Name: 為什麼一個小小的斑點讓開車穿越 "美國 "成為不可能？ (Why a Single Little Spot Makes Driving Across "America" Impossible)
Uploaded: 2021-01-16T19:26:28.000Z
Duration: 8 min 9 s

基礎被動語態

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程度副詞

North America and South America are widely considered to be completely separate continents, but they are technically connected by land to one another across the narrow isthmus of Panama, which has led some people to consider the Americas together as a single giant continent.

北美洲和南美洲被廣泛認為是完全獨立的大陸，但從技術上講，它們通過陸地穿過狹窄的巴拿馬地峽相互連接，這使得一些人將美洲一起視為一個巨大的大陸。

For thousands of years now, people have been walking across the isthmus of Panama between the two has of America.

幾千年來，人們一直在美洲兩地之間的巴拿馬地峽上行走。

But contrary to what you might think, if you live in the U.

但與你想象的相反，如果你生活在美國。

Or Canada today and you type in directions to Buenos Aires and Google Maps, you'll just end up getting an air message.

或者今天加拿大，你輸入去布宜諾斯艾利斯的方向，谷歌地圖，最後只會收到一條空中資訊。

In fact, you'll get an error message if you type in directions to anywhere in South America because it's currently impossible to actually drive there despite it being actually connected by land.

事實上，如果你輸入去南美洲任何地方的方向，你會得到一個錯誤信息，因為目前不可能真正開車去那裡，儘管它實際上是由陸地連接的。

The only way that North Americans and South Americans convince it one another currently is by air or by sea, and the reason why that's the case is all because of this tiny little piece of land here called the Darien Gap.

北美人和南美人目前唯一能讓它彼此信服的方式就是空運或海運，而之所以會出現這種情況，都是因為這裡的這一小塊土地，叫做達裡恩峽。

Allow me to explain why Europe, Africa and Asia are similar to the Americas and that they're each considered separate continents, despite them all being connected with one another By land, however, you can actually drive between all three of these continents, and that's been possible for a long time.

請允許我解釋一下為什麼歐洲、非洲和亞洲與美洲相似，它們各自被認為是獨立的大陸，儘管它們都是彼此相連的 通過陸地，然而，你實際上可以在這三個大陸之間開車，而且這在很長一段時間內都是可能的。

While it's never been possible in the Americas, there are 22 sovereign nations that exist in the Americas that are all connected with one another by land.

雖然在美洲從來沒有過，但美洲存在22個主權國家，這些國家都是通過陸地相互連接的。

So in the early 20th century, a movement be informing to build a system of highways that connect all 22 of these nations together for the first time and allow people and goods to be driven across them.

所以在20世紀初，一場運動正在醞釀建立一個高速公路系統，第一次將所有22個國家連接在一起，並允許人們和貨物在其中行駛。

Over a period of decades, that system of highways was constructed and became known as the Pan American highway.

在幾十年的時間裡，這個公路系統建成了，並被稱為泛美公路。

But like an annoying computer update, it's been stuck in 99% completion for decades.

但就像煩人的電腦更新一樣，幾十年來一直停留在99%的完成度上。

Today, the highway starts at the furthest Northern Point in Alaska, Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean, and stretches all the way down through 14 countries with branches extending out across both continents.

如今，這條公路從阿拉斯加最遠的北點--北冰洋上的普魯德霍灣開始，一直延伸到14個國家，其分支橫跨兩大洲。

Before arriving at Ushuaia, the southernmost major city in South America.

在抵達南美洲最南端的大城市烏斯懷亞之前。

The 1% of the highway that isn't finished, though, is probably at the most cry critical possible point here on the border between Panama and Colombia, the highway stretches all the way from Prudhoe Bay in Alaska and abruptly ends here at a visa, Panama, while on the other side, it stretches all the way from Ushuaia, Argentina, and stretches all the way up before ending here at Turbo Colombia, the so called Darien Gap.

不過，沒有完成的那1%的高速公路，可能是在巴拿馬和哥倫比亞邊境這裡最哭的關鍵點，這條高速公路從阿拉斯加的普魯德霍灣一路延伸，在巴拿馬的簽證這裡突然結束，而另一邊，它從阿根廷的烏斯懷亞一路延伸，一直延伸到渦輪哥倫比亞這裡才結束，也就是所謂的達連峽。

In between, Yeah, Visa and Turbo is on Lee, 100 kilometers wide as the crow flies, and as a result, there are no roads that connect Panama with Colombia, which means that it's currently also impossible to drive between North America and South America.

中間，是啊，Visa和Turbo是在李，100公里寬的烏鴉，結果，沒有連接巴拿馬和哥倫比亞的道路，這意味著目前也無法在北美和南美之間開車。

You'd think that building a highway across just 100 kilometers of land would be fairly easy, though, So why hasn't this happened?

你會覺得在短短100公里的土地上修建一條高速公路是相當容易的，不過，為什麼沒有發生呢？

Well, it's mostly because this 100 kilometers stretch of land isn't it gloriously difficult to develop anything on.

嗯，主要是因為這100公里長的土地上，是不是很難開發什麼東西。

For starters, the entire gap is covered with incredibly thick rainforests, jungles, swamps and mountains, which are all incredibly detrimental to road construction and transportation.

首先，整個缺口覆蓋著無比茂密的雨林、叢林、沼澤和山地，這些都對道路建設和交通極為不利。

In order for me to put into perspective how massively difficult this terrain actually is to traverse across.

為了讓我更清楚地認識到，這種地形實際上是多麼的難以穿越。

Allow me to tell you about the first people who successfully managed to drive through the gap entirely overland.

請允許我向大家介紹一下第一批成功地完全從陸地上開過缺口的人。

They used a siege a Jeep Wrangler in 1985 to travel 201 kilometers across the jungle, and it took them 741 days to get across to the other side, meaning that on average they were only capable of driving 270 m per day through the jungle.

他們在1985年用一輛包圍的吉普Wrangler穿越叢林201公里，花了741天才穿越到另一邊，也就是說，他們平均每天只能在叢林中行駛270米。

There's also loads of terrible tropical diseases here that make working through the jungle and nightmare for construction workers.

這裡還有大量可怕的熱帶疾病，讓在叢林中工作的建築工人成為噩夢。

Consider the construction of the Panama Canal.

A little over a century ago, in the same general vicinity of the Darien Gap, 28,000 workers died here in Panama, constructing the canal due to tropical diseases, and over 12,000 more workers died back in the 18 fifties and sixties.

一個多世紀前，在達裡安峽的同一大體附近，巴拿馬這裡修建運河的工人因熱帶疾病死亡了28000人，早在18五六十年代，又有12000多名工人死亡。

Constructing the canals precursor, the Panama Railway Building Anything through here is inherently dangerous, difficult and immensely expensive because of the region's terribly rugged geography.

修建運河的前身，巴拿馬鐵路建設 由於該地區的地理環境非常崎嶇，通過這裡的任何東西都是危險的，困難的，而且成本極高。

But that's not entirely the only reason why our road hasn't ever been built here.

但這並不完全是我們的公路一直沒有在這裡修建的唯一原因。

Expensive roads have been built across even harsher environments before.

昂貴的公路之前已經在更惡劣的環境中修建過。

But here on the Panama Colombia border, there's a lot of political resistance to building a road that connects the two countries as well.

但在巴拿馬哥倫比亞邊境這裡，要修建一條連接兩國的公路，也有很多政治阻力。

For starters, on this point, foot and mouth disease is still a common ailment among cattle in South America, but it's been completely eradicated in Central and North America ever since the 19 fifties.

首先，就這一點來說，口蹄疫在南美洲還是牛的常見病，但在中美洲和北美洲，從1950年代開始，口蹄疫就已經完全消滅了。

There's a lot of evidence to suggest that the absence of any roads or paths across the Darien Gap has prevented infected South American cows from moving and spreading the disease into North America.

有很多證據表明，沒有任何道路或路徑穿過達裡恩峽谷，防止了受感染的南美奶牛移動並將疾病傳播到北美。

So a lot of cattle ranchers and farmers in the various countries up here are pretty opposed to building the road.

所以這上面各國的很多養牛場主和農民都很反對修路。

Further, there is massive resistance among several indigenous peoples that live in the area of the Darien Gap, who believe that a highway built through their lands will disrupt or even ruin their way of life.

此外，生活在達裡恩峽谷地區的一些土著人也有很大的牴觸情緒，他們認為，在他們的土地上修建一條公路會破壞甚至毀掉他們的生活方式。

But the biggest problem that any potential highway here faces is the massive local environmental damage that it will cause to a delicate ecosystem.

但任何潛在的高速公路在這裡面臨的最大問題是，它將對當地脆弱的生態系統造成巨大的環境破壞。

The Darien Gap is a pristine and almost untouched wildlife area at present day, and the construction of a massive intercontinental highway right through the middle of it will obviously disrupt that.

達裡恩峽是一個原始的、現今幾乎未被破壞的野生動物區，而一條巨大的洲際公路就在其間修建，顯然會破壞這一點。

Ah highway did technically go into construction once in 1971 and then again in 1992 but it was killed both times by damming environmental damage reports.

啊高速公路在技術上確實在1971年和1992年分別開工過一次，但兩次都被破壞性的環境破壞報告所扼殺。

However, there have been some ideas peddled around that would mitigate this.

然而，有人兜售一些可以緩解這種情況的想法。

One idea is to simply extend the already existing Pan American highway from U Visa in Panama, out the Caribbean coast through the less delicate ecosystems, and establish a ferry link with the road network over in Columbia.

一個想法是將現有的泛美公路從巴拿馬的U Visa延伸到加勒比海岸，穿過不那麼脆弱的生態系統，並在哥倫比亞建立一個與公路網連接的渡輪。

Another idea is to simply build giant bridges across the portions of the Darien Gap that are considered to be the most delicate.

另一個想法是，乾脆在被認為是最脆弱的達裡恩峽谷部分建造巨型橋樑。

Either way, building a regular highway through the whole gap would not only be environmentally destructive and dangerous for workers, but it would also be dangerous for people driving through even after it's completed, because the whole area is a hotbed for drug traffickers and insurgent groups.

無論是哪種方式，在整個缺口處修建一條普通的公路，不僅對環境有破壞，對工人有危險，而且即使建成後開車經過的人也會有危險，因為整個地區是毒販和叛亂組織的溫床。

In 2013, a Swedish backpacker walking through the gap was kidnapped by FARC revolutionaries and executed on the basis that he was a foreign spy.

2013年，一名走過缺口的瑞典揹包客被哥倫比亞革命武裝力量的革命者綁架，並以他是外國間諜為由被處決。

In 2003, 3 journalists operating in the gap were kidnapped by far right revolutionaries.

2003年，3名在縫隙中活動的記者被極右革命分子綁架。

So kidnappings and killings like these are relatively common occurrences in sight of the Darien Gap, owing to how remote and difficult it is to actually get inside there and driving through on a highway would likely remain a perilous journey.

所以像這樣的綁架和殺人事件，在達裡安溝的視線中是比較常見的，由於那裡很偏僻，很難真正進入到裡面去，在高速公路上開車過去，很可能依然是一段危險的旅程。

For all of these reasons, it's highly likely that the Darien gap will remain a gap in the pan American highway system for quite some time.

基於以上原因，在相當長的一段時間內，達連缺口極有可能仍是泛美公路系統的一個缺口。

And there's not much that you can probably ever do to change that.

而你可能永遠也無法改變這一點。

However, there are other problems out there in the world that you can help fix without even really having to do anything at all.

然而，世界上還有其他的問題，你甚至不需要做任何事情就可以幫助解決。

In other words, you could be generating free money for charities and causes of your choice right now by doing basically nothing if you go and check out tab for a cause.

換句話說，你可以為你選擇的慈善機構和事業產生免費的錢，現在基本上什麼都不做，如果你去檢查標籤的原因。

This browser extension displays a few small ads each time you open a new tab, and then they donate the money generated from that to a non profit of your choice.

這個瀏覽器擴展在你每次打開新標籤頁時都會顯示一些小廣告，然後他們會將由此產生的錢捐給你選擇的非營利組織。

It's seriously that simple, and to prove they're legit, their website is completely open source, and they published quarterly financial reports showing exactly where all the money goes So far, they've raised almost $1 million for good causes.

真的就這麼簡單，為了證明他們是合法的，他們的網站是完全開源的，他們公佈的季度財務報告顯示了所有資金的具體去向，到目前為止，他們已經為慈善事業籌集了近100萬美元。

 And right now they're running a Siris of campaigns for nonprofits, combating the effects of the ongoing Cove in 19 Pandemic so you can join me and start making the world just a little bit better by simply installing the browser extension in less than 30 seconds at tab, Not gladly dot io slash real life floor or by clicking the link down in the description and, as always, thank you for watching. 

而現在，他們正在為非營利組織開展Siris活動，打擊正在進行的Cove在19大流行的影響，所以你可以和我一起，並開始使世界只是一點點更好，只需在不到30秒的時間內安裝瀏覽器擴展，在標籤，不高興點io斜線現實生活地板或通過點擊描述中的鏈接，並一如既往地感謝您的觀看。