again something about our diets.

一些有關我們飲食的事。 again something about our diets.

And I would like to know what the audience is.

我想先知道現場聽衆有哪些人 And I would like to know what the audience is.

And so who of you ever ate insects?

曾有人吃過昆蟲嗎？ And so who of you ever ate insects?

That's quite a lot.

還真不少。 That's quite a lot.

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

But still, you're not representing

然而，在場的各位 But still, you're not representing

the overall population of the Earth.

並不代表全球人口的實況 the overall population of the Earth.

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects.

因爲，實際上全球百分之八十的人吃昆蟲 Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects.

But this is quite good.

而這樣是很好的。 But this is quite good.

Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects?

何不食昆蟲？首先我們要定義，什麽是昆蟲？ Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects?

Insects are animals that walk around on six legs.

昆蟲是有六隻腳的動物 Insects are animals that walk around on six legs.

And here you see just a selection.

這裡你可以看到一些種類 And here you see just a selection.

There's six million species of insects on this planet,

全球有六百萬種的昆蟲 There's six million species of insects on this planet,

six million species.

六百萬種。 six million species.

There's a few hundreds of mammals --

哺乳類只有幾百種 There's a few hundreds of mammals --

six million species of insects.

而昆蟲有六百萬種。 six million species of insects.

In fact, if we count all the individual organisms,

而且，如果我們把所有生物個體算進來 In fact, if we count all the individual organisms,

we would come at much larger numbers.

我們得到的不只這個數字。 we would come at much larger numbers.

In fact, of all animals on Earth,

事實上，地球上的動物 In fact, of all animals on Earth,

of all animal species,

所有的種類都算進去 of all animal species,

80 percent walks on six legs.

百分之八十都是六隻腳的動物。 80 percent walks on six legs.

But if we would count all the individuals,

如果我們把所有的生物個體都算進來 But if we would count all the individuals,

and take an average weight of them,

再取所有的平均重量 and take an average weight of them,

it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kg.

你我每個人會對應到 it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kg.

for each of you and me on Earth.

大概200到2000公斤重的昆蟲。 for each of you and me on Earth.

That means that in terms of biomass

這表示，就生物質量來説 That means that in terms of biomass

insects are more abundant than we are.

昆蟲佔的比重比我們人類還大很多。 insects are more abundant than we are.

And we're not on a planet of men,

我們住的不是人的星球 And we're not on a planet of men,

but we're on a planet of insects.

而是昆蟲的星球。 but we're on a planet of insects.

Insects are not only there in nature,

昆蟲不只存在自然裏 Insects are not only there in nature,

but they also are involved in our economy,

也跟我們的經濟息息相關 but they also are involved in our economy,

usually without us knowing.

這點大部分的我們都不知道。 usually without us knowing.

There was an estimation,

根據幾年前 There was an estimation,

a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago

一項保守的估算說 a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago

that the U.S. economy

昆蟲給美國經濟 that the U.S. economy

benefited by 57 billion

每年帶來 benefited by 57 billion

dollars per year.

570億美金的效益。 dollars per year.

It's a number -- very large --

對美國的經濟來説 It's a number -- very large --

a contribution to the economy of the United States for free.

這是一個十分大，但免費的貢獻。 a contribution to the economy of the United States for free.

And so I looked up what the economy was paying

我也順便查了 And so I looked up what the economy was paying

for the war in Iraq

同一年 for the war in Iraq

in the same year.

花在伊拉克戰爭的費用 in the same year.

It was 80 billion U.S. dollars.

是800億美金。 It was 80 billion U.S. dollars.

Well we know that that

我們都知道 Well we know that that

was not a cheap war.

伊拉克戰爭並不便宜。 was not a cheap war.

So insects, just for free,

但是昆蟲，免費地 So insects, just for free,

contribute to the economy of the United States

為美國的經濟帶來 contribute to the economy of the United States

with about the same order of magnitude

相當於伊戰規模的效益 with about the same order of magnitude

just for free, without everyone knowing.

卻沒有任何人知道。 just for free, without everyone knowing.

And not only in the States,

而且不止在美國，在任何國家、 And not only in the States,

but in any country, in any economy.

任何經濟體系裏都有這樣的效益 but in any country, in any economy.

What do they do?

昆蟲們是怎麽辦到的？ What do they do?

They remove dung, they pollinate our crops.

昆蟲會分解糞便，幫農作物授粉 They remove dung, they pollinate our crops.

A third of all the fruits that we eat

我們吃的水果 A third of all the fruits that we eat

are all a result

有三分之一 are all a result

of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants.

都是藉由昆蟲授粉而生産的。 of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants.

They control pests.

昆蟲抑制害蟲的蔓延 They control pests.

And they're food for animals.

也是動物的食物來源 And they're food for animals.

They're at the start of food chains.

他們位於食物鏈的底層 They're at the start of food chains.

Small animals eat insects.

小動物吃昆蟲 Small animals eat insects.

Even larger animals eat insects.

大型的動物也吃昆蟲。 Even larger animals eat insects.

But the small animals that eat insects

吃昆蟲的小動物 But the small animals that eat insects

are being eaten by larger animals,

被大動物吃掉 are being eaten by larger animals,

still larger animals.

又被更大的動物吃掉 still larger animals.

And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well.

位於食物鏈末端的我們也吃昆蟲。 And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well.

There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects.

有很多人吃昆蟲 There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects.

And here you see me

這是我在中國 And here you see me

in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang --

一個人口兩百萬 in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang --

about two million inhabitants.

叫麗江的小城。 about two million inhabitants.

If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant,

你去吃晚餐，就像在海產店 If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant,

where you can select which fish you want to eat,

你挑選你要吃的魚 where you can select which fish you want to eat,

you can select which insects you would like to eat.

在這裡你挑選你要吃的昆蟲。 you can select which insects you would like to eat.

And they prepare it in a wonderful way.

廚師把昆蟲變成色香味俱全的菜。 And they prepare it in a wonderful way.

And here you see me enjoying a meal

你看我在吃的昆蟲大餐有 And here you see me enjoying a meal

with caterpillars, locusts,

毛毛蟲、蝗蟲 with caterpillars, locusts,

bee, [unclear] delicacies.

蜜蜂等等。 bee, [unclear] delicacies.

And you can eat something new everyday.

每天還有新菜色 And you can eat something new everyday.

There's more than 1,000 species of insects

全球有超過1000種的昆蟲 There's more than 1,000 species of insects

that are being eaten all around the globe.

被人類食用。 that are being eaten all around the globe.

That's quite a bit more

跟我們吃的 That's quite a bit more

than just a few mammals that we're eating,

像牛、豬、羊 than just a few mammals that we're eating,

like a cow or a pig

區區幾種哺乳類比起來 like a cow or a pig

or a sheep.

這是相當大的數量。 or a sheep.

More than 1,000 species --

超過1000種 More than 1,000 species --

an enormous variety.

這種類是很多的 an enormous variety.

And now you may think, okay,

你可能會想 And now you may think, okay,

in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.

好吧，中國這個鄉下地方的人吃蟲，我們可不吃。 in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.

Well we've seen already that quite some of you

我們剛才看到了 Well we've seen already that quite some of you

already ate insects maybe occasionally.

在場各位裏有些人偶爾可能吃昆蟲。 already ate insects maybe occasionally.

But I can tell you that everyone of you

我可以跟你們說， But I can tell you that everyone of you

is eating insects, without any exception.

所有的人都吃昆蟲，而且沒有例外。 is eating insects, without any exception.

You're eating at least

每一年你至少 You're eating at least

500 grams per year.

吃進了五百公克 500 grams per year.

What are you eating?

怎麽會呢？ What are you eating?

Tomato soup, peanut butter,

番茄湯、花生醬 Tomato soup, peanut butter,

chocolate, noodles --

巧克力、麵條等 chocolate, noodles --

any processed food that you're eating

所有處理過的食品 any processed food that you're eating

contains insects,

都包含昆蟲 contains insects,

because insects are here all around us,

因爲昆蟲無所不在 because insects are here all around us,

and when they're out there in nature

在大自然裏、在我們的左右、 and when they're out there in nature

they're also in our crops.

在穀物裏。 they're also in our crops.

Some fruits get some insect damage.

有些水果受到蟲咬 Some fruits get some insect damage.

Those are the fruits, if they're tomato,

像是番茄、 Those are the fruits, if they're tomato,

that go to the tomato soup.

就被加工做成湯 that go to the tomato soup.

If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery.

沒被蟲咬的水果才會拿到市場來賣 If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery.

And that's your view of a tomato.

這是你印象中的漂亮的番茄。 And that's your view of a tomato.

But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup.

但是也有很多番茄直接被做成湯 But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup.

And as long as they meet

食品裏可能出現各式各樣的東西 And as long as they meet

the requirements of the food agency,

只要能符合 the requirements of the food agency,

there can be all kinds of things in there,

食品管理單位的規定 there can be all kinds of things in there,

no problem.

就沒有問題。 no problem.

In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup,

事實上，番茄湯裡何必再放肉？ In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup,

there's meat in there anyway?

裡面早就有（蟲）肉了 there's meat in there anyway?

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

In fact, all our processed foods

所有處理過的食品 In fact, all our processed foods

contain more proteins

所含的蛋白質的量 contain more proteins

than we would be aware of.

都比我們認爲的還多。 than we would be aware of.

So anything is a protein source already.

所以基本上所有的食品都含蛋白質。 So anything is a protein source already.

Now you may say,

現在你可能會說 Now you may say,

"Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident."

“好吧，這500克是我們不小心吃進去的。” "Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident."

We're even doing this on purpose

事實上，在很多食品裏 We're even doing this on purpose

in a lot of food items that we have.

我們也會故意加蟲進去。 in a lot of food items that we have.

I have only two items

我這裡有兩樣 I have only two items

here on the slide --

在投影片上 here on the slide --

pink cookies or surimi sticks

粉紅色餅乾和蟹肉棒 pink cookies or surimi sticks

or, if you like, Campari.

或是，Campari烈酒 or, if you like, Campari.

A lot of our food products that are of a red color

很多我們吃的紅色的東西 A lot of our food products that are of a red color

are dyed with a natural dye.

是用天然紅色染料染的。 are dyed with a natural dye.

The surimi sticks

蟹肉棒 The surimi sticks

is crab meat, or is being sold as crab meat,

是蟹肉，或是仿蟹肉 is crab meat, or is being sold as crab meat,

is white fish

實際是白魚肉 is white fish

that's being dyed with cochineal.

用胭脂蟲酸染色的。 that's being dyed with cochineal.

Cochineal is a product

胭脂蟲酸是 Cochineal is a product

of an insect that lives off the cacti.

是寄生在仙人掌上的蟲作的染料。 of an insect that lives off the cacti.

It's being produced in large amounts,

胭脂蟲酸是量產的產物 It's being produced in large amounts,

150 to 180 metric tons per year,

年產量為150到180公噸 150 to 180 metric tons per year,

in the Canary Islands in Peru,

主要產在祕魯的加那利群島 in the Canary Islands in Peru,

and it's big business.

是一項重要的產業。 and it's big business.

One gram of cochineal

每一克胭脂蟲酸 One gram of cochineal

costs about 30 euros.

要價30歐元 costs about 30 euros.

One gram of gold

黃金一公克 One gram of gold

is 30 euros.

也是30歐元 is 30 euros.

So it's a very precious thing

所以我們使用的這個食物染料 So it's a very precious thing

that we're using to dye our foods.

是非常珍貴的。 that we're using to dye our foods.

Now the situation in the world is going to change,

對你我和這個地球而言 Now the situation in the world is going to change,

for you and me, for everyone on this Earth.

現在世界的局勢將會改變。 for you and me, for everyone on this Earth.

The human population is growing very rapidly

這世界的人口正在急速增加 The human population is growing very rapidly

and is growing exponentially.

成指數爆炸性地增加 and is growing exponentially.

Where at the moment we have

現在全球大約 Where at the moment we have

something between six and seven billion people,

有60到70億的人口 something between six and seven billion people,

it will grow to about nine billion

到2050年 it will grow to about nine billion

in 2050.

會增加到90億。 in 2050.

That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed.

這表示會有更多張嘴嗷嗷待哺。 That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed.

And this is something that worries more and more people.

越來越多人開始為這個為這個問題擔心。 And this is something that worries more and more people.

There was an FAO conference last October

聯合國糧農組織去年十月 There was an FAO conference last October

that was completely devoted to this.

開了一個會專門來討論這個問題。 that was completely devoted to this.

How are we going to feed this world?

如何能產生足夠的食物？ How are we going to feed this world?

And if you look at the figures up there,

你如果看看這些數字 And if you look at the figures up there,

it says that we have a third more mouths to feed,

說世界人口將增加33% it says that we have a third more mouths to feed,

but we need agricultural production increase

但是農業產出必須增加70% but we need agricultural production increase

of 70 percent.

才能餵飽所有人。 of 70 percent.

And that's especially because this world population

這是因爲， And that's especially because this world population

in increasing,

雖然人口在增加 in increasing,

and it's increasing, not only in numbers,

但增加的不只是量 and it's increasing, not only in numbers,

but we're also getting wealthier,

我們也越來越有錢 but we're also getting wealthier,

and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more

有錢的人除了吃得更多 and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more

and also starts to eat more meat.

也吃更多的肉。 and also starts to eat more meat.

And meat, in fact, is something

而肉，事實上 And meat, in fact, is something

that costs a lot

要耗費 that costs a lot

of our agricultural production.

更多的農業產能。 of our agricultural production.

Our diet consists for some part of animal proteins,

我們的飲食的一部分是動物性蛋白 Our diet consists for some part of animal proteins,

and at the moment, most of us here

而這些動物性蛋白我們大部分 and at the moment, most of us here

get it from livestock,

是從畜牧牲畜、 get it from livestock,

from fish, from game.

從魚、家禽那裏得來， from fish, from game.

And we eat quite a lot of it.

我們吃的動物性蛋白還不少。 And we eat quite a lot of it.

In the Developed World it's on average

在已開發國家裏 In the Developed World it's on average

80 kg. per person per year,

平均每人每年吃80公斤的肉 80 kg. per person per year,

which goes up to 120

而在美國 which goes up to 120

in the United States

更是高達120公斤 in the United States

and a bit lower in some other countries,

在一些國家雖然吃得少一些 and a bit lower in some other countries,

but on average 80 kg.

但是平均 but on average 80 kg.

per person per year.

每人每年80公斤。 per person per year.

In the Developing World it's much lower.

在開發中國家就少很多 In the Developing World it's much lower.

It's 25 kg. per person per year.

每人每年25公斤 It's 25 kg. per person per year.

But it's increasing enormously.

但急速增長中。 But it's increasing enormously.

In China in the last 20 years,

在中國過去20年裏 In China in the last 20 years,

it increased from 20 to 50,

消耗的肉從20增加到50公斤 it increased from 20 to 50,

and it's still increasing.

還在持續增加中。 and it's still increasing.

So if a third of the world population

所以，如果世界三分之一的人口 So if a third of the world population

is going to increase its meat consumption

消耗的肉量將會 is going to increase its meat consumption

from 25 to 80 on average,

從25增加到80公斤 from 25 to 80 on average,

and a third of the world population

另外，三分之一的世界人口 and a third of the world population

is living in China and in India,

住在中國和印度 is living in China and in India,

we're having an enormous demand on meat.

那麽我們對肉將會有很大量的需求。 we're having an enormous demand on meat.

And of course, we are not there to say,

當然，我們不能說 And of course, we are not there to say,

it's only for us, it's not for them.

只有我們能吃肉，這三分之一的人不能吃肉。 it's only for us, it's not for them.

They have the same share that we have.

他們跟我們有一樣的權利。 They have the same share that we have.

Now to start with, I should say

說起來，第一點我覺得 Now to start with, I should say

that we are eating way too much meat

在歐美國家裏 that we are eating way too much meat

in the Western world.

我們吃太多肉了。 in the Western world.

We could do with much, much less --

事實上我們可以少吃一點的 We could do with much, much less --

and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time.

這點我很清楚，因爲我吃素很久了 and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time.

And you can easily do without anything.

我知道肉可以不吃 And you can easily do without anything.

You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway.

從很多食物你都可以獲取蛋白質。 You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway.

But then there's a lot of problems

再者，肉的生産過程裏 But then there's a lot of problems

that come with meat production,

有很多問題 that come with meat production,

and we're being faced with that more and more often.

而這些問題的出現也越來越頻繁。 and we're being faced with that more and more often.

The first problem that we're facing is human health.

首當其衝的問題就是人體的健康。 The first problem that we're facing is human health.

Pigs are quite like us.

豬跟人很像 Pigs are quite like us.

They're even models in medicine.

不單做人類藥劑試驗的對象 They're even models in medicine.

And we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human.

也還可以移植器官給人類。 And we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human.

That means that pigs also share diseases with us.

這表示說豬也和人有很多共同的疾病 That means that pigs also share diseases with us.

And a pig disease,

豬的疾病 And a pig disease,

a pig virus, and a human virus

一株豬的病毒，和人的病毒 a pig virus, and a human virus

can both proliferate.

都是會增殖的。 can both proliferate.

And because of their kind of reproduction,

因爲兩種病毒的複製 And because of their kind of reproduction,

they can combine and produce a new virus.

可以交叉而產生一株新的病毒 they can combine and produce a new virus.

This has happened in The Netherlands in the 1990's

這在1990年代在荷蘭爆發的傳統豬瘟裏 This has happened in The Netherlands in the 1990's

during the classical swine fever outbreak.

就發現這樣的事。 during the classical swine fever outbreak.

You get a new disease that can be deadly.

而這種新的病是會致命的。 You get a new disease that can be deadly.

We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us,

因爲昆蟲和我們之間物種差異十分大 We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us,

that this doesn't happen.

這種事是不會發生的。 that this doesn't happen.

So that's one point for insects.

所以在這方面，昆蟲獲得一分。 So that's one point for insects.

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

And there's the conversion factor.

另外還有生産報酬率的因素 And there's the conversion factor.

You take 10 kg. of feed,

10公斤的飼料 You take 10 kg. of feed,

you can get one kg. of beef,

可以養出一公斤的牛肉 you can get one kg. of beef,

but you can get nine kg. of locust meat.

但是蝗蟲肉可以養出9公斤 but you can get nine kg. of locust meat.

So if you would be an entrepreneur,

如果你是老闆 So if you would be an entrepreneur,

what would you do?

你要養那一種？ what would you do?

With 10 kg. of input,

同樣是10公斤的飼料 With 10 kg. of input,

you can get either one or nine kg. of output.

你可以得到1或9公斤的產出。 you can get either one or nine kg. of output.

So far we're taking

目前我們還都是選擇 So far we're taking

the one, or up to five kg. of output.

1公斤，最多到5公斤的產出 the one, or up to five kg. of output.

We're not taking the bonus yet.

紅利都還放在那邊沒人拿呢， We're not taking the bonus yet.

We're not taking the nine kg. of output yet.

我們都還沒去拿這9公斤的產出， We're not taking the nine kg. of output yet.

So that's two points for insects.

所以到這裡昆蟲得兩分 So that's two points for insects.

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

And there's the environment.

再來有環境的考量 And there's the environment.

If we take 10 kg. of food --

如果我們用10公斤的飼料 If we take 10 kg. of food --

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

and it results in one kilogram of beef,

來產出1公斤的牛肉 and it results in one kilogram of beef,

the other nine kg. are waste,

那麽有9公斤是排泄掉了 the other nine kg. are waste,

and a lot of that is manure.

其中大部分變成糞便排出 and a lot of that is manure.

If you produce insects, you have less manure

如果你改養昆蟲，每公斤飼料投入 If you produce insects, you have less manure

per kg. of meat that you produce.

所產生的糞便量是比較少的 per kg. of meat that you produce.

So less waste.

產生的排泄物較少。 So less waste.

Furthermore, per kg. of manure,

再者，就每一公斤的糞便 Furthermore, per kg. of manure,

you have much, much less ammonia

產生的氨氣 you have much, much less ammonia

and fewer greenhouse gases

和溫室氣體而言， and fewer greenhouse gases

when you have insect manure

昆蟲糞便在這方面 when you have insect manure

than when you have cow manure.

比起牛糞又少了很多。 than when you have cow manure.

So you have less waste,

所以總體的排泄物較少 So you have less waste,

and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign

而且就對環境的為害上來說 and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign