A few years ago, oddly enough,

幾年前 奇怪的是

I needed the bathroom,

我需要去上廁所

and I found one, a public bathroom,

我找到了一間公共廁所

and I went into the stall,

我走進廁所間的時候

and I prepared to do what I'd done most of my life:

正要準備做我這一生常做的事

use the toilet, flush the toilet, forget about the toilet.

那就是方便後 沖水 再將一切拋諸腦後

And for some reason that day, instead,

不知道什麼原因 那天

I asked myself a question,

我反而問了自己一個問題

and it was, where does this stuff go?

那就是 這些東西會到哪裡？

And with that question, I found myself plunged

這個問題使我陷入了--

into the world of sanitation --

一個關於衛生的世界--

there's more coming -- (Laughter) —

後面還有呢 --（笑聲）--

sanitation, toilets and poop,

一個關於衛生、馬桶以及糞便的世界

and I have yet to emerge.

而我至今還未浮上來

And that's because it's such an enraging,

因為 那是個多麼令人激動

yet engaging place to be.

又令人著迷的世界

To go back to that toilet,

回到馬桶的故事

it wasn't a particularly fancy toilet,

那個馬桶並沒有什麼特別之處

it wasn't as nice as this one

也沒有比

from the World Toilet Organization.

「世界馬桶組織」的馬桶來的好

That's the other WTO. (Laughter)

簡稱也叫WTO的組織 （笑聲）

But it had a lockable door, it had privacy, it had water,

可是它有可鎖的門 有隱私 有水

it had soap so I could wash my hands,

它有肥皂可以讓我洗手

and I did because I'm a woman, and we do that.

而我當然洗了 因為我是女人 我們都會洗

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑聲）（掌聲）

But that day, when I asked that question,

可是那天 我問了那個問題

I learned something, and that was that I'd grown up thinking

我學到了件事： 一直以來 在我成長過程中

that a toilet like that was my right,

我以為使用馬桶是我的權利

when in fact it's a privilege.

可是其實那是一種特權

2.5 billion people worldwide have no adequate toilet.

全世界有25億人沒有馬桶

They don't have a bucket or a box.

他們沒有一個桶子或箱子

Forty percent of the world with no adequate toilet.

全世界有百分之四十的人沒有馬桶

And they have to do what this little boy is doing

他們只能像這個小男孩一樣

by the side of the Mumbai Airport expressway,

在孟買機場的高速公路邊

which is called open defecation,

這被稱為隨地排便

or poo-pooing in the open.

或者叫做在戶外上大號

And he does that every day,

他每天都得這樣做

and every day, probably, that guy in the picture

每一天 在照片上的男人可能

walks on by,

會路過 卻無動於衷

because he sees that little boy, but he doesn't see him.

因為他雖然看到了小男孩 卻沒有真正看進眼底

But he should, because the problem

可是他應該要的 因為

with all that poop lying around

這麼多糞便在地上所帶來的問題

is that poop carries passengers.

就是糞便上載著一些"乘客"

Fifty communicable diseases like to travel in human shit.

50種傳染病喜歡以人的糞便來傳播

All those things, the eggs, the cysts,

所有的東西 包括蛋、囊、

the bacteria, the viruses, all those can travel

細菌、病毒 所有這些東西

in one gram of human feces.

都可以在一公克的人類糞便中傳播

How? Well, that little boy will not have washed his hands.

怎麼會呢？因為那個男孩不可能洗手

He's barefoot. He'll run back into his house,

他打著赤腳 跑回家去

and he will contaminate his drinking water and his food

他可能攜帶的疾病

and his environment

會污染周邊的飲用水 、食物

with whatever diseases he may be carrying

以及環境

by fecal particles that are on his fingers and feet.

因為他的手指和腳上都有糞便物質

In what I call the flushed-and-plumbed world

在這個我稱為「沖水就了事」的世界

that most of us in this room are lucky to live in,

我們大部分的人都很幸運可以在這生活

the most common symptoms associated with those diseases,

這些疾病中最常見的病症--

diarrhea, is now a bit of a joke.

腹瀉 -- 現今聽起來是個笑話

It's the runs, the Hershey squirts, the squits.

也稱為拉肚子、拉稀、澇屎

Where I come from, we call it Delhi belly,

在我生長的地方 我們稱它為

as a legacy of empire.

"德里腹"

But if you search for a stock photo of diarrhea

可是如果你在一家領先的照片圖像公司

in a leading photo image agency,

搜尋腹瀉的照片

this is the picture that you come up with.

你會找到的是這張圖片

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Still not sure about the bikini.

我不太懂為什麼她要穿比基尼

And here's another image of diarrhea.

這是另外一張關於腹瀉的照片

This is Marie Saylee, nine months old.

這是瑪麗賽里 九個月大

You can't see her, because she's buried

你看不到她 因為她被埋葬

under that green grass in a little village in Liberia,

在位於利比理亞小村莊的一片青草底下

because she died in three days from diarrhea --

因為她在三天內死於腹瀉--

the Hershey squirts, the runs, a joke.

也就是所謂的拉肚子、拉稀 我們當笑話來看待的病

And that's her dad.

這是她的父親

But she wasn't alone that day,

可那天她並不是唯一的受害者

because 4,000 other children died of diarrhea,

因為還有其他 4,000 位孩童也死於腹瀉

and they do every day.

每天都如此

Diarrhea is the second biggest killer of children worldwide,

腹瀉是世界第二大兒童的殺手

and you've probably been asked to care about things

而你們可能被灌輸要關注的是

like HIV/AIDS or T.B. or measles,

一些像艾滋病、肺結核 或者麻疹的病

but diarrhea kills more children

可是死於腹瀉的孩童

than all those three things put together.

卻超過這其他三個疾病加起來的總數

It's a very potent weapon of mass destruction.

這是一個非常嚴重的高規模毀滅性疾病

And the cost to the world is immense:

而世界要對此付出的代價非常龐大

260 billion dollars lost every year

每年惡劣衛生狀況帶來的虧損

on the losses to poor sanitation.

逹2600億元

These are cholera beds in Haiti.

這是位於海地的霍亂專用病床

You'll have heard of cholera, but we don't hear about diarrhea.

你們可能聽說過霍亂 卻沒聽說過腹瀉的問題

It gets a fraction of the attention and funding

給予腹瀉的關注與資助只占

given to any of those other diseases.

其他疾病的一小部份

But we know how to fix this.

可是我們有解決辦法

We know, because in the mid-19th century,

我們知道，在19世紀中期

wonderful Victorian engineers

那些偉大的維多利亞工程師們

installed systems of sewers and wastewater treatment

建造了下水道與廢水處理的系統

and the flush toilet, and disease dropped dramatically.

也建造了沖水馬桶，所以疾病大幅下降

Child mortality dropped by the most

當時兒童死亡率下降的幅度

it had ever dropped in history.

是有史以來最大的

The flush toilet was voted the best medical advance

沖水馬桶被英國醫學雜誌讀者選為

of the last 200 years by the readers of the British Medical Journal,

兩百年以來最厲害的醫學進展

and they were choosing over the Pill, anesthesia,

而他們要在藥丸、麻醉 以及 手術裡

and surgery.

做選擇

It's a wonderful waste disposal device.

這是一個美妙的廢物處理設備

But I think that it's so good — it doesn't smell,

我覺得它真的很棒--不會臭

we can put it in our house, we can lock it behind a door —

可以把它放在房子裡 把它鎖在門後面

and I think we've locked it out of conversation too.

可是同時我們也把它鎖在談話之外

We don't have a neutral word for it.

對於糞便 我們沒有中性詞

Poop's not particularly adequate.

“便便”並不非常適當

Shit offends people. Feces is too medical.

“屎”又會得罪人 “排泄物”又太醫學了

Because I can't explain otherwise,

我沒有其他辦法可以解釋

when I look at the figures, what's going on.

當我看到這些數據代表了什麼

We know how to solve diarrhea and sanitation,

我們知道要如何解決 腹瀉與環境衛生的問題

but if you look at the budgets of countries,

可是如果你們看看這些國家的預算

developing and developed,

不管是發展中國家還是已發展國家

you'll think there's something wrong with the math,

你會覺得哪裏好像算錯了

because you'll expect absurdities like

因為你會預期一些荒謬的情況 像是

Pakistan spending 47 times more on its military

巴基斯坦花在軍事上的錢

than it does on water and sanitation,

比花在水源與環境衛生的錢高出47倍

even though 150,000 children die of diarrhea

儘管每年巴基斯坦會有

in Pakistan every year.

十五萬位孩童死於腹瀉

But then you look at that already minuscule

你再看看 那本來就極其微小的

water and sanitation budget,

水源與環境衛生預算

and 75 to 90 percent of it will go on clean water supply,

百分之75到90的預算會 花在乾淨的供水系統上

which is great; we all need water.

這是好事；我們都需要水

No one's going to refuse clean water.

沒有人會抗拒乾淨的水源

But the humble latrine, or flush toilet,

可是公共廁所，或者沖水馬桶

reduces disease by twice as much

所減少的疾病

as just putting in clean water.

是乾淨水源的兩倍

Think about it. That little boy

想想看

who's running back into his house,

那位跑回家的小男孩

he may have a nice, clean fresh water supply,

他可能擁有乾淨的水源

but he's got dirty hands that he's going to contaminate his water supply with.

可是他的髒手會污染水源

And I think that the real waste of human waste

我認為在廢物處理上真正的浪費

is that we are wasting it as a resource

就是我們浪費掉 把它轉化成資源的可能

and as an incredible trigger for development,

也浪費掉把它轉化成 激起巨大發展的可能

because these are a few things that toilets

因為馬桶以及糞便

and poop itself can do for us.

能為我們達成很多事

So a toilet can put a girl back in school.

馬桶可以使一個女孩回到學校

Twenty-five percent of girls in India drop out of school

在印度 百分之25的女孩們放棄就學

because they have no adequate sanitation.

因為她們沒有適當的衛生設施

They've been used to sitting through lessons

多年以來 她們已經習慣

for years and years holding it in.

上課的時候要憋住

We've all done that, but they do it every day,

我們都做過，可是她們每天都如此

and when they hit puberty and they start menstruating,

當她們進入青春期的時候開始有月經

it just gets too much.

對她們來說已經無法承受了

And I understand that. Who can blame them?

我能理解她們 誰能怪她們呢？

So if you met an educationalist and said,

所以如果你對一個教育學者說

"I can improve education attendance rates by 25 percent

“我可以用一個簡單的方法”

with just one simple thing,"

“將學校出席率提高百分之25”

you'd make a lot of friends in education.

你在教育界就會交到許多朋友

That's not the only thing it can do for you.

這還不是全部

Poop can cook your dinner.

糞便可以使你飽餐一頓

It's got nutrients in it.

糞便裡有營養素

We ingest nutrients. We excrete nutrients as well.

我們吃進營養，同時也排出營養

We don't keep them all.

我們不會留住所有的營養

In Rwanda, they are now getting

在盧安達的監獄

75 percent of their cooking fuel in their prison system

百分之75的烹飪燃料

from the contents of prisoners' bowels.

是來自囚犯腸道中的物質

So these are a bunch of inmates in a prison in Butare.

這些犯人被囚禁在位於布塔雷的監獄

They're genocidal inmates, most of them,

大部份的犯人都參與了種族滅絕的行動

and they're stirring the contents of their own latrines,

他們在攪拌自己的排泄物

because if you put poop in a sealed environment, in a tank,

如果你把糞便放在密封的環境里， 譬如一個儲槽

pretty much like a stomach,

就像胃一樣

then, pretty much like a stomach, it gives off gas,

所以呢 像胃一樣 會有氣體產生

and you can cook with it.

而你可以運用氣體來烹飪

And you might think it's just good karma

你可能覺得 這些人現在要攪拌自己的屎

to see these guys stirring shit,

是得到應有的報應

but it's also good economic sense,

可這也是符合經濟概念的

because they're saving a million dollars a year.

因為他們一年可以省下一百萬元

They're cutting down on deforestation,

他們減少了森林砍伐

and they've found a fuel supply that is inexhaustible,

也找到了一種用不完的、

infinite and free at the point of production.

無限的、免費生產的燃料來源

It's not just in the poor world that poop can save lives.

糞便並不只在貧窮國家挽救生命

Here's a woman who's about to get a dose

這個女人正被

of the brown stuff in those syringes,

注射一劑棕色物體

which is what you think it is,

這個物體跟你想的沒錯

except not quite, because it's actually donated.

可並不完全如此 因為它是被捐贈的

There is now a new career path called stool donor.

現在有一個新的職業道路叫做“糞便捐贈者”

It's like the new sperm donor.

就像最近流行的的“精液捐贈者”

Because she has been suffering from a superbug called C. diff,

因為她被一種超級病毒感染 叫做艱難酸菌

and it's resistant to antibiotics in many cases.

此病菌很多時候都對抗生素有抗藥性

She's been suffering for years.

她患病已經多年了

She gets a dose of healthy human feces,

她只要一劑健康的人類糞便

and the cure rate for this procedure is 94 percent.

這個程序的治癒率是百分之九十四

It's astonishing, but hardly anyone is still doing it.

效果令人訝異 可是接受此程序的人寥寥無幾

Maybe it's the ick factor.

可能覺得噁心吧

That's okay, because there's a team of research scientists

不過沒關係，因為加拿大有一組

in Canada who have now created a stool sample,

研究科學家已經做出糞便的樣本--

a fake stool sample which is called RePOOPulate.

一個假的糞便樣本 叫做 RePOOPulate

So you'd be thinking by now, okay, the solution's simple,

你現在可能在想 好吧 解決辦法很簡單

we give everyone a toilet.

我們給大家一個馬桶就好了

And this is where it gets really interesting,

這就是有趣的地方

because it's not that simple, because we are not simple.

因為事情並不簡單，我們也沒那麼簡單

So the really interesting, exciting work --

所以真正有趣又令人興奮的工作 --

this is the engaging bit -- in sanitation is that

公共衛生的工作裡迷人的地方

we need to understand human psychology.

就是我們需要了解人類心理學

We need to understand software

我們需要了解"軟體"

as well as just giving someone hardware.

也要了解直接給予"硬體"的問題

They've found in many developing countries that

我們發現 很多發展中國家的政府

governments have gone in and given out free latrines

都有給予免費的公共廁所

and gone back a few years later and found that they've

可是幾年後卻發現

got lots of new goat sheds or temples or spare rooms

那裡多出了新的羊棚、神殿或空房

with their owners happily walking past them

建築的主人還開開心心的路過那裡

and going over to the open defecating ground.

走到開放排便地去上廁所

So the idea is to manipulate human emotion.

所以我們的主要理念是要操縱人們的情緒

It's been done for decades. The soap companies did it

此方法已經使用了好幾十年 在二十世紀初的時候

in the early 20th century.

一些肥皂公司用過這個方法

They tried selling soap as healthy. No one bought it.

他們試過用健康的角度推銷肥皂 但沒人要買

They tried selling it as sexy. Everyone bought it.

他們試過用性感的角度推銷肥皂 所有人都買了

In India now there's a campaign

目前在印度有一項活動

which persuades young brides

勸導准新娘們

not to marry into families that don't have a toilet.

不要嫁入沒有馬桶的家庭

It's called "No Loo, No I Do."

此運動叫做 "沒馬桶，我就不願意"

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And in case you think that poster's just propaganda,

假使你以為這個海報 只是一個宣傳手段

here's Priyanka, 23 years old.

這位是普蘭卡，23歲

I met her last October in India,

去年十月 我在印度認識她

and she grew up in a conservative environment.

她成長於一個保守的環境

She grew up in a rural village in a poor area of India,

一個位於印度極為貧困的農村地區

and she was engaged at 14, and then at 21 or so,

她14歲時訂婚，而在21歲左右

she moved into her in-law's house.

她住進了婆家

And she was horrified to get there and find

到了那裡 她震驚的發現

that they didn't have a toilet.

他們竟然沒有馬桶

She'd grown up with a latrine.

她的成長時一直都有公共廁所

It was no big deal, but it was a latrine.

這沒什麼大不了 可是我們是在講廁所的問題

And the first night she was there, she was told

在那裡的第一天晚上 他們告訴她

that at 4 o'clock in the morning --

凌晨四點的時候

her mother-in-law got her up, told her to go outside

婆婆就會叫她起床 讓她出去

and go and do it in the dark in the open.

摸黑在戶外上廁所

And she was scared. She was scared of drunks hanging around.

她非常害怕 怕有醉漢會在外面遊蕩

She was scared of snakes. She was scared of rape.

她也怕蛇 也害怕被強姦

After three days, she did an unthinkable thing.

三天後 她做出無法想像的事

She left.

她離開了

And if you know anything about rural India,

如果你對印度農村有任何的了解

you'll know that's an unspeakably courageous thing to do.

那就會知道她做的事 需要多大的勇氣

But not just that.

不止如此

She got her toilet, and now she goes around

她有了自己的馬桶，還旅行到

all the other villages in India

其他印度農村

persuading other women to do the same thing.

勸導其他女人也做同樣的事

It's what I call social contagion, and it's really powerful

我稱這個現象為"社會傳染力" 極為強大的力量

and really exciting.

也使人非常興奮

Another version of this, another village in India