot wheels, ball bearings, or in some

鏡頭的底部。鏡頭是在戰車輪子、滾珠軸承上，或者在一些

cases it was a mercury bath that allowed it to rotate. So that was built as a demonstration

它是一個水銀浴，讓它旋轉。所以那是作為一個示範而建造的

for the Pensacola Lighthouse."

為彭薩科拉燈塔。"