What does it say about the human condition

這對人類的狀況有什麼啟示？

that when you enter this world crying,

當你哭著進入這個世界，

the doctor's like,

醫生的喜歡。

the baby's emotionally devastated to be here, check.

孩子的情緒被破壞在這裡，檢查。

Humans are the only animals

人類是唯一的動物

that produce tears due to emotion.

因情感而產生淚水的。

Elephants, for example, produce tears,

比如說，大象會產生眼淚。

but mostly due to irritation.

但大多是因為刺激。

In fact, the lobocraspis griseifusa moth

事實上，龍腦香菇蛾

will irritate an elephant's eye

惹火燒身

so it produces tears that it can drink.

所以它產生的眼淚，它可以喝。

Imagine asking a kid what their favorite animal was

想象一下，如果問一個孩子他們最喜歡的動物是什麼？

and they were like, Oh you know,

他們很喜歡，哦，你知道，

the moth that irritates elephant's eyes

象鼻蟲

in order to drink their tears.

為了喝他們的眼淚。

I'd be like, okay, this kid, he's got issues.

我想，好吧，這孩子，他有問題。

You on the other hand could produce tears from a loss,

而你卻可以因為失落而產生淚水。

joy, self-pity, laughter or when the tone switches

歡樂、自憐、笑聲或當語氣轉換的時候

in a "That's So Raven" episode.

在 "That's So Raven "一集中。

And tis wild, but the chemical makeup of your tears

你的眼淚是狂野的，但你的眼淚的化學成分。

changes based on your emotions.

根據你的情緒而改變。

So why are human tears so unique?

那麼，為什麼人類的眼淚會如此獨特呢？

Tears of endogenous depression are different

內生性抑鬱的眼淚是不同的

than tears from acute grief.

比急性悲傷的眼淚。

If you remove the tears from crying people's faces,

如果你把哭的人臉上的淚水去掉。

it's hard for you to tell if they're crying from sadness

你很難判斷他們是否在傷心哭泣

or laughing from pure joy.

或因單純的快樂而笑。

Scientists have a hard time studying tears,

科學家們很難研究眼淚。

especially emotional ones.

尤其是情緒化的。

A lot of these studies involve humans as lab rats,

這些研究很多都是把人類當做實驗室的老鼠。

watching sad movies and studying their crying behavior.

看悲傷的電影，研究他們的哭泣行為。

Or there are morbid studies.

或者有病態的研究。

For example, the one on brain dead people,

比如說，關於腦死亡的人。

where they found they produce tears

在他們發現的地方，他們產生了淚水

when their organs are removed

摘除器官時

and will slightly open their eyes

並會微微睜開眼睛

when their nipple is twisted.

當他們的乳頭被扭動時。

For this next study,

對於接下來的研究。

could you twist that brain dead person's nipple, please?

你能不能扭一下那個腦殘的人的乳頭，好嗎？

(laughing) Do not kill the messenger.

(笑)不要殺信使。

I did not twist those nipples a scientist did.

我沒有扭動這些乳頭一個科學家做。

Oh, they opened their eyes slightly, fascinating.

哦，他們微微睜開了眼睛，引人入勝。

Due to recent scientific insight

由於最近的科學洞察力

we know a lot more about why we emotionally cry.

我們知道更多關於我們為什麼會情緒化地哭泣。

Back in 17th century America for example,

比如早在17世紀的美國。

it was thought that a marriage was doomed

姻緣難定

if the bride did not profusely weep at the wedding.

如果新娘沒有在婚禮上大哭一場，。

This was to prove the bride wasn't a witch,

這是為了證明新娘不是女巫。

as witches were known to cry

如同女巫哭泣一樣

only three tears from the left eye.

左眼只流了三滴淚。

Therefore obviously the bride was crying from both eyes

所以很明顯，新娘是兩眼一抹黑地哭了

it meant that the bride was not working with Satan.

這意味著新娘沒有與撒旦合作。

Think of all the groomzillas who were like,

想想那些新郎倌們都是這樣的。

she's ruining my perfect day,

她毀了我完美的一天。

she's not crying from both eyes.

她不是從兩隻眼睛哭。

Thine is a witch

你是一個巫婆

honestly straight weddings are like, so over the top.

老實說，直的婚禮都喜歡， 所以在頂部。

To know why you as a human cry,

要知道你作為一個人類為什麼會哭。

you have to think back millions of years

遙想百萬年前

to when your ancestors evolved out of the water.

到你的祖先從水裡進化出來的時候。

Yep. Your great, great, great

是的，你的偉大，偉大，偉大。你的偉大，偉大，偉大

times a million million grandparent

百萬倍

looked like some sort of insect-y shell

看起來像某種昆蟲的外殼

amphibian arthropod millipede sort of thing, maybe.

兩棲類節肢動物千足蟲之類的東西，也許。

And by leaving the water to live on land,

而通過離開水，到陸地上生活。

all of these land dwelling animals from then on

所有這些陸生動物從此

needed a lacrimal apparatus to produce tears

淚腺器

that kept the eyes wet while on land.

在陸地上時，讓眼睛溼潤。

But you, my friend are special

但你，我的朋友是特別的

because you have three types of tears.

因為你有三種眼淚。

The first is basal tears, which is made up of three layers.

首先是基底淚，它由三層組成。

A mucus layer that touches the eyeball,

觸及眼球的粘液層。

an aqueous layer, which moisturizes

水質層，它能滋潤

and protects against invasive bacteria,

並能防止細菌入侵。

and the final oily layer

和最後的油性層

that stops the other layers from evaporating

阻止其他層的蒸發

and keeps the surface of the eyes smooth.

並保持眼睛表面的光滑。

So your vision is clear.

所以，你的願景很清晰。

The second is reflex tears,

二是反射性流淚。

which is unique to all land dwelling animals.

這是所有陸生動物所特有的。

In fact, all animals, except for snakes and amphibians,

其實，所有的動物，除了蛇和兩棲動物。

have a peripheral sensory system

嗅覺靈敏

that consists of nerve endings in the eye

眼球中樞

that when stimulated by mechanical, thermal, chemical,

當受到機械的、熱的、化學的刺激時：

or pain stimulus release tears.

或疼痛刺激釋放眼淚。

It should be known that you don't have a storage of tears

要知道，你並沒有眼淚的儲存量

in your eye, ready to come out when you cry,

在你的眼睛裡，當你哭的時候，隨時可以出來。

the tears are created due to a sensory in your body

淚水是由於你身體的感覺而產生的。

that triggers the response.

觸發響應的。

Humans, that means me, that means you are special.

人類，就是指我，就是指你很特別。

We are the only animals with emotional tears,

我們是唯一的動物，有感情的眼淚。

also known as psychogenic tears.

又稱精神性淚水。

Which are controlled by the prefrontal cortex

哪些是由前額葉皮層控制的？

and the anterior portion of the limbic lobe of the brain.

和大腦邊緣葉的前部。

Some scientists think that we cry

一些科學家認為，我們哭

because as a child,

因為小時候。

crying was the only way that we were able

哭是唯一的辦法，我們能夠

to get a response from our parents.

以得到我們父母的迴應。

As babies, we don't have the words to express our feelings,

作為嬰兒，我們沒有語言來表達自己的感情。

so crying is what we do, and it works.

所以哭是我們做的，它的工作。

Known as the acoustic umbilical cord.

被稱為聲母臍帶。

Crying serves to connect the infant to the caregiver

哭是為了讓嬰兒與照顧者聯繫起來。

as an adaptive strategy.

作為一種適應性戰略。

Developmental psychologists believe

發展心理學家認為

that crying enhances infant survival

哭聲能提高嬰兒的存活率

by eliciting care and protection from caregivers.

引起照顧者的關心和保護。

In lactating, females infant crying can cause a rise

在哺乳期，女性嬰兒的哭聲會引起上升。

in breast temperature and a milk let down reflex.

乳房溫度和放奶反射。

But the crying starts to decrease

但哭聲開始減少

at a time of for brain development in the baby.

在為寶寶大腦發育的時候。

When the baby is 24 months old

當寶寶24個月大時

concurrent with rapid development of spoken language,

與口語的快速發展同步。

crying seems to fall off.

哭的好像掉了。

Because of this research,

因為這個研究。

some scientists posit that we cry

一些科學家認為，我們哭泣

when we don't have the words to explain how we're feeling.

當我們沒有語言來解釋我們的感受時。

Which I can relate to.

這一點我也能體會到。

I feel like when I cry, it's usually in moments

我覺得當我哭的時候，它通常是在時刻。

where I don't have the words to express

在我無言以對的地方。

what I'm feeling.

我的感覺。

Much like when I was a kid, crying for my mom's attention,

很像我小時候，哭著要媽媽關注。

when I couldn't speak English.

當我不會說英語的時候

It feels like now when I cry it's when emotions are so big

感覺現在我一哭就是情緒大起大落的時候了

I don't really know how to explain them.

我真的不知道如何解釋它們。

Whether they're happy or sad.

無論他們是快樂還是悲傷。

And crying, it's showstopping.

而哭，則讓人忍俊不禁。

If you cry at a party,

如果你在聚會上哭了。

people are going to pay attention to you.

人們會關注你。

I have a hard time

我有一個困難的時間

when the attention is on me in public settings,

當公共場合的注意力都在我身上的時候。

so I really like to cry alone while watching a movie.

所以我真的很喜歡看電影的時候一個人哭。

In fact, once my mom almost kicked me out of a movie theater

其實，有一次我媽差點把我從電影院裡趕出來

because I was crying so loud during "Ever After"

因為我在 "Ever After "的時候哭得太厲害了

that the people in the audience were like, please be quiet.

觀眾席上的人都說，請安靜。

We can't even focus on the movie.

我們甚至不能專注於電影。

Emotional tears are really cool.

感情的眼淚真的很爽。

But it turns out that the chemical makeup of tears

但事實證明，眼淚的化學成分。

from emotion are different than the tears from irritation.

因情感而產生的淚水和因惱怒而產生的淚水是不同的。

A study found that the protein concentration

一項研究發現，蛋白質濃度

of emotional tears was 24% greater

情感淚水的比例為24%。

than that of an irritant,

比刺激物的。

and the higher protein tears fall more slowly on the face.

而高蛋白的淚水落在臉上更慢。

Some scientists think

一些科學家認為

that emotional tears evolve to have more proteins in them

情緒化的眼淚進化成有更多的蛋白質在裡面

causing them to fall slower

導致它們下降得更慢

and give more time for our fellow humans to react

並給我們的同胞更多的時間去反應。

to the response and give us an emotional boost.

到反應，給我們的情緒帶來刺激。

In fact, using eye tracking,

事實上，利用眼球追蹤。

a new study found that humans focus way more

一項新的研究發現，人類關注的方式更

on faces with tears and are more aroused by them.

在有淚水的臉上，更會被淚水激起。

The visual image of a tear falling down a cheek

淚水順著臉頰落下的視覺形象。

sets off a response in us to help and be interested.

掀起了我們對幫助和興趣的反應。

This all leads to the predictions

這一切都導致了預測

that human emotional crying

人情冷暖

is a way to get other people to look at you.

是讓別人看上你的一種方式。

The higher protein concentration of emotional tears

情感淚水的蛋白質濃度較高

makes them fall more slowly,

使得它們下降得更慢。

so people will pay attention and look after you.

這樣大家才會關注和照顧你。

There is no gender difference

不存在性別差異

in crying frequency in infants,

在嬰兒的哭鬧頻率上。

but there is a big shift when we get to adulthood.

但當我們成年後，會有一個很大的轉變。

In a sample of 286 women and 45 men

在對286名婦女和45名男子的抽樣調查中

between the ages of 18 to 75,

18歲至75歲之間；

it was found an average

據悉，平均

of 5.3 crying episodes per month for the women.

婦女每月哭鬧5.3次；

And 1.4 crying episodes per month for the men.

而男人每月哭鬧1.4次。

For the women,

對婦女來說：

most of the cries had to do with a sad film or TV show.

大部分的哭聲都和悲傷的影視劇有關。

In fact, studies show that from 11 to 16 years of age,

事實上，研究表明，從11歲到16歲。

boys cry more from physical pain.

男生因身體疼痛而哭得更厲害。

Whereas girls cry more for empathetic reasons,

而女生哭得更多的原因是感同身受。

especially during movies again, or TV shows.

特別是再電影，或者電視劇中。

This led some other studies to posit

這導致其他一些研究認為

that women are more empathetic to the crying of others

女性對他人的哭聲更有同理心。

and found they're more likely

並發現他們更有可能

to stop and help someone crying on the street.

攔住並幫助在街上哭泣的人。

For both genders, there's a great decrease in crying

無論男女，哭鬧的情況都會大為減少

between the ages of 10 to 17

10歲至17歲

with boys having the biggest decrease.

其中男孩的降幅最大。

They aren't able to know for sure

他們無法確定

if this is the societal context of big boys don't cry

如果這就是大男孩不哭的社會背景的話

or if it's actually a hormonal shift,

或者說這其實是一種荷爾蒙的變化。

'cause this is around the age of puberty

"因為這是左右的青春期的年齡

when there'd be an increase in testosterone in boys.

當男孩的睪丸激素增加時。

There are no studies on crying

沒有關於哭泣的研究

for gender non-conforming people.

為不符合性別要求的人提供服務；

These are all theories based on complex science,

這些都是基於複雜科學的理論。

but there's no specific scientific consensus

但沒有具體的科學共識

as to why adults emotionally cry.

至於成年人為什麼會感情用事地哭。

We have made incredible scientific progress

我們已經取得了令人難以置信的科學進步

but it's really hard to study emotional crying.

但要研究情緒化的哭泣真的很難。

Because think back to the last time you cried,

因為回想一下，你上一次哭是什麼時候。

it truly does feel like every cry is unique.

真的感覺每一聲都是獨一無二的。

And every cry is different

而每一聲都是不同的

because it involves complex biochemistry,

因為它涉及複雜的生物化學。

endocrinology, social contexts, cognition

內分泌學、社會背景、認知。

all slamming together to create this moment

撞在一起，造就了這一刻

that you either embrace or you push away.

你要麼擁抱，要麼推開。

I think crying emotionally is fascinating,

我覺得哭的情緒很迷人。

because it really shows how complicated we are.

因為它真正顯示了我們是多麼的複雜。

We can't figure out why we do this,

我們不明白為什麼要這樣做。

but it's one of our most visceral experiences.

但這是我們最直觀的體驗之一。

For me personally, when I'm crying emotionally,

對於我個人來說，當我情緒激動地哭泣時。

sometimes it's when I feel the most alive.

有時候，它是當我覺得最活潑的。

And the fact that we are the only animals

而事實上，我們是唯一的動物

on the planet that do this is fascinating to me.

在這個星球上，做到這一點，是讓我著迷。

It's a true testament to how smart and brilliant

這是一個真正的證明，以多麼聰明和輝煌的

and sentience we are as beings.

和有情，我們作為眾生。

And we actually might be the only animals in the universe

而我們實際上可能是宇宙中唯一的動物

that do this.

做到這一點的。

(record scratch)

(從頭到尾)

if you're like me,

如果你像我一樣，

you never know where your wallet is,

你永遠不知道你的錢包在哪裡。

which is why I am excited about today's sponsor Dashlane.

這就是為什麼我對今天的贊助商Dashlane感到興奮。

Dashlane saves and fills your credit card information

Dashlane可以保存並填寫您的信用卡資訊。

along with other personal information,

以及其他個人信息。

like your address or phone numbers

如您的地址或電話號碼

so that those online forms can be done in seconds.

以便於在幾秒鐘內完成這些在線表格。

With Dashlane when shopping online,

與Dashlane在線購物時。

you never have to go find your wallet.

你再也不用去找你的錢包了。

Like yesterday when I spent an hour and a half

就像昨天我花了一個半小時的時間

trying to find it and it was on my fridge.

試圖找到它，它是在我的冰箱。

Dashlane works across all devices and on all platforms.

Dashlane可在所有設備和所有平臺上使用。

So you don't have to worry about saving certain passwords

是以，您不必擔心保存某些密碼。

on certain devices.

在某些設備上。

And before I started using Dashlane,

而在我開始使用Dashlane之前。

I would probably on a weekly basis

我可能會每週一次

be confronted with the doom

面臨滅頂之災

of the forgot your password icon,

忘記密碼的圖標。

but Dashlane now auto-fills

但Dashlane現在自動填充

and saves all my login information and passwords

並保存我所有的登錄資訊和密碼。

on every website.

在每個網站上。

Dashlane also stores and decrypts your information

Dashlane還可以存儲和解密您的資訊。

locally on your device, so it is safe.

在地的設備上，所以它是安全的。

Go to dashlane.com/asapscience

訪問dashlane.com/asapscience。

to start using it for free and organize your life like me.

開始免費使用它，像我一樣安排你的生活。

And if you want to upgrade to the premium

如果你想升級到高級

use the code ASAP science to get 50% off.

使用代碼ASAP science可獲得50%的折扣。

A frickin dealio.

一個frickin dealio。

Having not left the house in months,

幾個月沒有離開過家了。

Dashlane has been great for online shopping

Dashlane對網上購物有很大的幫助

and also you can actually send your passwords