(Mary) We are on the Kern River Preserve.

(瑪麗)我們在克恩河保護區。

(Mary) It's beautiful to walk on the preserve this time of year.

每年的這個時候在保護區裡散步是很美的

(Mary) The mornings are really cool.

(Mary)早上真的很涼爽

(Mary) This time of year is also amazing because you're hearing

每年的這個時候也很神奇，因為你會聽到

(Mary) all the birdsong earlier in the morning.

(Mary)一早所有的鳥鳴。

♪♪♪

♪♪♪

(Mary) The Willow Flycatcher is this small, plain bird.

(Mary)柳葉蟬就是這種小而普通的鳥。

(Mary) And it flies around and catches flies,

(瑪麗)它飛來飛去，抓到了蒼蠅。

(Mary) because that's the type of insect it eats the most.

因為那是它吃得最多的昆蟲類型。

(Mary) And it nests near rivers or creeks.

而且它在河流或小溪附近築巢。

(Mary) Knowing their vocalizations is key to doing the research

瞭解他們的發聲是做研究的關鍵。

(Mary) because otherwise, you'd rarely see them if you didn't.

(Mary)因為如果不這樣做，你就很少看到他們。

(Mary) They say what the flycatchers do is "fitz-bew."

(Mary)他們說捕蠅者做的是 "fitz -bew"。

(Mary) You wouldn't even call it a song, really.

(Mary)你甚至不會把它叫做一首歌，真的。

(Mary) I mean it's, it's okay. It doesn't sound bad.

(Mary)我的意思是，沒關係的。 這聽起來不壞。

(Mary) I love it when I hear it,

(Mary)我喜歡聽到它。

(Mary) because it means there's a Willow Flycatcher

因為這意味著有一隻柳葉捕蠅草

(Mary) nearby. So, definitely.

(瑪麗)附近。所以，肯定。

(Mary) I've lived here in the Kern River Valley

我在克恩河谷住過一段時間

(Mary) since the winter of 1990.

(Mary)自1990年冬天。

(Mary) When I first started working here, there were more Willow Flycatchers.

我剛開始在這裡工作的時候，柳樹鶲比較多。

(Mary) And now it's down to about, as far as we know at this point

(瑪麗)現在已經降到了大約，據我們所知在這一點上。

(Mary) in time, 1 individual.

(瑪麗)及時，1個人。

(Mary) That's all we know of right now and it's kind of depressing.

這就是我們現在所知道的一切，這有點令人沮喪。

(Steve) As a whole, Empidonax traillii, the Willow Flycatcher,

作為一個整體，Empidonax traillii，柳樹鶲。

(Steve) is not endangered. In fact, it's relatively abundant

(史蒂夫)並沒有瀕臨滅絕。事實上，它是比較豐富的

(Steve) in North America.

史蒂夫）在北美。

(Steve) However, the subspecies that inhabits the southwestern United States

然而，棲息在美國西南部的亞種：

(Steve) is federally endangered because of rapid and steep population declines

由於種群數量急劇下降，被聯邦政府列為瀕危物種。

(Steve) over the latter half of the 20th century.

史蒂夫）在20世紀後半葉。

(Mary) Basically, I view the Willow Flycatcher as a canary in a coalmine.

基本上，我認為柳樹鶲是煤礦中的金絲雀。

(Mary) It's not doing well, so why is it not doing well here?

(Mary)它做得不好，為什麼這裡做得不好？

(Mary) And if you can solve that for the Willow Flycatcher,

(Mary)如果你能為柳樹捕蠅人解決這個問題。

(Mary) it's probably going to prevent other bird species from having the same problems later on.

(Mary)它可能會防止其他鳥類以後出現同樣的問題。

(Kristen) In the U.S., there's roughly 100 species of neotropical migratory bird

在美國，大約有100種新熱帶候鳥。

(Kristen) that are either threatened, endangered or a species of special concern.

(Kristen)是受威脅、瀕危或特別關注的物種。

(Steve) A neotropical migrant is a bird that breeds in North America

新熱帶候鳥是一種在北美洲繁殖的鳥類。

(Steve) and then migrates south of the US border, into the neotropics.

(史蒂夫)然後遷徙到美國邊境以南，進入新熱帶地區。

(Steve) Before I really began to study migration in detail,

在我真正開始詳細研究移民之前。

(Steve) I tended to think of these birds as our birds.

我傾向於把這些鳥兒當作我們的鳥。

(Steve) They're in the North American field guide,

他們在北美的野外指南中。

(Steve) they must be North American birds, right?

他們一定是北美鳥類，對嗎？

(Steve) But they spend, in most cases,

但在大多數情況下，他們會花錢。

(Steve) more than half the year south of the US border.

(史蒂夫)在美國邊境以南有半年多的時間。

(Steve) Of the nearly 800 species of birds that breed in North America,

在北美地區繁殖的近800種鳥類中，

(Steve) about half migrate into the neotropics.

大約有一半的人遷徙到新熱帶地區。

(Steve) It's just a, it's a huge number.

這只是一個，這是一個巨大的數字。

(Steve) So if you observe that a migratory bird species is declining,

所以如果你觀察到一個候鳥物種正在減少，

(Steve) one of the first questions you have to ask is whether

你首先要問的問題之一就是

(Steve) it's declining due to factors on the breeding grounds in North America,

(史蒂夫)由於北美繁殖地的因素，它正在下降。

(Steve) the wintering grounds in the neotropics,

新熱帶地區的越冬地。

(Steve) or somewhere in between, or a combination of those.

或者介於兩者之間，或者是這兩者的結合。

(Kristen) The main reason why it's hard to figure out why

(Kristen)主要原因是很難弄清楚為什麼

(Kristen) some of these species are in trouble is because they're only in our backyards

這些物種中的一些陷入困境是因為它們只在我們的後院出現

(Kristen) for, say, 3 months of the year.

一年有3個月的時間。

(Kristen) And the rest of the time, we don't know where they're going.

其餘的時間，我們不知道他們要去哪裡。

(Kristen) So we don't know what threats they're facing in those areas.

所以我們不知道他們在這些地區面臨的威脅。

(Kristen) In order to develop conservation strategies,

為了制定保護戰略。

(Kristen) we need to be able to identify how breeding and wintering populations are linked.

我們需要能夠確定繁殖和過冬種群是如何聯繫在一起的。

(Kristen) So migratory bird conservation has to be a collaborative effort

所以候鳥保護必須是一個合作性的努力。

(Kristen) with biologists all over Latin America.

(Kristen)與拉丁美洲各地的生物學家。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] Yes, taking birds out of the net is one of my favorite things

(娜塔莉) [講西班牙語] 是的，把鳥從網裡拿出來是我最喜歡的事情之一。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] because you can learn a lot of new information

(娜塔莉) [講西班牙語] 因為你可以學到很多新的資訊。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] when you have a little bird in your hands.

（娜塔莉）[講西班牙語] 當你有一個小鳥在你的手中。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] In ornithology, yes, "a bird in the hand is worth more than 100 in the bush

(Natalie) [講西班牙語] 在鳥類學中，是的，"一隻鳥在手裡的價值超過100只在灌木叢中的價值"。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] That's the saying, yes!

(娜塔莉) [講西班牙語] 這是說，是的!

(Chespi) More than 220 species of birds actually migrate,

切斯皮）實際遷徙的鳥類有220多種。

(Chespi) mostly from North America, to Costa Rica.

(Chespi)大多來自北美洲，到哥斯達黎加。

(Chespi) Birds know no borders.

鳥類是沒有國界的。

(Chespi) They don't understand these boundaries between countries.

他們不明白這些國家之間的界限。

(Chespi) They simply use ecosystems.

(Chespi)他們只是利用生態系統。

(Kristen) There are huge networks of people that do bird banding all over the western hemisphere.

西半球各地都有龐大的鳥類樂隊網絡

(Kristen) So you capture the birds in a mist net and you put a little metal leg band on the bird.

(克里斯汀)所以你用霧網捕捉鳥兒，然後在鳥兒身上套上一個小金屬腿帶。

(Kristen) And then you hope to recapture that bird at some other point in its annual cycle.

然後你希望在它每年的週期中的某個時間點重新捕獲那隻鳥。

(Kristen) But the recapture rates are incredibly low.

但是再捕獲率卻低得令人難以置信

(Kristen) They're less than 1%.

(Kristen)他們還不到1%。

(Kristen) So our thought was, well if we could develop a technology

所以我們的想法是 如果我們能開發出一種技術

(Kristen) that could use information within a single feather,

(Kristen)，可以在一根羽毛內使用資訊。

(Kristen) like information in the DNA of the bird,

(Kristen)像鳥類DNA中的資訊。

(Kristen) to track their migratory movements, then we can take a feather collected from anywhere

追蹤它們的遷徙路線 然後我們可以從任何地方收集一根羽毛

(Kristen) along the migratory journey and link it back to which breeding population that came from.

(Kristen)沿著遷徙的旅程，並將其鏈接到來自哪個繁殖種群。

(Kristen) The Bird Genoscape Project is an effort to use genomic sequencing

鳥類基因景觀項目是一個利用基因組測序的努力

(Kristen) to understand the population- specific movements of migratory birds.

(Kristen)來了解候鳥的種群特定運動。

(Kristen) The original idea came from the co-director of the Bird Genoscape Project, Tom Smith,

最初的想法來自鳥類基因景觀項目的聯合導演湯姆-史密斯。

(Kristen) who literally just decided about 20 years before the technology was actually

她只是在20年前就決定要在技術上做文章了

(Kristen) available that we should be able to do this.

(Kristen)我們應該可以做到這一點。

(Tom) In the early 90s, I naively thought that well, if we just collect some feathers

在90年代初，我天真地想，如果我們收集一些羽毛的話

(Tom) we'll be able to get DNA out of feathers, and

我們將能從羽毛中提取DNA

(Tom) it took the Human Genome Project to really develop the tools

人類基因組計劃才真正開發出了這些工具

(Tom) to enable us to begin to link populations.

(湯姆)，使我們能夠開始連接人口。

(Kristen) So I live in Colorado now, but if I wanted to know where my ancestors came from,

我現在住在科羅拉多州 但如果我想知道我的祖先從哪裡來，

(Kristen) I might send my DNA off to a genetic ancestry service.

我可能會把我的DNA送去遺傳祖先服務。

(Kristen) They would compare my DNA against this huge database of DNA from

他們會把我的DNA和這個龐大的DNA數據庫進行對比，這些數據庫來自於

(Kristen) many, many other people and be able to identify that most of my ancestry is from Norway,

(Kristen)許多，許多其他的人，並能夠確定我的大部分祖先是來自挪威。

(Kristen) which is where I know my grandparents came from.

(Kristen)我知道我的祖父母就是從那裡來的。

(Kristen) We can do the same thing with the Bird Genoscape Project.

我們可以用鳥類基因景觀項目做同樣的事情。

(Kristen) We collaborate with these bird banding stations,

(克里斯汀)我們與這些鳥類帶狀站合作。

(Kristen) which are all over North America and Latin America, to collect feathers.

(Kristen)它遍佈北美和拉丁美洲，收集羽毛。

(Kristen) And then our first step is essentially creating that ancestry database.

(克里斯汀)然後我們的第一步就是建立祖先數據庫。

(Kristen) When we sequence the genome from birds all across the breeding range,

當我們對整個繁殖區的鳥類進行基因組測序時，

(Kristen) we use that to build a map of how the different birds are related to one another

我們用它來建立一個不同鳥類之間關係的地圖

(Kristen) and what the unique, genetically unique populations are across the breeding range.

(Kristen)，以及在整個繁殖範圍內有哪些獨特的、基因上獨特的種群。

(Kristen) And then we can take a feather collected from outside of its breeding range

(克里斯汀) 然後我們可以從它的繁殖範圍外採集一根羽毛。

(Kristen) and we can compare that with the expected genetic profile

(Kristen)，我們可以將其與預期的基因圖譜進行比較。

(Kristen) of birds from different parts of the breeding range.

(Kristen)來自繁殖地不同地區的鳥類。

(Kristen) And we can tell you that this bird is actually a bird that might be found

我們可以告訴你，這隻鳥實際上是一種可能被發現的鳥類。

(Kristen) breeding in the Sierra Nevada mountains, or New York, or something like that.

(克里斯汀)在內華達山脈或紐約繁殖，或類似的東西。

(Kristen) Which is really cool!

這真是太酷了！

(Mary) My specific role in the Bird Genoscape Project is collecting genetic samples

我在 "鳥類基因景觀項目 "中的具體作用是收集基因樣本。

(Mary) of Willow Flycatchers throughout their wintering range.

(Mary)的柳葉鶲在整個越冬範圍內。

(Mary) And then also the breeding grounds as well.

(瑪麗)然後也是繁殖地。

(Mary) My role is the fun stuff, I think!

我的角色是有趣的東西，我認為！

[birds chirping]

[鳥叫聲]

(Mary) I have a speaker and I'm going to use it to do some playback

(瑪麗)我有一個揚聲器，我要用它來做一些回放

(Mary) of the Willow Flycatcher vocalizations in order to lure it into the net.

(Mary)的柳鶯發聲，以引誘它入網。

(Mary) Ok.

(Mary) Okay.

(Mary) And I use a long cord so I'm a good distance away from the net

我用的是長線，所以我離網子的距離很遠

(Mary) and I won't scare them.

(Mary)我也不會嚇到他們。

(Mary) Where'd it go?

它去哪了？

(Mary) Yep, that's him!

對，就是他！

(Mary) He was a feisty one, but we got him.

他是個暴躁的人，但我們抓住了他。

(Mary) So this is a Willow Flycatcher,

(Mary)所以這是一隻柳樹鶲。

(Mary) and he's not happy. He's a very feisty guy.

(Mary)他不高興。他是個非常暴躁的傢伙。

(Mary) Yeah.

(Mary) Yeah.

(Mary) Here we go.

(Mary)我們走吧

(Mary) OK, so the first thing I'm going to do

好的，所以我首先要做的是

(Mary) is one of the most important things is to have the genetic samples.

(Mary)最重要的事情之一就是要有基因樣本。

(Mary) So I'm going to pluck the tail feather first.

(瑪麗)所以我要先拔掉尾巴的羽毛。

(Mary) Sorry, guy.

(Mary)對不起，夥計

(Kristen) The general sort of description of where the willow flycatcher

(Kristen)大致描述了一下柳葉飛鳥在哪裡？

(Kristen) winters from bird books is from Mexico down to the northern tip of South America.

(克里斯汀)從鳥類書籍中的冬天是從墨西哥到南美洲的北端。

(Mary) When the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher was listed as endangered,

(Mary)當西南柳鶯被列為瀕危物種時。

(Mary) we had no idea where this particular subspecies wintered.

我們不知道這個特殊的亞種在哪裡過冬。

(Mary) Did it go throughout that whole range?

它貫穿了整個範圍嗎？

(Mary) Or just a portion of the range? We had no idea.

還是隻是一部分範圍？我們不知道

(Kristen) Once we have developed what we called the Genoscape

一旦我們開發出了我們所謂的Genoscape(基因景觀)

(Kristen) the map of how populations are related on the breeding grounds

(克里斯汀)種群在繁殖地的關係圖

(Kristen) we can take any individual captured on the wintering areas

我們可以帶走任何在越冬區捕捉到的個體。

(Kristen) or anywhere along its migratory trajectory

(Kristen)或沿其遷徙軌跡的任何地方。

(Kristen) and tell you where that bird was from.

(Kristen)並告訴你那隻鳥是哪裡來的。

(Kristen) So the end product of the Bird Genoscape Project for a particular species

所以，鳥類基因景觀項目的最終產品是針對某一特定物種的。

(Kristen) is the creation of a map that details the genetically distinct lineages

(Kristen)是創造了一張地圖，詳細說明了基因上不同的血統。

(Kristen) and where they're found on the breeding range.

(Kristen)以及它們在繁殖範圍內的位置。

(Kristen) Similar to the kind of map that you would find in a bird book.

類似於你在鳥類書籍中找到的那種地圖。

(Kristen) But in this case, it's population-specific.

但在這種情況下，它是特定人群的。

(Kristen) And then it also details where those different populations,

(Kristen)然後它還詳細介紹了那些不同的人群在哪裡。

(Kristen) which migratory routes they use and then where they're found on the wintering grounds.

它們使用哪條遷徙路線 然後在哪裡找到它們的越冬地。

(Kristen) The Bird Genoscape Project was able to show us with high precision

鳥類基因景觀項目能夠向我們高精度地展示出

(Kristen) where the wintering areas of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher are.

(Kristen)西南柳葉蟬的越冬區域在哪裡。

(Kristen) So people have dedicated their lives to knowing where this bird spends the winter

所以人們畢生致力於瞭解這種鳥在哪裡過冬。

(Kristen) And we know now that it winters in specific areas in Costa Rica and Nicaragua.

我們現在知道它在哥斯達黎加和尼加拉瓜的特定地區過冬。

(Kristen) So now we can really focus our efforts

(克里斯汀) 所以現在我們可以真正集中精力

(Kristen) to where they're needed,

(Kristen)到需要他們的地方。

(Kristen) which is super cool.

(Kristen)這是超酷的。

(Kristen) That's the whole point!

(Kristen)這才是重點！

(Tom) Right now we have, just for the neotropical migrants, about 200,000 feathers.

現在，我們有，僅僅是新熱帶移民，就有大約20萬根羽毛。

(Tom) So that represents roughly around 100 or so species.

所以這大概代表了100種左右的物種。

(Kristen) Right now, we're working on roughly 20 species of migratory

現在，我們正在研究大約20種遷徙性的動物。

(Kristen) birds and they're in various stages of development.

鳥類，它們正處於不同的發展階段。

(Kristen) Our long-term goal is to map 100 species of migratory birds

我們的長期目標是繪製100種候鳥的地圖。

(Kristen) of higher conservation concern by the year 2025.

(Kristen)到2025年，保護關注度較高。

(Tom) The collaboration is growing.

(湯姆)合作越來越多。

(Tom) If we go back to the early 90s, it was myself and my graduate students in my lab.

(Tom)如果我們回到90年代初，那是我和我的研究所學生在我的實驗室。

(Tom) And now, you know, we have many, many collaborators

現在，你知道，我們有很多很多的合作者。

(Tom) from across North America and Central America.

湯姆）來自北美和中美洲各地的。

(Chespi) We know where the birds are and where to get the samples.

我們知道鳥在哪裡，也知道在哪裡取樣。

(Chespi) What we're doing right now is just adding one extra field,

我們現在要做的只是增加一個額外的領域。

(Chespi) which is collect a feather and send it back to the States.

(Chespi)就是收集一根羽毛，然後把它送回美國。

(Chespi) For us, that's very little.

對我們來說，這是非常小的。

(Chespi) But for the birds, that's huge.

但對於鳥類來說，這是巨大的。

(Chespi) And that's our win-win relationship with the Bird Genoscape Project.

這就是我們與鳥類基因景觀項目的雙贏關係。

(Tom) The ultimate goal is really creating a network

(湯姆)最終的目標是真正建立一個網絡。

(Tom) a franchise, if you will, of different universities,

(湯姆)一個特許經營權，如果你願意，不同的大學。

(Tom) different research groups, all coming together

不同的研究小組，都聚集在一起。

(Tom) to solve these mysteries of migratory birds.

(湯姆)來解開這些候鳥之謎。

(Tom) That's my hope.

(湯姆)這是我的希望。

(Steve) I think the willow flycatcher is a fantastic example of why the work is so important.

我認為柳樹捕蠅器是一個很好的例子，說明為什麼這項工作如此重要。

(Steve) It enables conservation to be targeted to those places in most need.

它能使保護工作有針對性地進行，以滿足那些最需要的地方。

(Mary) If the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher went extinct,

如果西南柳鶯滅絕了。

(Mary) I think a lot of people, they'd shrug their shoulders and say

(Mary)我想很多人，他們會聳聳肩，然後說

(Mary) well, that doesn't matter a whole lot.

好了，這並不重要了。

(Mary) But I think the decline of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher is kind of an alarm call.

但我認為西南柳葉蟬的衰落是一種警報。

(Mary) And if it disappears, it's a huge warning that there's something wrong.

(瑪麗)如果它消失了，那就是一個巨大的警告，說明有問題了。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] Birds give us

(娜塔莉) [講西班牙語] 鳥兒給了我們

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] that kind of sountrack

（娜塔莉） [講西班牙語] 那種音軌。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] that song that's present in many of our stories.

（娜塔莉） [講西班牙語] 這首歌是存在於我們的許多故事。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] I can't imagine how the world would be without bird songs.

(娜塔莉) [講西班牙語] 我無法想象沒有鳥鳴的世界會是怎樣的。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] It's part of being in the world and being alive, I think.

(娜塔莉) [講西班牙語] 這是在世界和活著的一部分，我想。

(Natalie) [speaking Spanish] It's part of us.

（娜塔莉）[講西班牙語] 這是我們的一部分。

(Chespi) I think birds bring people together.

我覺得鳥兒能讓人們聚在一起。

(Chespi) It is like when you go to another country and you realize

就像你到了另一個國家，你會意識到...

(Chespi) that someone speaks the same language,

(Chespi)有人說同樣的語言。

(Chespi) and you can have like endless conversations just because you speak the same language.

(Chespi)你可以有像無盡的對話 只是因為你說同樣的語言。

(Chespi) For us, it's the language of bird conservation.

對我們來說，這是鳥類保護的語言。

(Tom) I think one of the great outcomes of the project

(湯姆)我認為這個項目的最大成果之一是

(Tom) is connecting the people who are working on the same birds,

(Tom)正在連接那些正在研究相同鳥類的人。

(Tom) but in different parts of the world at different seasons.

(湯姆)但在世界不同的地方，在不同的季節。

(Tom) in a way that couldn't happen before,

(湯姆)以一種以前不可能發生的方式。

(Tom) because we didn't know where the birds were going.