that we're the perfectly evolved species,

我們是完美進化的物種。

but I get constant back pain.

但我的背部一直疼痛。

- I go blind in one eye

- 我瞎了一隻眼睛

and then I get migraines and puke for seven hours.

然後，我得到偏頭痛和 嘔吐了七個小時。

- Every time I explore a new city, I sprain my ankle.

- 每當我探索一個新的城市，我都會扭傷腳踝。

- I got gout.

- 我有痛風。

- Greg's mom gave him a cane.

- 格雷格的媽媽給了他一根手杖。

(laughing)

（笑）

So today we're going to go on a journey of biology

那麼今天我們就來進行一次生物之旅吧

and evolutionary history to discover

和進化史來發現

the perfectly evolved human,

完美進化的人類。

starting with your terribly designed feet.

從你那雙設計糟糕的腳開始。

- Apart from being sexually attractive to some people,

- 除了對某些人有性吸引力外。

for example, Mitch's sexual awakening

比如米奇的性覺醒

was Gaston's foot in "Beauty and the Beast."

在 "美女與野獸 "中是加斯頓的腳。

- [Mitch] Like Greg!

- 像格雷格一樣！

- (laughs) Our feet are an evolutionary mess.

- (笑)我們的腳在進化過程中是一團糟。

Early hominids would stay safe from predators

早期的類人猿會遠離掠食者，保持安全。

by running into trees.

通過撞樹。

You can see how your feet

你可以看看你的腳

were initially designed to grasp or grab branches.

最初的設計是為了抓住或抓住樹枝。

Please don't put this on WikiFeet, you freaks.

請不要把這個放在WikiFeet上，你這個怪胎。

And the way our feet would grip the tree branch

而我們的腳會抓住樹枝的方式

was with numerous complex bones in the feet,

是與腳上眾多複雜的骨骼。

much like the apes and chimps climbing in trees today.

就像今天爬在樹上的猿猴和黑猩猩一樣。

This is why you currently have the absurd amount

這就是為什麼你目前有荒唐的數量。

of 26 bones in your feet.

腳上26根骨頭的。

26 bones is for gripping.

26根骨頭是用來抓的。

That is way too many for just walking around.

這也太多了吧，光是走走看看就夠了。

So the perfectly evolved human needs the ostrich foot.

所以完美進化的人類需要鴕鳥腳。

Other than humans, birds are the only other

除了人類，鳥類是唯一的其他

animal on earth that are truly bipedal.

地球上真正雙足的動物。

Human started walking upright 5 million years ago,

人類在500萬年前開始直立行走。

whereas birds have been running around on two feet

鳥盡弓藏

for 250 million years.

2.5億年。

If you look at this diagram,

如果你看這張圖。

you see that birds evolved hundreds of millions of years ago

你看，鳥類是在幾億年前進化而來的。

with the dinosaurs, even.

與恐龍，甚至。

Compared to us, Eutherian mammals on the right over here,

和我們相比，右邊的尤瑟派哺乳動物在這邊。

who on the timeline of evolution of life on Earth

誰在地球生命進化的時間軸上？

pretty much climbed out of trees like yesterday.

幾乎從樹上爬出來，就像昨天一樣。

So it's not surprising that a bird's ancient bipedal design

所以，鳥類古老的雙足設計也就不足為奇了。

would actually help our current bipedal bodies.

其實會對我們現在的雙足身體有所幫助。

We have an arch as a shock absorber,

我們有一個拱門作為減震器。

while ostriches only have two toes,

而鴕鳥只有兩個腳趾。

with just a bone per toe,

每個腳趾只有一根骨頭。

that act as absorbers and outrigger.

作為吸收器和支腿的。

These two toes stabilize the foot in running mode,

這兩個腳趾在跑步模式下可以穩定腳步。

but now we must move on to the perfect-

但現在，我們必須繼續完善--

- Ankle.

- 踝關節。

We have found broken ankles in human fossils

我們已經在人類化石中發現了斷腳踝

dating back three million years ago.

可以追溯到300萬年前。

So we've been breaking our ankles for millions of years.

所以我們的腳踝已經斷了幾百萬年了。

I don't feel so bad about my ankles anymore.

我覺得我的腳踝不再那麼糟糕了。

Our ankles have intervening ligaments and seven bones,

我們的腳踝有中間的韌帶和七根骨頭。

leading to numerous injuries.

導致許多人受傷。

So the perfectly evolved human ankles

所以完美進化的人類腳踝

are also coming from the ostrich.

也是來自鴕鳥。

With these ankles, we'd optimize our upright balance,

有了這些腳踝，我們就能優化我們的直立平衡。

locomotion, and deal a lot better with crashes.

運動，處理撞車問題也會好很多。

This is why ostrich legs have been used as models

這就是為什麼鴕鳥腿被用作模型的原因。

for prosthetics for amputees,

為被截肢者安裝假肢；

and the Boston Dynamic Ostrich Robot

和波士頓動態鴕鳥機器人

is a long-necked bird copy.

是一個長頸鳥的副本。

Cassie, an Agility Robotics invention,

敏捷機器人公司發明的Cassie。

walks with the speed somewhere between human and ostrich.

走路的速度介於人類和鴕鳥之間。

Now, let's move on to something

現在，讓我們繼續說點什麼

that has started to bother me

煩心事

and is a telltale sign of old age, knees.

並是老了的一個明顯標誌，膝蓋。

- Our knees are a particular type of mess.

- 我們的膝蓋是一種特殊的混亂。

Some evolutionary biologists argue

一些進化生物學家認為

that we stopped evolving biologically 10,000 years ago

我們在一萬年前就停止了生物演化

when we invented agriculture.

當我們發明了農業。

And they argue that from that point forward,

而他們認為，從這一點來看。

we started to evolve culturally.

我們開始了文化上的進化。

But then, other evolutionary biologists think

但其他進化生物學家認為

that these drastic shifts in culture

這些文化的急劇變化

have actually allowed for adaptive evolution,

實際上已經允許適應性進化。

which actually accelerated our evolution

這實際上加速了我們的進化

a hundred times faster.

快了一百倍。

And that, folks, is an example of evolutionary biologists

各位，這就是進化生物學家的一個例子

battling it out with separate contradicting theories.

用各自矛盾的理論來爭奪。

This actually happens a lot in this field of study

這種情況其實在這個研究領域經常發生

because we're trying to piece together information

因為我們正在努力拼湊資訊

about our human history over thousands of years.

關於我們人類幾千年的歷史。

Either way, one thing we know for sure

不管是哪種方式，有一件事我們是肯定的

is that we are not running from predators,

是我們沒有在逃避掠奪者。

and when it comes to eating food, we're not hunting it.

而當談到吃的食物， 我們不是狩獵它。

No, no, no.

不，不，不。

I press a button on my measly little electronic device

我在我那小小的電子設備上按下一個按鈕。

and the food shows up at my house.

而食物出現在我家。

He is lazy.

他是懶惰的。

I know for a fact, you probably do this too,

我知道，你可能也會這樣做。

so do not judge me.

所以不要評判我。

And for this reason, our knees need to change.

為此，我們的膝蓋也需要改變。

Anthropologist Matt Cartmill explains that,

人類學家馬特-卡特米爾解釋說。

"Evolution doesn't act to yield perfection,

"進化的作用並不是為了產生完美。

it acts to yield function."

它的作用是產生功能"。

And that's why I have asked for

這也是為什麼我要求

the perfect pair of Graham's knees.

格雷厄姆的一雙完美的膝蓋。

Who is Graham, you ask?

你問格雷厄姆是誰？

Graham is a quote-unquote human

格雷厄姆是一個引號--不引號的人。

designed to survive a car crash

專為車禍而設計

as part of a road safety campaign

作為道路安全運動的一部分

for the transport accident commission in Australia.

澳洲運輸事故委員會的。

Patricia Piccinini not only has a great name,

帕特里夏-皮奇尼尼不僅有一個好名字。

but she also used silicone and human hair

但她也使用硅膠和人發

to bring us this weirdness.

給我們帶來這種怪異的感覺。

Graham's knees bend in all directions

格雷厄姆的膝蓋向四周彎曲。

so he's able to quickly move out of the way

這樣他就能迅速讓開了

of oncoming traffic.

的來車。

The fact that our knees only bend in one D,

事實上，我們的膝蓋只彎曲了一個D．

also known as one direction,

也就是所謂的一個方向。

is the main reason why they almost always break first.

是他們幾乎都是先斷的主要原因。

Graham's knees being so floppy

格雷厄姆的膝蓋軟綿綿的

means that they can retain their structure during a crash.

意味著它們可以在撞擊時保持其結構。

Me, after I get new knees,

我，在我換了新的膝蓋之後。

♪ wash-a-widdy-widdy-bad-ba-dee-ba-doo-da-be ♪

洗一widdy-widdy-bad-ba-dee-ba-doo-da-be

Okay, but what about body symmetry?

好吧，但是身體的對稱性呢？

- Known as the bilateral body,

- 被稱為雙邊體。

our bodies have left-right symmetry.

我們的身體具有左右對稱性。

The left side of our body is a mirror image of the right.

我們身體的左邊是右邊的鏡像。

Non-bilaterian animals are

非兩棲動物是

octopuses, jellyfish, or anemones,

章魚、水母或海葵。

but there are no non-bilaterian animals

惟獨沒有非兩棲動物。

who live on dry land.

生活在旱地上的人。

The bilaterian body likely began on the sea floor

雙面體很可能是從海底開始的

as bodies made for crawling over surfaces

匍匐前進

with direction and traction made their way on land.

有了方向和牽引力，他們在陸地上走了一遭。

Since all land dwelling animals are bilaterian,

由於所有陸生動物都是雙棲動物。

we're gonna keep that.

我們要保持這一點。

I'm sorry to crush your dream about having a perfect body

很抱歉粉碎了你擁有完美身材的夢想。

that is part sea anemone, but that design

那是海葵的一部分，但那個設計... ...

is made for species that don't move.

是為不動的物種而生的。

But you, girl, you're going to be moving

但是，你，女孩，你會被移動

in your new pair of-

在你的新對-

- Hips.

- 臀部。

This one is obvious.

這個很明顯。

We will be using the hips

我們將使用臀部

of the perfectly evolved Shakira.

的完美進化夏奇拉。

(vocalizing and upbeat dance music)

(發聲和歡快的舞曲)

No, but for real, we do need to change

不，但說真的，我們確實需要改變。

the reproductive system.

生殖系統；

An anatomist named Alice Roberts

一個叫愛麗絲-羅伯茨的解剖學家

actually set out to design her own perfectly evolved human.

其實是為了設計自己完美進化的人類。

Empathizing with women giving birth to large-headed babies

對生大頭嬰兒的婦女有同感

and risking their health,

並危及他們的健康。

Alice figured humans would be better off with pouches

愛麗絲認為，人類最好是用小袋來裝東西

like those of kangaroos.

像那些袋鼠的。

Alice 2.0 wouldn't struggle with

愛麗絲2.0不會掙扎於

getting a baby out of her system.

把孩子從她的身體里弄出來

And yes, Alice 2.0's fetus crawls out into her pouch

是的，愛麗絲2.0的胎兒爬出了她的小袋。

until it completes its development,

直到它完成發展。

so her childbirth would be less painful.

這樣她生孩子就不會那麼痛苦了。

Her baby would be mooching through the pouch,

她的孩子會在袋子裡摸索。

so there would be no need for Alice to have breasts.

所以就不需要讓愛麗絲有乳房了。

I know some straight men might be in the comments right now,

我知道有些直男現在可能在評論裡。

like, "But we need the titties."

像，"但我們需要的titties。"

But we're talking functional perfection here.

但我們在這裡談論的是功能上的完美。

Also, we'll be taking your nipples and balls.

還有，我們會拿走你的乳頭和蛋蛋。

Male nipples are pointless.

男性的乳頭是沒有意義的。

They exist because males, females, and everything in between

他們的存在是因為男性，女性，以及一切介於兩者之間的東西。

come from the same genetic blueprint.

來自同一個基因藍圖。

Female nipples matter.

女性乳頭很重要。

Male nipples are pointless.

男性的乳頭是沒有意義的。

So bloop, gotta go.

所以，BLOOP，得走了。

As for our testes, they hang outside of us,

至於我們的睪丸，它們掛在我們的外面。

exposed to trauma, and no one really knows why.

暴露在創傷中，沒有人真正知道為什麼。

Like some scientists posit

就像一些科學家假設的那樣

they function better in cooler air,

它們在冷空氣中功能更好。

but elephants, anteaters, whales, sloths,

但大象、食蟻獸、鯨魚、樹懶。

sea lions, et cetera, tons of animals do fine

海獅之類

with the testes inside.

與睪丸在裡面。

So we will be tucking the ball safely inside.

所以我們會把球安全地塞進裡面。

- You know what?

- 你知道嗎？

I'm gonna start calling you the tuck.

我要開始叫你 "塔克 "了。

- Speaking of sacks, onto the-

- 說到麻袋，到-

- Lungs.

- 肺部：

Now, lungs might seem like an obvious necessity

現在，肺部似乎是一個明顯的必需品。

for land dwellers, but these air pouch things

但這些氣囊式的東西是為陸地居民準備的

have been a part of fish long before your ancestors

漁翁得利

left the water to live on land.

離開了水，在陸地上生活。

In fish, the lungs were used for buoyancy.

在魚的身上，肺是用來浮力的。

But even our lungs could use an update.

但即使是我們的肺部也需要更新。

So with that said, coming to the stage,

那麼說到這裡，就要上臺了。

your new pair of lungs evolve from a bird

你的新肺是由鳥類進化而來的。

that has ancestors that have been around

祖祖輩輩

way longer than yours, the swan lung, ladies and gentlemen.

比你的長，天鵝肺， 女士們，先生們。

Our lungs are quite vulnerable to minor insults

我們的肺部很容易受到輕微的傷害。

because our delicate alveolar tissue

因為我們脆弱的牙槽組織

is responsible for both ventilation and gas exchange.

負責通風和氣體交換。

Meaning the air we breathe in meets a dead end

意味著我們呼吸的空氣遇到了死衚衕。

and has to flow in and out of the lung along the same path.

並要沿同一路徑流進和流出肺部。

Swan's gas flow is uni directional,

小天鵝的氣體流動是單方向的。

which allows them to process the air entering the lung

這使他們能夠處理進入肺部的空氣。

from one side, and leave the lung through the other side.

從一側，從另一側離開肺部。

Plus the density of tissue inside a swan's lung

再加上天鵝肺內組織的密度。

is much greater than our own.

是遠遠大於我們自己的。

Speaking of the lungs and breasts,

說到肺和乳房。

they're actually two of the most common kinds of cancer,

它們實際上是兩種最常見的癌症。

and cancer is one of the leading causes of death.

而癌症是死亡的主要原因之一。

So let's address the elephant in the room.

所以，讓我們來解決房間裡的大象。

Or rather, the not elephant,

或者說，不象。

because they have some pretty cool-

因為他們有一些很酷的

- Genes.

- 基因。

And we talkin' denim.

我們說的是牛仔布

Elephants have much lower rates of cancer,

大象的癌症發病率要低得多。

around 5% compared to over 20% for humans.

5%左右，而人類則超過20%。

And this is because of a cancer-fighting gene called p53,

而這是因為一種叫做p53的抗癌基因。

which is a tumor suppressor.

這是一種腫瘤抑制劑。

Humans have one copy, but elephants have 20.

人類有一份，但大象有20份。

So we're loading this human app with some p53.

所以我們要給這個人類應用加載一些p53。

Or better yet, we should be studying the bowhead whale,

或者更好的是，我們應該研究弓頭鯨。

because this animal gets so big.

因為這種動物變得如此之大。

It lives the longest and rarely gets cancer.

它的壽命最長，很少得癌症。

Bowhead whales are so cool,

弓頭鯨太酷了

they recently found a harpoon in one

他們最近發現一個魚叉在一個

that they think is over 130 years old.

他們認為已經有130多年的歷史了。

So this whale is so fricking old.

這條鯨魚真是太老了。

The reason they rarely get cancer

他們很少得癌症的原因

is due to a mutation that prevents their DNA

是由於一個突變，防止他們的DNA

from getting damaged.

免得被損壞。

To do all of this work, we're going to be using

為了完成所有這些工作，我們將使用

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, which is fascinating.

CRISPR-Cas9基因編輯，這很吸引人。

And I cannot wait for it in the future

我已經迫不及待了

to give me a dump truck ass.

給我一個垃圾車的屁股。

- We were going to pull a cancer fighting tactic

- 我們本來想用抗癌戰術的

from the naked mole rat, but...

從赤裸裸的鼴鼠，但... ...

(screaming)

（尖叫）

Ugh.

呃...

Just kidding.

開玩笑的

We love all animals here at ASAP Science.

在ASAP科學中心，我們愛所有的動物。

Now let's encase these innards with some-

現在讓我們把這些內臟用一些...

- Ribs.

- 肋骨。

Ribs are the shield for your inner organs.

肋骨是你內臟的盾牌。

So you want ribs that will absorb the most impact energy.

所以你要的是能吸收最多衝擊能量的肋骨。

We're gonna go back to Graham for the stronger ribs.

我們要回到格雷厄姆那裡去找強壯的肋骨。

Also, the chest is large and barrel-like,

另外，箱子很大，像木桶一樣。

and his torso is more airbag-like than armor-like.

而且他的軀幹更像氣囊而不是盔甲。

He's got a number of sacks placed between each of his ribs,

他的每根肋骨之間都放置了許多麻袋。

protecting his heart and other vital organs.

保護他的心臟和其他重要器官。

And obviously I think we should be removing the lowest ribs

很明顯，我認為我們應該去掉最低的肋骨。

so that we can start to, you know, like-

這樣我們就可以開始，你知道，像 -

- (laughs) No, moving on.

- (笑)不，繼續前進。