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  • - The first thing you did in this world was cry.

    - 在這個世界上,你做的第一件事就是哭。

  • What does it say about the human condition

    這對人類的狀況有什麼啟示?

  • that when you enter this world crying,

    當你哭著進入這個世界,

  • the doctor's like,

    醫生的喜歡。

  • the baby's emotionally devastated to be here, check.

    孩子的情緒被破壞在這裡,檢查。

  • Humans are the only animals

    人類是唯一的動物

  • that produce tears due to emotion.

    因情感而產生淚水的。

  • Elephants, for example, produce tears,

    比如說,大象會產生眼淚。

  • but mostly due to irritation.

    但大多是因為刺激。

  • In fact, the lobocraspis griseifusa moth

    事實上,龍腦香菇蛾

  • will irritate an elephant's eye

    惹火燒身

  • so it produces tears that it can drink.

    所以它產生的眼淚,它可以喝。

  • Imagine asking a kid what their favorite animal was

    想象一下,如果問一個孩子他們最喜歡的動物是什麼?

  • and they were like, Oh you know,

    他們很喜歡,哦,你知道,

  • the moth that irritates elephant's eyes

    象鼻蟲

  • in order to drink their tears.

    為了喝他們的眼淚。

  • I'd be like, okay, this kid, he's got issues.

    我想,好吧,這孩子,他有問題。

  • You on the other hand could produce tears from a loss,

    而你卻可以因為失落而產生淚水。

  • joy, self-pity, laughter or when the tone switches

    歡樂、自憐、笑聲或當語氣轉換的時候

  • in a "That's So Raven" episode.

    在 "That's So Raven "一集中。

  • And tis wild, but the chemical makeup of your tears

    你的眼淚是狂野的,但你的眼淚的化學成分。

  • changes based on your emotions.

    根據你的情緒而改變。

  • So why are human tears so unique?

    那麼,為什麼人類的眼淚會如此獨特呢?

  • Tears of endogenous depression are different

    內生性抑鬱的眼淚是不同的

  • than tears from acute grief.

    比急性悲傷的眼淚。

  • If you remove the tears from crying people's faces,

    如果你把哭的人臉上的淚水去掉。

  • it's hard for you to tell if they're crying from sadness

    你很難判斷他們是否在傷心哭泣

  • or laughing from pure joy.

    或因單純的快樂而笑。

  • Scientists have a hard time studying tears,

    科學家們很難研究眼淚。

  • especially emotional ones.

    尤其是情緒化的。

  • A lot of these studies involve humans as lab rats,

    這些研究很多都是把人類當做實驗室的老鼠。

  • watching sad movies and studying their crying behavior.

    看悲傷的電影,研究他們的哭泣行為。

  • Or there are morbid studies.

    或者有病態的研究。

  • For example, the one on brain dead people,

    比如說,關於腦死亡的人。

  • where they found they produce tears

    在他們發現的地方,他們產生了淚水

  • when their organs are removed

    摘除器官時

  • and will slightly open their eyes

    並會微微睜開眼睛

  • when their nipple is twisted.

    當他們的乳頭被扭動時。

  • For this next study,

    對於接下來的研究。

  • could you twist that brain dead person's nipple, please?

    你能不能扭一下那個腦殘的人的乳頭,好嗎?

  • (laughing) Do not kill the messenger.

    (笑)不要殺信使。

  • I did not twist those nipples a scientist did.

    我沒有扭動這些乳頭一個科學家做。

  • Oh, they opened their eyes slightly, fascinating.

    哦,他們微微睜開了眼睛,引人入勝。

  • Due to recent scientific insight

    由於最近的科學洞察力

  • we know a lot more about why we emotionally cry.

    我們知道更多關於我們為什麼會情緒化地哭泣。

  • Back in 17th century America for example,

    比如早在17世紀的美國。

  • it was thought that a marriage was doomed

    姻緣難定

  • if the bride did not profusely weep at the wedding.

    如果新娘沒有在婚禮上大哭一場,。

  • This was to prove the bride wasn't a witch,

    這是為了證明新娘不是女巫。

  • as witches were known to cry

    如同女巫哭泣一樣

  • only three tears from the left eye.

    左眼只流了三滴淚。

  • Therefore obviously the bride was crying from both eyes

    所以很明顯,新娘是兩眼一抹黑地哭了

  • it meant that the bride was not working with Satan.

    這意味著新娘沒有與撒旦合作。

  • Think of all the groomzillas who were like,

    想想那些新郎倌們都是這樣的。

  • she's ruining my perfect day,

    她毀了我完美的一天。

  • she's not crying from both eyes.

    她不是從兩隻眼睛哭。

  • Thine is a witch

    你是一個巫婆

  • honestly straight weddings are like, so over the top.

    老實說,直的婚禮都喜歡, 所以在頂部。

  • To know why you as a human cry,

    要知道你作為一個人類為什麼會哭。

  • you have to think back millions of years

    遙想百萬年前

  • to when your ancestors evolved out of the water.

    到你的祖先從水裡進化出來的時候。

  • Yep. Your great, great, great

    是的,你的偉大,偉大,偉大。你的偉大,偉大,偉大

  • times a million million grandparent

    百萬倍

  • looked like some sort of insect-y shell

    看起來像某種昆蟲的外殼

  • amphibian arthropod millipede sort of thing, maybe.

    兩棲類節肢動物千足蟲之類的東西,也許。

  • And by leaving the water to live on land,

    而通過離開水,到陸地上生活。

  • all of these land dwelling animals from then on

    所有這些陸生動物從此

  • needed a lacrimal apparatus to produce tears

    淚腺器

  • that kept the eyes wet while on land.

    在陸地上時,讓眼睛溼潤。

  • But you, my friend are special

    但你,我的朋友是特別的

  • because you have three types of tears.

    因為你有三種眼淚。

  • The first is basal tears, which is made up of three layers.

    首先是基底淚,它由三層組成。

  • A mucus layer that touches the eyeball,

    觸及眼球的粘液層。

  • an aqueous layer, which moisturizes

    水質層,它能滋潤

  • and protects against invasive bacteria,

    並能防止細菌入侵。

  • and the final oily layer

    和最後的油性層

  • that stops the other layers from evaporating

    阻止其他層的蒸發

  • and keeps the surface of the eyes smooth.

    並保持眼睛表面的光滑。

  • So your vision is clear.

    所以,你的願景很清晰。

  • The second is reflex tears,

    二是反射性流淚。

  • which is unique to all land dwelling animals.

    這是所有陸生動物所特有的。

  • In fact, all animals, except for snakes and amphibians,

    其實,所有的動物,除了蛇和兩棲動物。

  • have a peripheral sensory system

    嗅覺靈敏

  • that consists of nerve endings in the eye

    眼球中樞

  • that when stimulated by mechanical, thermal, chemical,

    當受到機械的、熱的、化學的刺激時:

  • or pain stimulus release tears.

    或疼痛刺激釋放眼淚。

  • It should be known that you don't have a storage of tears

    要知道,你並沒有眼淚的儲存量

  • in your eye, ready to come out when you cry,

    在你的眼睛裡,當你哭的時候,隨時可以出來。

  • the tears are created due to a sensory in your body

    淚水是由於你身體的感覺而產生的。

  • that triggers the response.

    觸發響應的。

  • Humans, that means me, that means you are special.

    人類,就是指我,就是指你很特別。

  • We are the only animals with emotional tears,

    我們是唯一的動物,有感情的眼淚。

  • also known as psychogenic tears.

    又稱精神性淚水。

  • Which are controlled by the prefrontal cortex

    哪些是由前額葉皮層控制的?

  • and the anterior portion of the limbic lobe of the brain.

    和大腦邊緣葉的前部。

  • Some scientists think that we cry

    一些科學家認為,我們哭

  • because as a child,

    因為小時候。

  • crying was the only way that we were able

    哭是唯一的辦法,我們能夠

  • to get a response from our parents.

    以得到我們父母的迴應。

  • As babies, we don't have the words to express our feelings,

    作為嬰兒,我們沒有語言來表達自己的感情。

  • so crying is what we do, and it works.

    所以哭是我們做的,它的工作。

  • Known as the acoustic umbilical cord.

    被稱為聲母臍帶。

  • Crying serves to connect the infant to the caregiver

    哭是為了讓嬰兒與照顧者聯繫起來。

  • as an adaptive strategy.

    作為一種適應性戰略。

  • Developmental psychologists believe

    發展心理學家認為

  • that crying enhances infant survival

    哭聲能提高嬰兒的存活率

  • by eliciting care and protection from caregivers.

    引起照顧者的關心和保護。

  • In lactating, females infant crying can cause a rise

    在哺乳期,女性嬰兒的哭聲會引起上升。

  • in breast temperature and a milk let down reflex.

    乳房溫度和放奶反射。

  • But the crying starts to decrease

    但哭聲開始減少

  • at a time of for brain development in the baby.

    在為寶寶大腦發育的時候。

  • When the baby is 24 months old

    當寶寶24個月大時

  • concurrent with rapid development of spoken language,

    與口語的快速發展同步。

  • crying seems to fall off.

    哭的好像掉了。

  • Because of this research,

    因為這個研究。

  • some scientists posit that we cry

    一些科學家認為,我們哭泣

  • when we don't have the words to explain how we're feeling.

    當我們沒有語言來解釋我們的感受時。

  • Which I can relate to.

    這一點我也能體會到。

  • I feel like when I cry, it's usually in moments

    我覺得當我哭的時候,它通常是在時刻。

  • where I don't have the words to express

    在我無言以對的地方。

  • what I'm feeling.

    我的感覺。

  • Much like when I was a kid, crying for my mom's attention,

    很像我小時候,哭著要媽媽關注。

  • when I couldn't speak English.

    當我不會說英語的時候

  • It feels like now when I cry it's when emotions are so big

    感覺現在我一哭就是情緒大起大落的時候了

  • I don't really know how to explain them.

    我真的不知道如何解釋它們。

  • Whether they're happy or sad.

    無論他們是快樂還是悲傷。

  • And crying, it's showstopping.

    而哭,則讓人忍俊不禁。

  • If you cry at a party,

    如果你在聚會上哭了。

  • people are going to pay attention to you.

    人們會關注你。

  • I have a hard time

    我有一個困難的時間

  • when the attention is on me in public settings,

    當公共場合的注意力都在我身上的時候。

  • so I really like to cry alone while watching a movie.

    所以我真的很喜歡看電影的時候一個人哭。

  • In fact, once my mom almost kicked me out of a movie theater

    其實,有一次我媽差點把我從電影院裡趕出來

  • because I was crying so loud during "Ever After"

    因為我在 "Ever After "的時候哭得太厲害了

  • that the people in the audience were like, please be quiet.

    觀眾席上的人都說,請安靜。

  • We can't even focus on the movie.

    我們甚至不能專注於電影。

  • Emotional tears are really cool.

    感情的眼淚真的很爽。

  • But it turns out that the chemical makeup of tears

    但事實證明,眼淚的化學成分。

  • from emotion are different than the tears from irritation.

    因情感而產生的淚水和因惱怒而產生的淚水是不同的。

  • A study found that the protein concentration

    一項研究發現,蛋白質濃度

  • of emotional tears was 24% greater

    情感淚水的比例為24%。

  • than that of an irritant,

    比刺激物的。

  • and the higher protein tears fall more slowly on the face.

    而高蛋白的淚水落在臉上更慢。

  • Some scientists think

    一些科學家認為

  • that emotional tears evolve to have more proteins in them

    情緒化的眼淚進化成有更多的蛋白質在裡面

  • causing them to fall slower

    導致它們下降得更慢

  • and give more time for our fellow humans to react

    並給我們的同胞更多的時間去反應。

  • to the response and give us an emotional boost.

    到反應,給我們的情緒帶來刺激。

  • In fact, using eye tracking,

    事實上,利用眼球追蹤。

  • a new study found that humans focus way more

    一項新的研究發現,人類關注的方式更

  • on faces with tears and are more aroused by them.

    在有淚水的臉上,更會被淚水激起。

  • The visual image of a tear falling down a cheek

    淚水順著臉頰落下的視覺形象。

  • sets off a response in us to help and be interested.

    掀起了我們對幫助和興趣的反應。

  • This all leads to the predictions

    這一切都導致了預測

  • that human emotional crying

    人情冷暖

  • is a way to get other people to look at you.

    是讓別人看上你的一種方式。

  • The higher protein concentration of emotional tears

    情感淚水的蛋白質濃度較高

  • makes them fall more slowly,

    使得它們下降得更慢。

  • so people will pay attention and look after you.

    這樣大家才會關注和照顧你。

  • There is no gender difference

    不存在性別差異

  • in crying frequency in infants,

    在嬰兒的哭鬧頻率上。

  • but there is a big shift when we get to adulthood.

    但當我們成年後,會有一個很大的轉變。

  • In a sample of 286 women and 45 men

    在對286名婦女和45名男子的抽樣調查中

  • between the ages of 18 to 75,

    18歲至75歲之間;

  • it was found an average

    據悉,平均

  • of 5.3 crying episodes per month for the women.

    婦女每月哭鬧5.3次;

  • And 1.4 crying episodes per month for the men.

    而男人每月哭鬧1.4次。

  • For the women,

    對婦女來說:

  • most of the cries had to do with a sad film or TV show.

    大部分的哭聲都和悲傷的影視劇有關。

  • In fact, studies show that from 11 to 16 years of age,

    事實上,研究表明,從11歲到16歲。

  • boys cry more from physical pain.

    男生因身體疼痛而哭得更厲害。

  • Whereas girls cry more for empathetic reasons,

    而女生哭得更多的原因是感同身受。

  • especially during movies again, or TV shows.

    特別是再電影,或者電視劇中。

  • This led some other studies to posit

    這導致其他一些研究認為

  • that women are more empathetic to the crying of others

    女性對他人的哭聲更有同理心。

  • and found they're more likely

    並發現他們更有可能

  • to stop and help someone crying on the street.

    攔住並幫助在街上哭泣的人。

  • For both genders, there's a great decrease in crying

    無論男女,哭鬧的情況都會大為減少

  • between the ages of 10 to 17

    10歲至17歲

  • with boys having the biggest decrease.

    其中男孩的降幅最大。

  • They aren't able to know for sure

    他們無法確定

  • if this is the societal context of big boys don't cry

    如果這就是大男孩不哭的社會背景的話

  • or if it's actually a hormonal shift,

    或者說這其實是一種荷爾蒙的變化。

  • 'cause this is around the age of puberty

    "因為這是左右的青春期的年齡

  • when there'd be an increase in testosterone in boys.

    當男孩的睪丸激素增加時。

  • There are no studies on crying

    沒有關於哭泣的研究

  • for gender non-conforming people.

    為不符合性別要求的人提供服務;

  • These are all theories based on complex science,

    這些都是基於複雜科學的理論。

  • but there's no specific scientific consensus

    但沒有具體的科學共識

  • as to why adults emotionally cry.

    至於成年人為什麼會感情用事地哭。

  • We have made incredible scientific progress

    我們已經取得了令人難以置信的科學進步

  • but it's really hard to study emotional crying.

    但要研究情緒化的哭泣真的很難。

  • Because think back to the last time you cried,

    因為回想一下,你上一次哭是什麼時候。

  • it truly does feel like every cry is unique.

    真的感覺每一聲都是獨一無二的。

  • And every cry is different

    而每一聲都是不同的

  • because it involves complex biochemistry,

    因為它涉及複雜的生物化學。

  • endocrinology, social contexts, cognition

    內分泌學、社會背景、認知。

  • all slamming together to create this moment

    撞在一起,造就了這一刻

  • that you either embrace or you push away.

    你要麼擁抱,要麼推開。

  • I think crying emotionally is fascinating,

    我覺得哭的情緒很迷人。

  • because it really shows how complicated we are.

    因為它真正顯示了我們是多麼的複雜。

  • We can't figure out why we do this,

    我們不明白為什麼要這樣做。

  • but it's one of our most visceral experiences.

    但這是我們最直觀的體驗之一。

  • For me personally, when I'm crying emotionally,

    對於我個人來說,當我情緒激動地哭泣時。

  • sometimes it's when I feel the most alive.

    有時候,它是當我覺得最活潑的。

  • And the fact that we are the only animals

    而事實上,我們是唯一的動物

  • on the planet that do this is fascinating to me.

    在這個星球上,做到這一點,是讓我著迷。

  • It's a true testament to how smart and brilliant

    這是一個真正的證明,以多麼聰明和輝煌的

  • and sentience we are as beings.

    和有情,我們作為眾生。

  • And we actually might be the only animals in the universe

    而我們實際上可能是宇宙中唯一的動物

  • that do this.

    做到這一點的。

  • (record scratch)

    (從頭到尾)

  • if you're like me,

    如果你像我一樣,

  • you never know where your wallet is,

    你永遠不知道你的錢包在哪裡。

  • which is why I am excited about today's sponsor Dashlane.

    這就是為什麼我對今天的贊助商Dashlane感到興奮。

  • Dashlane saves and fills your credit card information

    Dashlane可以保存並填寫您的信用卡資訊。

  • along with other personal information,

    以及其他個人信息。

  • like your address or phone numbers

    如您的地址或電話號碼

  • so that those online forms can be done in seconds.

    以便於在幾秒鐘內完成這些在線表格。

  • With Dashlane when shopping online,

    與Dashlane在線購物時。

  • you never have to go find your wallet.

    你再也不用去找你的錢包了。

  • Like yesterday when I spent an hour and a half

    就像昨天我花了一個半小時的時間

  • trying to find it and it was on my fridge.

    試圖找到它,它是在我的冰箱。

  • Dashlane works across all devices and on all platforms.

    Dashlane可在所有設備和所有平臺上使用。

  • So you don't have to worry about saving certain passwords

    是以,您不必擔心保存某些密碼。

  • on certain devices.

    在某些設備上。

  • And before I started using Dashlane,

    而在我開始使用Dashlane之前。

  • I would probably on a weekly basis

    我可能會每週一次

  • be confronted with the doom

    面臨滅頂之災

  • of the forgot your password icon,

    忘記密碼的圖標。

  • but Dashlane now auto-fills

    但Dashlane現在自動填充

  • and saves all my login information and passwords

    並保存我所有的登錄資訊和密碼。

  • on every website.

    在每個網站上。

  • Dashlane also stores and decrypts your information

    Dashlane還可以存儲和解密您的資訊。

  • locally on your device, so it is safe.

    在地的設備上,所以它是安全的。

  • Go to dashlane.com/asapscience

    訪問dashlane.com/asapscience。

  • to start using it for free and organize your life like me.

    開始免費使用它,像我一樣安排你的生活。

  • And if you want to upgrade to the premium

    如果你想升級到高級

  • use the code ASAP science to get 50% off.

    使用代碼ASAP science可獲得50%的折扣。

  • A frickin dealio.

    一個frickin dealio。

  • Having not left the house in months,

    幾個月沒有離開過家了。

  • Dashlane has been great for online shopping

    Dashlane對網上購物有很大的幫助

  • and also you can actually send your passwords

    實際上你也可以發送你的密碼

  • to your friends and family safely.

    給你的朋友和家人安全。

  • I used just email all my information

    我以前只是把我所有的資訊通過電子郵件發送

  • to my friends and family.

    給我的朋友和家人。

  • And then I'd always get a call from the bank like,

    然後我總是會接到銀行的電話,比如:

  • yeah, you've been hacked.

    是的,你已經被黑客攻擊了。

  • It also allows you to store encrypted files

    它還允許你存儲加密的文件。

  • like your passport information

    如您的護照資訊

  • and contracts to have them safely stored.

    並簽訂合同將其安全儲存。

  • Anyways, I'm obsessed with Dashlane,

    總之,我對Dashlane很著迷。

  • it's really helped me organize my life.

    它真的幫我整理了我的生活。

  • So go to dashlane.com/asapscience

    所以,去dashlane.com/asapscience。

  • to start using it for free.

    開始免費使用它。

  • And again, if you want the premium dealio,

    再說一遍,如果你想要高級交易。

  • use the code ASAP science for 50% off.

    使用代碼ASAP科學為50%的折扣。

  • And we'll see you next week for a new science video piece.

    下週我們將看到新的科學視頻作品。

  • Peace.

    和平。

- The first thing you did in this world was cry.

- 在這個世界上,你做的第一件事就是哭。

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