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  • Soil...

    土壤...

  • it's one the most underrated, and little-understood,

    這是一個最被低估的,也是最不被理解的。

  • wonders on our fragile planet.

    我們脆弱的星球上的奇蹟。

  • Here's why

    這就是為什麼...

  • Far from being lifeless dirt,

    遠不是沒有生命的泥土。

  • it's estimated that in a single gram of soil,

    據估計,在一克土壤中。

  • there could be as many as 50,000 species

    五萬種之多

  • of microscopic organisms, or microorganisms.

    的微觀生物,或微生物。

  • And in one teaspoon of soil,

    而在一茶匙的土壤。

  • there are more microorganisms than there are people on the Earth.

    有更多的微生物 比有地球上的人。

  • But much of what lies beneath, in this hidden and deep universe,

    但在這隱祕而深邃的宇宙中,很多東西都在下面。

  • is still alien to us.

    對我們來說還是陌生的。

  • Despite being literally under our feet,

    儘管在我們的腳下。

  • humans have so far only identified a tiny fraction

    迄今為止,人類只識別了一小部分

  • of the extraordinary life teeming underground.

    的非同尋常的生活在地下湧動。

  • But these animals and microorganisms provide an invaluable role.

    但這些動物和微生物提供了寶貴的作用。

  • Millions of years of evolutionary competition

    數百萬年的進化競爭

  • have led the microorganisms to produce antibiotic compounds

    導致微生物產生抗生素化合物。

  • to fight their neighbours.

    以對抗他們的鄰居。

  • And these compounds form the basis

    而這些化合物構成了基礎

  • of many of the antibiotics used by us humans.

    我們人類使用的許多抗生素的。

  • We literally make medicine from our soil.

    我們真的是用我們的土壤做藥。

  • No-one knows how many new treatments could be lying under our feet,

    沒有人知道我們腳下會有多少新的治療方法。

  • waiting to be discovered.

    等待著被發現。

  • One of the most special creatures living in soil is the earthworm.

    生活在土壤中最特殊的生物之一就是蚯蚓。

  • Darwin was fascinated by them and said:

    達爾文被它們迷住了,他說。

  • "It may be doubted if there are any other animals

    "可能會懷疑是否還有其他動物

  • which have played such an important part

    扮演重要角色的

  • in the history of the world,"

    在世界歷史上,"

  • due to their importance in making and sustaining soil.

    由於它們對製造和維持土壤的重要性。

  • Earthworms journey down and around,

    蚯蚓的旅程下來,周圍。

  • creating breathing holes, like lungs in the soil.

    形成呼吸孔,就像土壤中的肺。

  • This creates space for plant roots to grow and keeps soil alive.

    這就為植物根系的生長創造了空間,保持了土壤的活力。

  • Under the soil, there are also vast and intricate webs of fungal threads.

    在土壤下,還有龐大而複雜的菌絲網。

  • Plants and fungi need each other to thrive, and so they do a deal.

    植物和真菌需要彼此生長,所以它們做了一筆交易。

  • Fungi can't capture carbon dioxide to grow like plants can,

    真菌不能像植物那樣捕捉二氧化碳來生長。

  • but they're better than plants at mining the soil for nutrients,

    但它們比植物更能挖掘土壤中的養分。

  • so they trade.

    所以他們交易。

  • Plants give fungi carbon to grow,

    植物給真菌生長提供碳。

  • and fungi give plants nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus.

    和真菌給植物提供養分,如氮和磷。

  • It's a mutually beneficial relationship.

    這是一種互惠互利的關係。

  • And just one example of the interconnected ecosystem

    而這僅僅是相互關聯的生態系統的一個例子。

  • we're all part of.

    我們都是其中的一部分。

  • Plant matter decays and provides food for microbes.

    植物物質會腐爛,為微生物提供食物。

  • They provide food for worms.

    它們為蟲子提供食物。

  • Worms are food for birds and so on

    蟲子是鳥類的食物等等... ...

  • Soil provides us humans with almost everything we eat.

    土壤為我們人類提供了幾乎所有的食物。

  • But it's not just about what soils can do for us.

    但這不僅僅是土壤對我們的作用。

  • It's important we value, appreciate -

    重要的是我們要重視、欣賞----------。

  • and crucially protect - soil for a whole load of other reasons too.

    而且至關重要的是,保護土壤也有很多其他原因。

  • Think about this for a moment.

    思考一下這個問題。

  • It takes more than 100 years to build just 5 millimetres -

    僅僅是5毫米的建築就需要100多年的時間--。

  • half a centimetre - of soil.

    半釐米的土壤;

  • But just moments to destroy,

    但就在毀滅的瞬間。

  • through chemical contamination, urbanisation,

    通過化學汙染、城市化。

  • landslides, erosion and more.

    滑坡、水土流失等。

  • Some soil is really ancient - dating back millions and millions of years.

    有些土壤真的很古老--可以追溯到數百萬年前。

  • The oldest soil on Earth is thought to be in South Africa

    地球上最古老的土壤被認為是在南非。

  • and dates back three billion years.

    並可追溯到30億年前。

  • In the UK, our soil is around 15,000 years old,

    在英國,我們的土壤大約有15000年的歷史。

  • and it formed after the last ice age.

    它形成於上一個冰河時代之後。

  • Soil is also a really valuable carbon store -

    土壤也是一個非常有價值的碳庫----------。

  • capturing carbon and locking it away in stable forms

    捕捉碳並以穩定的形式將其鎖住

  • deep underground.

    深入地下。

  • It stores three times as much carbon as all the plants on Earth combined,

    它儲存的碳量是地球上所有植物總和的三倍。

  • including trees.

    包括樹木。

  • But because it grows so slowly, we need to protect what we have.

    但因為它生長得太慢,我們需要保護我們所擁有的東西。

  • We are not succeeding.

    我們沒有成功。

  • We know many of the problems.

    我們知道很多問題。

  • Intensive farming is one of them.

    集約化農業就是其中之一。

  • It releases carbon from our soils

    它從我們的土壤中釋放碳

  • and we're losing soil 50 to 100 times faster than it's able to re-build.

    我們失去土壤的速度是它重建速度的50到100倍。

  • In Europe, 60-70% of soils are thought to be unhealthy.

    在歐洲,60-70%的土壤被認為是不健康的。

  • And in croplands in the UK,

    而在英國的耕地裡。

  • in less than 30 years from the end of the 1970s,

    從上世紀70年代末開始,在不到30年的時間裡。

  • we lost more than 10% of the carbon the soil had stored for us.

    我們失去了超過10%的碳 土壤為我們儲存。

  • And since then? Well, we just don't know,

    從那以後呢?嗯,我們只是不知道。

  • because in many countries there's little data on soil.

    因為在很多國家,土壤的數據很少。

  • It's poorly protected and regulated.

    它的保護和監管不力。

  • We grow on it, build on it, build from it.

    我們在它的基礎上成長,在它的基礎上發展,在它的基礎上建設。

  • It filters and cleans our waters,

    它能過濾和清潔我們的水。

  • reduces flooding, and regulates our atmosphere.

    減少洪水,調節我們的大氣。

  • It's one of the most biodiverse habitats on Earth

    這裡是地球上生物多樣性最豐富的棲息地之一。

  • and a vital part of the nitrogen and carbon cycle on our planet.

    也是我們地球上氮碳循環的重要組成部分。

  • But the sad truth is,

    但可悲的是

  • right now, soil hasn't enough champions fighting for it.

    現在,土壤還沒有足夠的冠軍為它而戰。

  • We literally treat it like dirt.

    我們真的把它當做泥土。

  • And yet there is so much untapped potential,

    然而還有很多潛力沒有被挖掘出來。

  • so much wonder, and so many secrets, just waiting to be discovered

    這麼多的奇蹟,這麼多的祕密,就等著被發現。

  • in the ground beneath our feet.

    在我們腳下的土地上。

Soil...

土壤...

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