Of all the planets in our solar system, Mars is the one that appears to be the most habitable.

在太陽系的所有行星中，火星是最適合居住的一顆。

Relatively speaking, it's not too cold, it's not too hot.

相對來說，不會太冷，也不會太熱。

And there's even a day and night cycle that is actually quite similar to our own.

甚至還有一個晝夜循環，其實和我們的晝夜循環很相似。

Which means the timekeeping on Mars is actually somewhat close to what it is on earth.

也就是說火星上的計時其實和地球上的計時有些接近。

But in many ways it's also starkly different.

但在很多方面也是截然不同的。

And that's a problem that astronauts and colonists in the near future are going to have to face.

而這也是不久的將來太空人和殖民者不得不面對的問題。

The question is, how exactly close is the Martian timescale to Earth's, and will astronauts visiting Mars in the near future be forced into a completely new dimension of time?

問題是，火星的時空與地球的時空到底有多接近，在不久的將來，訪問火星的太空人是否會被迫進入一個全新的時間維度？

Perhaps first, it's important to discuss briefly what time even is at all time.

也許首先要簡單討論一下，在所有的時間裡，什麼是時間偶。

When you think about it is sort of a strange concept.

仔細想想也算是一個奇怪的概念。

In its most basic form, time is essentially just the progress of existence that appears to occur in an irreversible succession from past to present and on into the future.

在最基本的形式上，時間本質上只是存在的進步，似乎是以不可逆轉的方式從過去到現在再到未來。

While the most widely used numeral system on earth is the decimal or based 10 system, a system that most likely originated because it was easy for humans to count using all 10 of their fingers, ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and the Greeks first divided the day into smaller parts, based on a base 12 and base 60 system that we continue to use to this day.

雖然地球上使用最廣泛的數字系統是十進制或基數10系統，這個系統的起源很可能是因為人類用10個手指頭都能輕鬆計數，但埃及人和希臘人等古文明首先將一天抽成了更小的部分，基於基數12和基數60的系統，我們一直沿用至今。

The base 12 system coming from the fact that there are roughly 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness during each observed equinox and 60 originating from well, I don't really know.

基數12的系統來自於這樣一個事實，即在每個觀察到的春分時節，大概有12個小時的白天和12個小時的黑暗，而60個小時源於嗯，我真的不知道。

But it does divide pretty nicely with smaller numbers such as 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30 which may be why it was originally chosen.

但它確實能很好地與10、12、15、20和30等較小的數字進行分割，這可能是最初選擇它的原因。

But all of this aside, what we eventually agreed upon was the fact that 24 hours did occur in a day, which is comprised of 60 minutes in each of those hours and 60 seconds within each of those minutes.

但拋開這些不談，我們最終達成一致的是，一天中確實有24小時，而這一天中的每一個小時都是由60分鐘組成，每一個分鐘內又有60秒。

Except, of course, for the occasional leap second, which occasionally turns the last minute of the year into a 61 2nd minute.

當然，除了偶爾的閏秒，偶爾會把今年的最後一分鐘變成61秒。

The problem that no ancient timekeepers ever thought about, though, is how would this system work among humans living on another planet?

不過，遠古的時間守護者都沒有想到的問題是，這個系統在生活在另一個星球上的人類中會如何運作？

The system we all know of 24 hours in a day and 60 minutes per hour is specific to our current plan it.

我們都知道的一天24小時，每小時60分鐘的制度，具體到我們現在的計劃它。

So how could a system like this that we already have, and of correlating to Mars, or rather, why even come up with a new system at all if the current one works just fine?

那麼，我們已經有的這樣一個系統，怎麼可能和火星相關聯，或者說，如果目前的系統運行得很好，為什麼還要想出一個新的系統呢？

The problem was doing that is that Mars rotates at a rate 2.7% slower than Earth, meaning that the Martian day is actually somewhat longer.

問題是這樣做是火星自轉的速度比地球慢2.7%，也就是說火星的一天其實是有些長的。

But before jumping to the full day, let's begin with the smaller unit of time.

但在跳到全天之前，我們先從更小的時間組織、部門開始。

The second, a second is really just a human perceived derivative of a larger time and as a result, would be the exact same on Mars as it is on Earth.

第二，一秒其實只是人類感知的更大時間的衍生物，是以，在火星上會和地球上完全一樣。

In fact, the precise measurement of a second is known as the atomic second, which is exactly measured as 9,192,631,770 vibrational periods of a CCM 133 Adam This obviously still applies on Mars, so seconds air good.

事實上，秒的精確測量被稱為原子秒，它的精確測量是9,192,631,770個振動週期的CCM133亞當這顯然在火星上仍然適用，所以秒的空氣好。

But next up is where things begin to get a little more complicated before moving on to what a minute is.

但接下來就是事情開始變得複雜一些，然後再來談談什麼是一分鐘。

It is first important to understand what exactly a day on Mars is like.

首先要了解火星上的一天到底是什麼樣子。

And to do that, we need to understand what exactly a day is.

而要做到這一點，我們需要了解一天到底是什麼。

A day on any planet is the time it takes for the planet to rotate once on its axis relative to the sun.

任何星球上的一天是指星球相對於太陽的軸線旋轉一次所需的時間。

That is, if you stand at one location and begin the day with the sun overhead.

也就是說，如果你站在一個位置，開始一天的工作，太陽在頭頂。

Ah, full day, when not have passed until the sun is directly overhead again the next day, while on Earth Day, is roughly 24 hours or specifically 23 hours and 57 minutes, to be exact.

啊，全天，當沒有通過，直到第二天太陽再次直射頭頂，而在地球日，大概是24小時，或者具體說是23小時57分，準確的說是23小時57分。

A Martian day, also known as a soul, is exactly 24 hours 39 minutes and 35 seconds long in earth time.

火星日又稱靈魂日，地球時間正好是24小時39分35秒長。

Now going back to what a Mars minute is a Mars Solar minute will be 1/60 of a Mars solar, our and a Mars solar.

現在回到什麼是火星分，火星太陽分將是火星太陽的1/60，我們的和火星太陽。

Our will be one 24th of a Mars day.

我們的將是一個24日的火星日。

So after doing some quick math, we can determine that a Mars minute is actually equal to one minute and 1.5 seconds of Earth time and, um, ours.

所以經過快速的計算，我們可以確定，火星一分鐘實際上等於地球時間的1分1.5秒，而我們的時間，嗯，是1分1.5秒。

Our is actually equivalent to one hour, one minute and 39 seconds on Earth.

我們的其實相當於地球上的1小時1分39秒。

Who wouldn't want to have a little extra time in the day after all?

畢竟誰不想在一天中多出一點時間呢？

Now the next unit of time to define after the day would be the month on Earth.

現在，在一天之後，下一個要定義的時間組織、部門就是地球上的月份。

We use the moon to define this length of time as it takes 29 a half days to complete the lunar cycle, which conveniently breaks the year down into roughly 12 equal parts.

我們用月亮來定義這個時間長度，因為完成一個月球週期需要29個半天，這就方便地把一年抽成了大約12個等份。

However, on Mars, it's not quite that easy.

然而，在火星上，就不那麼容易了。

Mars actually has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, and thes moons are almost nothing like ours.

火星其實有兩顆衛星，Phobos和Deimos，而這兩顆衛星和我們的衛星幾乎完全不一樣。

Phobos, for instance, orbits just 3700 miles above the surface of Mars and whips around it three times every single day and demos.

例如，Phobos的軌道距離火星表面僅3700英里，每天繞火星旋轉三次，並進行演示。

On the other hand, while it is more distant, it's still only takes 30 hours now.

另一方面，雖然距離比較遠，但現在還是隻需要30個小時。

Unless we wanted to have literally hundreds of months in the year using these moons as a relative references, just not going to be practical and therefore it was determined that it would be best to just divide the Martian year into 12 equal parts, pretty much just like we do on Earth, thus granting a relationship between the Mars month and the Earth month to be much closer together.

除非我們想用這些月亮作為相對的參照物，一年中真的有幾百個月，只是不會實用，是以決定最好是把火星年抽成12等份，就像我們在地球上一樣，從而賦予火星月和地球月之間的關係更加接近。

But it really starts to get crazy, however, is when we add up these months and begin to compare the Earth year to the Mars year in its entirety.

然而，真正開始變得瘋狂的是，當我們把這些月份加起來，並開始將地球年與火星年進行整體比較。

In astronomical terms, a year is the time it takes for a planet to make one trip around the sun, while the Earth takes roughly 365.25 days to make this journey.

在天文學上，一年是指一顆行星繞太陽一圈所需的時間，而地球走完這段路程大約需要365.25天。

Hence the leap year.

是以，閏年。

Every four years, the Mars year is nearly double that time at 687 Earth days were converted to Mars days 669.

每隔四年，火星年的時間就會增加近一倍，687個地球日被換算成669個火星日。

But what really makes a difference in the time on Earth versus the time on Mars is the actual orbit you see.

但真正讓地球上的時間與火星上的時間產生差異的是你看到的實際軌道。

For the most part, the earth rotates around the sun in a nearly perfect circle.

在大多數情況下，地球繞著太陽旋轉，幾乎是一個完美的圓。

Now, of course, it is technically not an exact circle, but it is relatively close, meaning that no matter what time of year.

當然，現在從技術上講，它並不是一個精確的圓，但它是比較接近的，也就是說，無論在什麼時候。

It is.

它是。

The distance between the earth and the sun remains much the same and thus has no effect on temperature.

地球和太陽之間的距離基本不變，是以對溫度沒有影響。

Instead, the seasons on Earth change primarily from the relative tilt of the earth.

相反，地球上的季節變化主要來自於地球的相對傾斜度。

In reference to the sun, However, Mars has what is known as an eccentric orbit, meaning that during some months it is much closer to the sun, while for others it is much, much further.

然而，火星有一個所謂的偏心軌道，這意味著在某些月份，它離太陽更近，而其他月份則遠得多。

And while this may not seem like a huge deal, it is going to make for some rather long and brutally cold winters.

雖然這看起來並不是什麼大事，但這將使一些相當漫長和殘酷的寒冷的冬天。

So with all of this being said, what time even is it on Mars right now?

那麼說了這麼多，現在火星上到底是什麼時間呢？

And does Mars even have an exact date?

而火星是否有確切的日期？

Well, actually, yeah.

嗯，實際上，是的。

For the purposes of enumerating Mars years and facilitating date comparisons, a system has already been developed by the Space Science Institute to perform this duty.

為了列舉火星年和便利日期比較，空間科學研究所已經開發了一個系統來履行這一職責。

This system, although not officially adopted yet is becoming increasingly used, especially by recent Mars exploration rovers.

這個系統雖然還沒有被正式採用，但已經越來越多地被使用，尤其是最近的火星探測車。

It suggests that Mars Year one occurred on April 11th, 1955 earth time at the point of the Northern spring equinox, shortly before the Great Martian dust storm of 1956 which was observed by astronomers here on Earth.

這表明，火星年一發生在地球時間1955年4月11日的北春分點，在地球上天文學家觀測到的1956年火星大沙塵暴前不久。

Thus for reference as we celebrate the new year here on Earth on January 1st 2021 Mars will be nearing the end of year 35 with New Year 36 finally occurring here on Earth on February 8 2021.

是以，當我們於2021年1月1日在地球上慶祝新年時，火星將接近第35年的尾聲，第36年的新年最終將於2021年2月8日在地球上發生，以供參考。

As humanity continues to reach further and further out into the solar system and beyond, it will become necessary to adopt new ways of telling time, Just like on Mars.

隨著人類不斷向太陽系及更遠的地方延伸，有必要採用新的計時方式，就像在火星上一樣。

While early Mars Rover missions used a rather primitive time system where they would literally just pause there clocks at midnight for 39 minutes in order to account for the time difference, more recent Rover missions have begun to use what is increasingly becoming known as Mars Universal Coordinated Time or M.

早期的火星漫遊者任務使用的是相當原始的時間系統，他們會在午夜時分將時鐘暫停39分鐘，以解釋時差，而最近的漫遊者任務則開始使用越來越多的人所熟知的火星通用協調時間或M。

U.

U.

C T M.

C T M.

U C T is very similar in nature to how Universal Coordinated Time, or UTC, works on Earth.

U C T與地球上的世界協調時間(UTC)的工作原理非常相似。

It is defined as the main solar time at Mars is Prime Meridian, much like how Earth has a prime meridian marking for which Universal coordinated time is based off of Mars has a meridian that was first proposed way back in 18 30 to be exact and is marked by a crater known as Harry Dash zero, which is sort of funny because this was essentially 50 years before the prime Meridian was established and agreed upon on Earth at the International Meridian Conference back in 18 84.

它被定義為在火星上的主要太陽時間是主子午線，就像地球有一個主子午線標記，世界協調的時間是基於火星有一個子午線，第一次提出的方式早在18 30準確和被稱為哈里-達什零的隕石坑標記，這是有點搞笑，因為這基本上是50年前的主子午線建立和同意在地球上的國際子午線會議早在18 84。

Now all of these problems with keeping track of time on Mars might not matter so much now, but they'll be of dramatic importance later on throughout the course of the 21st century.

現在，所有這些在火星上追蹤時間的問題，也許現在並不那麼重要，但在以後整個21世紀的過程中，它們將具有戲劇性的重要性。

Elon Musk announced earlier this year that he plans on having one million people living on Mars by 2050.

埃隆-馬斯克今年早些時候宣佈，他計劃到2050年讓100萬人生活在火星上。

That's only 30 years from now and just halfway through the century.

這距離現在只有30年的時間，也就過了半個世紀。

If he's right about that estimate, then the odds are good that most of you watching this video are going to be alive when the human population of Mars is one million, This is going to be a monumental task for humankind to pursue.

如果他的估計是對的，那麼當火星上的人類人口達到100萬的時候，看這個視頻的大部分人都有可能還活著，這將是人類要追求的一個不朽的任務。

And the problems with time, math, physics and mawr are numerous.

而時間、數學、物理、毛澤東的問題很多。

Stem subjects like these are vital for humankind's technological advancement.

像這樣的幹題，對人類的科技進步至關重要。

And while I understand that math and physics can seem incredibly overwhelming and at times even impossible to understand, brilliant can seriously help you out with understanding while I was still in school, I always struggled with just about every stem subject because it was hard for me to pay attention in my class or to get personalized help for my teachers.

雖然我明白數學和物理看起來令人難以置信，有時甚至無法理解，但在我還在上學的時候，輝煌可以認真地幫助你理解，我總是在幾乎每一門乾貨科目上掙扎，因為我很難在課堂上集中注意力，也很難得到老師的個性化幫助。

But brilliant just works, and it's helped me understand MAWR complicated subjects than I ever would have thought possible for myself back then.

但精彩就是管用，它幫助我理解了mawr複雜的題目，比我當年自己想象的還要好。

Even if you're an absolute beginner, you can start out with classes like mathematical fundamentals or physics of the every day and build your knowledge base up from there to more advanced subjects later, like calculus, gravitational physics, astronomy and so so much more brilliant breaks down complicated subjects like these into easy to follow bite size chunks that will engage you with interactive challenges, clear steps, storytelling and problems to solve and of learning about peer math isn't your thing.

即使你是一個絕對的初學者，你也可以從數學基礎或物理學的每一天這樣的課程開始，並從那裡建立你的知識基礎，以後更高級的科目，如微積分，引力物理學，天文學和如此如此多的輝煌將複雜的科目像這些分解成易於遵循的一口大小的塊，將吸引你與互動的挑戰，明確的步驟，講故事和問題解決和的學習關於同行數學是不是你的事情。

You can still learn how to do a whole bunch of other stuff, like how to build a solar panel, how to build a neural network, or even just getting started with coding or computer science.

你仍然可以學習如何做一大堆其他的東西，比如如何建立一個太陽能電池板，如何建立一個神經網絡，甚至只是開始使用編碼或計算機科學。

You can even do all of this on the go in small chunks with our mobile app or, if you're tight for time, you can complete their daily challenges to learn a little bit new every day in whatever small, free moments you get whatever stem subject it is you're interested in, or maybe struggling with.

你甚至可以用我們的移動應用程序在旅途中小塊地做所有這些事情，或者，如果你的時間很緊，你可以完成他們的日常挑戰，每天在任何小的，自由的時刻學習一點新的東西，無論你得到什麼幹題，它是你感興趣的，或者也許在掙扎。

And regardless of your experience level, there's something for you over at brilliant.

無論你的經驗水準如何，在輝煌都有適合你的東西。

And best of all, you can sign up completely for free right now.

最重要的是，您現在就可以完全免費註冊。

And if you're one of the 1st 200 people who go to brilliant dot org's slash real life, lower or click the link down in my description, you'll also get 20% off of your annual premium subscription and, as always, thank you for watching.

如果你是前200名去輝煌點點網的斜線現實生活的人中的一員，降低或點擊我描述中的鏈接，你還將獲得年度高級訂閱的20%折扣，並且，一如既往地感謝你的觀看。