If Sapolsky is right, this implies that to truly understand human behavior, we would have to know exactly what happens in the 100 trillion connections of the brain a nanosecond before the behavior occurs.

如果薩波爾斯基是對的，這意味著要真正理解人類的行為，我們就必須知道在行為發生前一納秒，大腦的100萬億個連接中到底發生了什麼。

And consider what took place about five million years ago, when humans and chimpanzees share their last common ancestor and all the stuff that happened in between.

再想想500萬年前發生了什麼，人類和黑猩猩擁有最後一個共同的祖先，以及這中間發生的所有事情。

Mhm.

嗯

For example, when we see someone who has done something wonderful and altruistic or something brutal and savage, we can ask ourselves, Why did he do that just now on when we ask that we are asking something about what neurons in different parts of their brain did a fraction of a second ago way are also asking about what environmental stimuli in the previous seconds two minutes triggered those neurons.

例如，當我們看到一個人做了一些美好而利他的事情，或者是一些殘忍而野蠻的事情，我們可以問自己，為什麼他做了剛才上當我們問這個問題的時候，我們是在問一些關於他們大腦不同部位的神經元做了幾分之一秒前的方式也是在問前幾秒兩分鐘的環境刺激觸發了這些神經元。

And we're also asking, what did hormone levels in that morning have to do with making those neurons more or less sensitive to those triggers?

我們也在問，那天早上的激素水平和讓這些神經元對這些觸發器更敏感有什麼關係？

And then we are often running into neuro plasticity.

然後我們經常會遇到神經可塑性的問題。

How his experience change those neurons in previous months, then you are back to adolescence and childhood and all the way back into his fetal life, which has a huge amount to do with what sort of brain we're going to have as adults and even further back genes come in and culture.

他的經歷如何改變了前幾個月的那些神經元，然後你又回到了青春期和兒童期，一直到他的胎兒期，這和我們成年後要有一個什麼樣的大腦有很大的關係，甚至更遠的基因和文化都有關係。

Because the way you were raised within minutes of birth reflects the culture that your ancestors were coming up with centuries ago and at the bottom of the barrel, why we evolved into this kind of species instead of that kind.

因為你出生後幾分鐘內的成長方式，反映了你的祖先在幾百年前的文化，最底層的文化，為什麼我們會進化成這樣的物種，而不是那樣的物種。

Mm.

嗯。

If you trust Sapolsky theory of behavioral biology, you may at this point realize that things are much more complicated.

如果你信任薩波爾斯基的行為生物學理論，此時你可能會意識到，事情要複雜得多。

While a simple she did a so he did be may fulfill your need to bring order into this chaotic world.

雖然一個簡單的她做了，所以他做了，可能會滿足你的需求，把秩序帶到這個混亂的世界。

It is likely not going to be the full explanation.

這很可能不會是全部的解釋。

Sapolsky was born in New York, and he spent his youth reading about and imagining living with silverback gorillas.

薩波爾斯基出生於紐約，他在青年時期閱讀了有關銀背大猩猩的資料，並想象著與銀背大猩猩一起生活。

By age 12, he was running fan letters to primatologists, and during high school he taught himself Swahili.

12歲時，他就開始給靈長類動物學家辦粉絲信，高中期間他還自學了斯瓦希里語。

Later, he spent 25 years observing the same group of baboons in Africa every summer and then went on to study and teach behavioral biology at Stanford University.

後來，他花了25年的時間，每年夏天在非洲觀察同一群狒狒，然後去斯坦福大學研究並教授行為生物學。

Sapolsky left.

薩波爾斯基離開了。

For those who try to understand others the following advice.

對於那些試圖理解他人的人，以下建議。

We are complicated, so you better be really sure and really careful and really cautious before you decide.

我們很複雜，所以你最好是真的確定，真的很小心，真的很謹慎，然後再決定。

You understand why somebody did something, especially if that is something you're judging harshly.

你明白某人為什麼要做某件事，尤其是當那件事是你嚴厲評判的時候。

It's like trying to judge how a movie got to its conclusion by only watching 30 seconds of it.

這就好比只看了30秒就想判斷一部電影是如何得出結論的。

What do you think?

你覺得呢？

Is his theory solid?

他的理論可靠嗎？

And can we actually never really explain the behavior without taking the full picture into consideration?

而如果不考慮全局，我們其實永遠也無法真正解釋這種行為?

Or is there something like a soul that takes decisions regardless of what happens to us?

還是說有一種像靈魂一樣的東西，不管我們發生了什麼，都會做出決定？

Biologically Sprouts videos are published under the Creative Commons license.

Biologically Sprouts視頻是在創作共用許可證下發布的。

That means our videos are free and anyone can download, edit and play them for personal use and public schools, governments and nonprofit organizations can also use them for training online courses or designing new curriculums To help us stay independent and support our work, you can join our patrons and contribute.

這意味著我們的視頻是免費的，任何人都可以下載、編輯和播放這些視頻供個人使用，公立學校、政府和非營利組織也可以使用這些視頻進行在線課程培訓或設計新的課程為了幫助我們保持獨立並支持我們的工作，您可以加入我們的贊助人並做出貢獻。

Just visit patryan dot com slash sprouts.

只要訪問patryan點com斜線屮。