Learn anything with skill share for free for two months by being one of the 1st 500 people to sign up.

只要成為前500名註冊者之一，就可以在兩個月內免費學習任何技能分享。

Using the link below October 27th, 1962 is the most important date in human history that nobody really knows about.

利用下面的鏈接，1962年10月27日是人類歷史上最重要的日子，沒有人真正知道。

It was the day that human civilization came, the closest that it's ever been to being totally annihilated.

這一天，是人類文明最接近被徹底湮滅的一天。

If events had gone slightly differently that day, or one man had made a different decision, it's very likely that you would never have existed in the first place.

如果那天事件的發展稍有不同，或者有一個人做出了不同的決定，很有可能你當初就不會存在。

And even if you did, the world you know today in 2019 would more closely resemble fallout than our own.

即使你這樣做了，2019年你今天所知道的世界也會比我們自己的世界更接近於落差。

Because on October 27th, 1962 the world came the closest it's ever been toe full out nuclear war.

因為在1962年10月27日 世界上最接近全面核戰爭的時刻到來了。

The circumstances that almost led to disaster began three years previously in 1959 when the previous government of Cuba was overthrown by a new Marxist Communist Party that became the first country in the Western Hemisphere toe openly ally with the Soviet Union.

幾乎導致災難的情況始於三年前的1959年，當時古巴前政府被一個新的馬克思主義共產黨推翻，成為西半球第一個公開與蘇聯結盟的國家。

A communist country just 90 miles away from Florida was unacceptable to the U.

一個距離佛羅里達州僅90英里的共產主義國家是美國所不能接受的。

S government at the time, and multiple attempts by the American government to assassinate Castro or overthrow his government, like the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 all failed.

S政府當時，美國政府多次試圖暗殺卡斯特羅或推翻他的政府，如1961年的豬灣入侵，都失敗了。

The American sponsored but half hearted invasion at the Bay of Pigs convinced Castro that the Americans were going to try and launch a full scale invasion of Cuba at some point in the future.

美國人在豬灣發起的但半心半意的入侵，讓卡斯特羅相信，美國人將在未來的某個時間點嘗試對古巴發動全面入侵。

And so Castro was getting closer and closer in his alliance with the USSR.

於是，卡斯特羅與蘇聯的同盟關係越來越密切。

The Soviet Union, meanwhile, was concerned not on Lee with the possibility of an American invasion of Cuba, but also with the recent deployments of American nuclear missiles in Italy and, more alarmingly, to them in Turkey.

同時，蘇聯在李上擔心的不是美國入侵古巴的可能性，而是美國最近在意大利部署了核導彈，更令人震驚的是，他們在土耳其也部署了核導彈。

The missiles here, where within striking distance of Ukraine and Southern Russia itself, and America possessed 170 I.

這裡的飛彈，在烏克蘭和俄羅斯南部本身的打擊範圍內，而美國擁有170I。

C.

C.

B.

B.

M s on the American mainland capable of striking anywhere inside of the USSR, the Soviets.

Ms在美國本土能夠打擊蘇聯境內任何地方，蘇聯。

At the same time, Onley possessed a few dozen ICBMs.

同時，昂利擁有幾十枚洲際彈道導彈。

And besides that, they had no possible ability to strike the US mainland itself.

而除此之外，他們也沒有可能打擊美國本土的能力。

The solution to balance out this disparity and attack capability in the eyes of the Soviets was obvious.

在蘇聯人眼裡，平衡這種差距和攻擊能力的解決方案是顯而易見的。

They had thousands of medium and short range nuclear missiles that couldn't hit the US from anywhere inside of the Soviet Union.

他們有上千枚中短程核導彈，在蘇聯境內任何地方都打不到美國。

So why not begin putting these missiles in the territory of their new allies in Cuba That could then threatened to strike pretty much anywhere inside of America, just like the Americans had done by placing their missiles in Turkey?

那麼，為什麼不開始把這些飛彈放在古巴的新盟友的領土上，然後威脅要打擊美國境內的任何地方，就像美國人把飛彈放在土耳其一樣？

The problem was, the Soviets weren't sure how the Americans would react to nuclear missiles 90 miles away from the coast, so they began moving them in absolute secrecy starting in September 1962.

問題是，蘇聯人不確定美國人對離海岸90英里遠的核導彈會有什麼反應，所以從1962年9月開始，他們開始在絕對保密的情況下轉移核導彈。

It was the start of the most dangerous gamble that humanity has ever played, with the entire fate of the world literally at stake.

這是人類有史以來最危險的賭博的開始，整個世界的命運真的岌岌可危。

And for the first time in America's history, she faced the same threat the nearly every other country in the world has faced for centuries the very real threat of total annihilation by an external power.

而在美國曆史上第一次，她面臨著同樣的威脅，幾乎世界上所有其他國家幾個世紀以來所面臨的威脅，即被外部勢力徹底消滅的真實威脅。

The first photographic evidence of Soviet missiles by American spy planes flying over Cuba was acquired on October 14th.

10月14日，美國間諜飛機飛越古巴上空，獲得了第一張蘇聯飛彈的照片證據。

President Kennedy was notified on October 16th when he called a meeting to discuss the American response options.

10月16日，肯尼迪總統接到通知，他召開會議討論美國的應對方案。

They included doing nothing, using diplomacy to pressure the Soviets to withdraw, threatening Castro with an invasion, blockading Cuba to prevent any new missiles from arriving using air strikes to destroy the known missile site locations or using the U.

這些措施包括：什麼都不做，利用外交手段迫使蘇聯撤軍，以入侵威脅卡斯特羅，封鎖古巴以防止任何新的飛彈到達利用空襲摧毀已知的飛彈地點或利用美國。

S military to launch a full scale invasion of Cuba to destroy the missile sites and overthrow Castro and his regime.

美國軍方將對古巴發動全面入侵，摧毀導彈基地，推翻卡斯特羅及其政權。

The American Joint Chiefs of Staff were unanimous in their approval of the invasion option, but on Lee, Kennedy disagreed.

美國參謀長聯席會議一致贊成入侵方案，但在李的問題上，肯尼迪不同意。

Unknown to them, Castro himself was convinced that America was planning on invading and urged the Soviets to fire a preemptive nuclear strike on American cities in preparation for it.

殊不知，卡斯特羅本人也深信美國正計劃入侵，並敦促蘇聯對美國城市進行先發制人的核打擊，以做準備。

The Soviet leader, Khrushchev hesitated on his side while Kennedy hesitated on his own side.

蘇聯領導人赫魯曉夫在自己這邊猶豫，而肯尼迪在自己這邊猶豫。

Imagine how different the course of events may have been with any other world leaders who might have more easily fallen into peer pressure.

想象一下，任何其他世界領導人可能更容易陷入同行壓力，事件的進程可能會有多麼不同。

But neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev did.

但肯尼迪和赫魯曉夫都沒有這樣做。

Although both prepared for war, Kennedy authorized a limited blockade of Cuba on October 22nd that was stopping any ship traveling suspected of carrying weapons.

雖然都做好了戰爭的準備，但肯尼迪在10月22日授權對古巴進行有限的封鎖，就是阻止任何涉嫌攜帶武器的船隻行駛。

Khrushchev announced that the Soviets would be ignoring this blockade, and for the first time in US history, the nuclear alert system was raised toe Def Con to just one step before all out, nuclear war would be declared.

赫魯曉夫宣佈，蘇聯將無視這一封鎖，美國曆史上第一次將核警戒系統提高到Def Con，只需一步，就會宣佈全面的核戰爭。

And for the only time in US history, nuclear bombers went on continuous 24 hour alert, with several orbiting the USSR itself ready to drop the nukes on a 15 minute notice.

而美國曆史上唯一一次，核轟炸機24小時連續警戒，有幾架在蘇聯本土軌道上，準備在15分鐘內投下核彈。

145 American I C B.

145美國I C B。

M s were armed and made ready to launch, with several aimed directly at Cuba.

M型飛彈已裝備完畢，隨時準備發射，其中幾枚直接瞄準古巴。

On October 25th, the Soviets began challenging the US blockade and even getting a few ships slipped past.

10月25日，蘇聯人開始挑戰美國的封鎖，甚至有幾艘船溜了過去。

On October 26th, the US began making full preparations to invade Cuba, while on the same day Castro continued to urge the Soviets in a telegram tow launch the nuclear First Strike against America and then finally, in this atmosphere of extreme tension, the day of October 27th came that decided the fate of the entire world right up until our current time.

10月26日，美國開始全面準備入侵古巴，而在同一天，卡斯特羅繼續在電報中敦促蘇聯對美國發動核武第一擊，最後，在這種極度緊張的氣氛中，10月27日這一天的到來，決定了整個世界的命運，直到我們現在。

A Soviet submarine flotilla had managed to slip past the blockade of Cuba undetected sometime previously.

一支蘇聯潛艇船隊在之前的某個時候成功地溜過了古巴的封鎖，而沒有被發現。

But on October 27th, one of these subs B 59 was discovered by the Americans.

但在10月27日，其中一艘B59潛艇被美國人發現。

A squad of 11 American destroyers and one aircraft carrier pursued the Soviet sub, and it dived further underwater in order to signal they wanted the submarine to resurface and positively identify itself as a part of the blockade, one of the American destroyers began dropping practice.

一個由11艘美國驅逐艦和一艘航母組成的小隊追擊蘇聯潛艇，它進一步潛入水下，為了表示他們希望這艘潛艇重新浮出水面，正面表明自己是封鎖的一部分，美國的一艘驅逐艦開始投擲練習。

Dummy depth charges on B 59 thes couldn't possibly hurt the submarine because they were just dummies.

B59型潛艇上的深水炸彈不可能傷害潛艇，因為它們只是假人。

But the Soviet crew on board didn't know that they assumed that the charges were riel.

但船上的蘇聯船員並不知道，他們以為收費的是瑞爾。

And since they had lost contact with Moscow several days previously, most of them assumed that war may have already started back above the surface.

而由於他們在幾天前就與莫斯科失去了聯繫，所以大部分人都認為，戰爭可能已經開始回到地面之上。

There, Submarine was armed with a T five torpedo tipped with a five kiloton nuclear warhead.

在那裡，"潛艇 "裝備了一枚T五魚雷，上面裝有5千噸級的核彈頭。

If war had truly begun back above the surface like they believed in, the nukes had already been fired, then it wouldn't matter if they fired their nuclear torpedo against the American ships that seemed to be attacking them.

如果戰爭真的像他們所相信的那樣，回到海面之上，核彈已經發射了，那麼他們對著似乎在攻擊他們的美軍艦艇發射核魚雷也就無所謂了。

There were three officers on board that all had to agree on deploying a nuclear weapon, and while two of them did agree, the third, named Vasili Arkhipov, was the sole man who disagreed.

船上有三名軍官，在部署核武器的問題上都要達成一致意見，雖然其中有兩名軍官同意，但第三名軍官叫瓦西里-阿爾希波夫，是唯一不同意的人。

Arkhipov was the commander of the whole Soviet submarine flotilla, and he just happened to choose by chance to be aboard B 59.

阿爾基波夫是整個蘇聯潛艇船隊的指揮官，他只是機緣巧合地選擇了B59號潛艇。

Usually the deployment of a nuclear weapon on a Soviet submarine Onley required the authorization of the two most senior ranking commanders on board, the captain and the political officer.

通常在蘇聯 "昂利 "號潛艇上部署核武器，需要得到艇上兩位最高級指揮官的授權，即艇長和政治長官。

Had Arkhipov not been present, these two who were in favor of the nuclear option would have had their way and it would have been fired.

如果不是阿爾希波夫在場，這兩個贊成核方案的人就會得逞，就會發射。

The presence of Arkhipov onboard by mere chance meant that his approval was also required, though, and he stood alone and disagreed against the peer pressure of his fellow officers.

阿爾基波夫僅僅是偶然出現在船上，就意味著也需要他的同意，不過，他獨自一人頂著同僚的壓力，不同意。

Eventually they relented and desperate for air.

最後，他們終於忍無可忍，急於求成。

After being underwater for so long, they resurfaced and returned back to the Soviet Union but had things gone differently.

在水下呆了這麼久，他們重新浮出水面，回到了蘇聯，但事情是否有不同的發展。

If Arkhipov made a different decision, whether he fell into peer pressure or if he simply chose a different submarine to be present on, you probably wouldn't exist, and neither with the Internet or probably anything else that you know.

如果阿爾希波夫做出了不同的決定，不管他是陷入了同行的壓力，還是他只是選擇了不同的潛艇出現，你可能就不存在了，互聯網也不存在，可能你知道的其他東西也不存在。

That five kiloton torpedo was about one third the power of the Hiroshima bomb, and it probably would have destroyed most of that American Naval squadron, killing thousands of American sailors and destroying a dozen ships, including an aircraft carrier under the tense atmosphere that was already present.

那枚五千噸級的魚雷，威力大約是廣島原子彈的三分之一，在本來就緊張的氣氛下，它很可能會摧毀那個美國海軍中隊的大部分人員，殺死數千名美國水兵，摧毀十幾艘艦艇，包括一艘航母。

It's believable to assume that the Americans would have responded by launching a nuclear strike of their own against Cuba and maybe even the USSR leading down the path to apocalypse in an early real life version of fallout.

假設美國人的反應是對古巴甚至蘇聯發動自己的核打擊，也許會導致早期現實版的隕落，走向啟示錄，這是可信的。

So remember to think Vasili Arkhipov for unknowingly saving your life and our world 57 years ago.

所以記得想想瓦西里-阿赫皮波夫，感謝他在57年前不知不覺地拯救了你的生命和我們的世界。

Don't take another day afterwards for granted to make the most out of the time that you have.

不要理所當然的再過一天，要充分利用你所擁有的時間。

It's nice to do something productive or learn a new set of skills organization in decision making in crises like the Cuban missile crisis saved millions of lives.

做一些有成效的事情，或者學習一套新的技能組織在危機中的決策，比如古巴飛彈危機拯救了數百萬人的生命，這很好。

And while the course offered by my friend Thomas Frank on skill share on Productivity may not be as consequential historically it can be consequential thio you in developing the ways that you study and organize your own day.

而我的朋友托馬斯-弗蘭克提供的關於生產力的技能分享的課程可能並不像歷史上那樣具有後果性，它可以在發展你學習和組織你自己一天的方式上具有後果性。

You could take his class or any of more than 25,000 other classes, including ones on writing by Sam from Wendover Productions or animation and graphic design from the team of Kurtz's act.

你可以參加他的課程或其他25000多門課程中的任何一門，包括來自Wendover Productions的Sam關於寫作的課程，或者來自Kurtz的行為團隊的動畫和平面設計。

Since thankfully the Internet does exist today, you can teach yourself pretty much anything online and skill share is the perfect place to do it with professional and easy to understand classes that follow a clear learning curve you can jump right in and begin learning how to do the work or the hobbies that you love.

既然感謝互聯網確實存在的今天，你可以在網上教自己幾乎所有的東西，而技能分享就是一個完美的地方，專業而簡單易懂的課程，遵循清晰的學習曲線，你可以直接跳進去，開始學習如何做你喜歡的工作或愛好。

A premium membership starts around $10 a month for unlimited access toe all courses, but the 1st 500 people to sign up using this link in the description will get their first two months for free.

高級會員每月約10美元，可以無限制地訪問所有課程，但第500人使用描述中的這個鏈接註冊，將得到他們的前兩個月免費。

So go ahead and get started today since you can.

所以，既然可以，今天就去開始吧。

And if you're curious to learn more about the events that transpired during the Cuban missile crisis, check out my new podcast that I've co created with my friends called real life sports, where we'll dive deeper into the way that the CIA uncovered the truth of the missiles by seeing soccer fields in Cuba instead of the expected baseball fields.

如果你對古巴飛彈危機期間發生的事件感到好奇，可以看看我和朋友們共同創建的新播客《真實的生活體育》，我們將通過看到古巴的足球場而不是預期的棒球場，深入瞭解中情局揭開飛彈真相的方式。