Welcome to watch Mojo.

歡迎觀看《魔域》。

And today we're counting down our picks for the top 10 controversial science experiments.

而今天我們就來細數一下我們選出的十大爭議性科學實驗。

Oh, experimental.

哦，實驗性的。

That's all company out of this'll Case was called a medical triumph, but in truth, the case was a failure.

這都是公司出的這個ll案被稱為醫學上的勝利，但事實上，這個案子是失敗的。

I'm alone and lost in the mall for this list.

我一個人在商場上為這個榜單迷茫。

We're looking at experiments that generated debate as a result of their methodologies, results or the risks involved to participants.

我們正在研究那些因其方法、結果或參與者所面臨的風險而引發辯論的實驗。

In other words, they must have provoked actual argument rather than universal.

換句話說，他們一定是引發了實際的爭論，而不是普遍的。

Condemnation will be excluding reviews of other studies that didn't involve new experiments.

譴責將排除對其他沒有涉及新實驗的研究的審查。

What's the craziest scientific experiment you've ever heard off?

你聽說過的最瘋狂的科學實驗是什麼？

Tell us in the comments below Number 10 Little Albert, conducted by famed behaviorist John B.

在下面的評論中告訴我們10號小艾伯特，由著名行為學家約翰．

Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner, this experiment is controversial due to its methodology and ethical shortcomings.

沃森和他的研究所學生羅莎莉-雷納，這個實驗由於其方法和道德上的缺陷而備受爭議。

Watson wanted to use classical conditioning to give an 11 month old child a phobia of rats and other furry objects.

沃森想用經典的調理方法，讓一個11個月大的孩子對老鼠和其他毛茸茸的物體產生恐懼症。

They let the child referred to his Albert play with a rat, then whacked a metal bar with a hammer behind him.

他們讓那個被稱為 "阿爾伯特 "的孩子和一隻老鼠玩耍，然後在他身後用錘子捶打一根金屬棒。

The loud noise reportedly instilled in the child of fear of furry objects.

據報道，巨大的噪音給孩子灌輸了對毛茸茸物體的恐懼。

In general, it was a landmark experiment in behaviorism, a school of thought that dominated psychology for decades.

總的來說，這是行為主義的一個里程碑式的實驗，這個學派在心理學中佔據了幾十年的主導地位。

However, looking back reviewers have criticized the experiment for using Onley a single subject, and it's dubious ethical standards.

然而，回過頭來看，評論家們責備該實驗使用了Onley一個單一科目，它的倫理標準令人懷疑。

Heck, they made the kid afraid of bunny rabbits.

哼，他們讓孩子害怕兔子。

And Santa Claus we have established that way will try to make it what we so Children, you'll be looking forward to your presence.

而聖誕老人我們已經建立了這樣的方式，將盡量使它我們所以孩子們，你會期待你的存在。

We'll try very high number nine, The Large Hadron Collider experiments.

我們將嘗試非常高的數字九，大型強子對撞機實驗。

They're scaring a child, and then there's ripping, Ah, hole in the fabric of space time.

他們在嚇唬一個孩子，然後就是撕扯，啊，時空結構上的洞。

Fortunately, the Large Hadron Collider, completed in 2000 and eight, hasn't actually done the latter, but there were fears it would, making its construction controversial indeed, especially among the public.

幸運的是，2000年和8年建成的大型強子對撞機並沒有真正做到後者，但有人擔心它會，這使得它的建設確實存在爭議，特別是在公眾中。

Located near Geneva, Switzerland, this gigantic particle collider smashes atoms together to plumb the secrets of the universe, designed and built by thousands of engineers, scientists and mathematicians from across our tiny planet with the goal of helping other scientists learn about things have incredibly small size by smashing them together.

這臺巨大的粒子對撞機位於瑞士日內瓦附近，它將原子砸在一起，以探尋宇宙的祕密，它是由我們這個小星球上的數千名工程師、科學家和數學家設計和建造的，目的是幫助其他科學家通過將原子砸在一起，瞭解事物具有不可思議的小尺寸。

However, before it was activated, many worried that it would create stable, microscopic black holes Tatar type.

然而，在它被激活之前，許多人擔心它會產生穩定的微觀黑洞塔塔型。

I have enjoyed our time together, but I've got a very bright future ahead of you.

我很享受我們在一起的時光，但我有一個非常光明的未來在等著你。

Similar concerns had surrounded New York's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider before its activation in the year 2000.

紐約的相對論重離子對撞機在2000年啟動之前，也有類似的擔憂。

Fortunately, safety reviews have concluded that any such black holes would evaporate or fly off into space.

幸運的是，安全審查的結論是，任何這樣的黑洞都會蒸發或飛向太空。

They also noted that high energy collisions occur naturally without catastrophic consequences.

他們還指出，高能碰撞是自然發生的，不會造成災難性後果。

Uh, well, so far, so good.

呃，好吧，到目前為止，還不錯。

Number eight, The Darrelle Ben pre Cognition study in 2011 respected psychologist Daryl Ben announced some rather bold findings in the EPA's Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

第八名，達瑞爾-本認知前研究2011年受人尊敬的心理學家達瑞爾-本在EPA的《人格與社會心理學雜誌》上公佈了一些相當大膽的發現。

He reported that people could recall certain words better when they were given time to repeat them.

他報告說，當人們有時間重複某些單詞時，他們可以更好地回憶起這些單詞。

The twist.

轉折。

He claimed this worked even when they were only allowed to practice the words after testing.

他聲稱，即使他們只允許在測試後練習單詞，這也是有效的。

This amounted to a scientific argument for pre cognition or extrasensory perception.

這等於科學地論證了前認知或感外感知。

The results could be seen as challenging how the human brain perceives time.

這一結果可以看作是對人腦感知時間方式的挑戰。

Needless to say, the study created an uproar.

不用說，這項研究引起了軒然大波。

Similar experiments were unable to replicate them's results.

類似的實驗無法複製他們的結果。

It also sparked debate in the scientific community over the pier view process, accepted methodologies and experimental psychology and difficulties in publishing replications and non significant results.

這也引發了科學界對墩觀過程、公認的方法論和實驗心理學的爭論，以及發表複製和非重要結果的困難。

Number seven Loftus is lost in the mall study.

七號洛夫特斯在商場研究中迷失了方向。

I'm alone and lost in the mall.

我一個人在商場裡迷失了方向。

Memory is a fickle thing.

記憶是一個善變的東西。

Over time, our recollection of specific events can change or just fade altogether.

隨著時間的推移，我們對特定事件的回憶可能會改變，或者完全消失。

Well, that's the thing.

嗯，這就是問題所在。

I have this condition, a condition.

我有這個條件，一個條件。

It's my memory.

這是我的記憶。

Amnesia?

失憶症？

No, no, no, no.

不，不，不。

It's different from that.

與此不同。

I have no short term memory.

我沒有短期記憶。

I know who I am.

我知道我是誰。

I know all about myself.

我知道自己的一切。

I just since my injury, I can't make new memories.

我只是自從我受傷後，我無法留下新的記憶。

Everything fades.

所有的東西都消失了。

But have you ever had a memory that wasn't actually your own?

但你有沒有過一段其實不是自己的記憶？

You'll probably answer no, at least not that you know of.

你可能會回答不，至少你不知道。

In the mid nineties, a team led by American cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Loftus set out to prove just how easy it is to implant a childhood memory in someone oven event they never experienced.

在九十年代中期，美國認知心理學家伊麗莎白-洛夫特斯上司的一個團隊開始證明，將童年記憶植入某人烤箱他們從未經歷過的事件是多麼容易。

The false memory they chose was being lost in a mall.

他們選擇的虛假記憶是在商場裡迷失。

They were lost for an extended period of time that they were frightened.

他們迷失了很長時間，以至於他們被嚇壞了。

They were crying on.

他們在哭。

They were ultimately rescued by an elderly person and then brought back together with their family.

最終，他們被一位老人救起，然後和家人一起帶回。

The findings were considered groundbreaking casting an unprecedented level of doubt on the human memory.

這些發現被認為是突破性的，對人類的記憶產生了前所未有的懷疑。

Adding to the controversy, It was also used to discredit recovered memories repressed in survivors of abuse and other traumatic experiences.

增加了爭議，它也被用來否定恢復的記憶壓抑在虐待和其他創傷性經驗的倖存者。

Through suggestion, we're finding that maybe as many as a quarter of our subjects will develop a complete or or a partial memory of this experience that never really happened to them.

通過暗示，我們發現也許有多達四分之一的受試者會對這段從未真正發生在他們身上的經歷形成完整或或部分的記憶。

Number six Limits challenge to free will and you can't mess with free will.

六號極限挑戰自由意志，你不能亂用自由意志。

Uh huh.

嗯哼。

Can I ask why?

我可以問為什麼嗎？

Yes, you can best beauty of it.

是的，你可以最好的美麗的它。

The concept of free will is one that's been debated as long as anyone can remember.

自由意志的概念，從大家有記憶以來就一直在爭論。

In the 19 eighties, however, it seemed as if neuroscientist Benjamin Lim had finally delivered a definitive answer limits landmark experiment, studied the human brain and found that it registered activity before test subjects made a conscious choice.

然而，在19世紀80年代，似乎神經科學家本傑明-林終於交出了一個明確的答案限制里程碑式的實驗，研究了人腦，發現它在測試對象做出有意識的選擇之前登記了活動。

All I have to do is watch the spinning dot and click a button whenever I feel like it, then report to the scientist.

我只要看著旋轉的點，隨時點擊一個按鈕，然後向科學家報告。

At what time I felt the urge to click from this.

在什麼時候，我感覺到了從中點擊的衝動。

It was suggested that our choices are unconscious and thus not truly our own.

有人提出，我們的選擇是無意識的，是以不是真正屬於自己的。

This would be a controversial conclusion, even with ironclad methodology.

這將是一個有爭議的結論，即使是鐵板一塊的方法論。

In other words, his experiments seemed to show that the conscious decision didn't cause the movement.

換句話說，他的實驗似乎表明，有意識的決定並沒有引起運動。

The brain activity bringing about movement started before the individual willed anything toe happen.

大腦活動帶來的運動在個體意志發生之前就開始了。

Since then, however, limits experiment has had both supporters and detractors, with critics arguing over how to interpret the brain activity that preceded action.

然而，從那時起，極限實驗就有了支持者和反對者，批評者們爭論著如何解釋行動之前的大腦活動。

Number five.

第五個。

The elderly related words provoke slow walking experiment.

老年人相關詞條引發慢走實驗。

Mhm.

嗯

The idea of social prime ing seems to make intuitive sense.

社會素養的想法似乎很直觀。

Que someone to think about something.

闕有人去想一些事情。

For example, a professor.

比如說，一個教授。

And it could affect their behavior, such as their performance on a general knowledge test.

而這可能會影響他們的行為，比如他們在常識測試中的表現。

Space time gravity Finish that for me.

時空引力 為我完成。

However, what John bars and colleagues claimed to have discovered in 1996 was nonetheless startling When subjects were primed with the stereotype of an elderly person.

然而，約翰-巴爾斯及其同事在1996年宣稱發現的東西還是令人震驚的，當受試者被引出一個老人的刻板印象時。

They reportedly walked more slowly afterwards, as if they themselves had become old.

據報道，他們後來走得更慢了，好像他們自己也老了。

Yeah, that's really me, isn't it?

是啊，這真的是我，不是嗎？

It's got to stay calm.

必須保持冷靜。

This became hugely controversial in 2012, when researchers failed to replicate barges finding and suggested that experimenters had unconsciously biased the results.

這在2012年成為巨大的爭議，當時研究人員未能複製駁船的發現，並建議實驗者無意識地偏離結果。

Bars reacted with a scathing personal attack and the whole field of social prime ING has since been described as a quote train wreck.

巴斯的反應是嚴厲的人身攻擊的，整個領域的社會首要的ING從此被描述為行情火車殘骸。

Number four Jane Elliott's Blue Eyes Brown Eyes experiment The day after Martin Luther King Junior's assassination in 1968 school teacher Jane Elliott decided to try an experiment to teach her all white third graders about discrimination.

第四位簡-艾略特的藍眼睛棕色眼睛實驗 1968年馬丁-路德-金被暗殺後的第二天，學校老師簡-艾略特決定嘗試一個實驗，教她的全白人三年級學生認識歧視。

The Children were divided into a brown eyed and a blue eyed group with the former deemed superior.

孩子們被分為棕眼組和藍眼組，前者被認為是上等人。

And given certain privileges, the brown eyed people get five extra minutes of recess.

並且給予一定的特權，棕色眼睛的人可以多獲得5分鐘的休息時間。

You blue eyed people are not allowed to be on the playground equipment at any time.

你們這些藍眼睛的人，任何時候都不能上操場設備。

Subsequently, the brown eyed Children began talking down to their blue eyed peers, who became shy and performed poorly in tests.

隨後，棕色眼睛的孩子開始對藍色眼睛的同齡人低聲下氣地說話，他們變得害羞，在測試中表現不佳。

After several days, their positions were reversed.

幾天後，他們的位置就被顛覆了。

White people are smarter than brown eyed people.

白人比棕色眼睛的人更聰明。

They they are cleaner than brown eyed people.

他們他們比棕色眼睛的人更乾淨。

They are more civilized than brown eyed people.

他們比棕色眼睛的人更文明。

The experiment received considerable backlash, with one letter writer deeming it quote cruel to white Children.

實驗收到了相當大的反響，一個寫信的人認為它報價殘酷的白人兒童。

However, it also gave Elliott a national platform as a diversity educator.

然而，這也給了埃利奧特一個全國性的平臺，成為一個多元化的教育者。

Today it's largely remembered positively, but its efficacy in fostering lasting racial sensitivity has been questioned, as has the decision to try it out on Children.

今天，人們對它的印象基本上是正面的，但它在培養持久的種族敏感性方面的功效受到質疑，在兒童身上試用它的決定也受到質疑。

I watched what had been marvelous, cooperative, wonderful, thoughtful Children turn into nasty, vicious, discriminating little third graders.

我眼睜睜地看著原本奇妙、合作、美好、體貼的孩子們變成了討厭、惡毒、歧視的三年級小學生。

Number three.

第三個。

David Reimer's involuntary gender reassignment.

David Reimer的非自願變性。

This experiment became even more controversial.

這個實驗就更有爭議了。

Overtime David Reimer was born biologically male in 1965.

加時賽大衛-雷默出生於1965年，生物學上是男性。

After a botched circumcision, his parents raised him as a female.

在一次拙劣的包皮手術後，他的父母把他當做女性來撫養。

Under the guidance of psychologist John Money, Money believed that gender identity was learned strongly favoring nurture over nature.

在心理學家約翰-錢學森的指導下，錢學森認為，性別認同是學來的，強烈地偏向於培養而非自然。

He thought that while genes were important as faras gender was concerned, Ah, babies essentially neutral for the first two years of life, he believed.

他認為，雖然基因很重要，但就性別而言，啊，嬰兒在生命的前兩年基本上是中性的，他認為。

During these critical two years, the Babys upbringing, how it is nurture would determine whether it feels masculine or feminine.

在這關鍵的兩年裡，Babys的成長，它是如何培育將決定它是否感覺到男性或女性。

Since Reimer had a twin brother, it was seen as an ideal case study for decades.

由於雷默有一個雙胞胎兄弟，幾十年來被視為理想的案例研究。

Money's claims influenced doctors performing child sexual reassignments.

錢的說法影響了醫生進行兒童性改編。

However, by his early teens, Reimer was actually severely depressed and underwent surgery to reverse his reassignment.

然而，到了十幾歲的時候，雷默其實已經嚴重抑鬱了，並接受了手術，扭轉了他的變性。

I tried to fit in E.

我試圖適應E。

I tried with the makeup.

我試著用化妝品。

It turned out to be a disaster.

結果是一場災難。

I mean, you've got the, you know, the red, the red circles on the cheeks and look like I look like a clown.

我的意思是，你已經得到了，你知道的，紅色，紅圈 在臉頰上，看起來像我看起來像一個小丑。

Basically, when he spoke out decades later, it sparked a huge debate about money's extreme methods and nature versus nurture.

基本上，當他在幾十年後說出這番話時，就引發了一場關於金錢的極端手段和自然與養成的大辯論。

Sadly, Reimer and his brother later took their own lives.

遺憾的是，雷默和他的弟弟後來自殺了。

The experiment has been roundly criticized by both Money's colleagues and intersex activists.

這個實驗受到了錢的同事和雙性人活動家的輪番責備。

Above all, thistles, a cautionary tale things is what can happen when science pursues a beautiful theory with scant regard for the human cost.

最重要的是，鐵蒺藜，一個警示性的東西是當科學追求一個美麗的理論而不顧人類的代價時，會發生什麼。

Number two.

二號

Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authorities Schalk Experiments.

斯坦利-米爾格拉姆的服從權威沙爾克實驗。

History is rife with seemingly ordinary people participating in horrific acts because they were just following orders is involved pretty much routinely to explain everything from abuse at Abu Ghraib, corruption in Enron or everyday terrorist atrocities around the world.

歷史上充斥著看似普通的人因為聽從命令而參與可怕的行為，這幾乎是常規的解釋，從阿布格萊布的虐待，安然的腐敗或世界各地的日常恐怖主義暴行。

In the early 19 sixties, psychologist Stanley Milgram put together a study in which an authority figure instructed volunteers to deliver increasingly intense electrical shocks to a stranger.

19世紀60年代初，心理學家斯坦利-米爾格拉姆把一項研究放在一起，由權威人士訓示志願者對一個陌生人進行越來越強烈的電擊。

Oh, experimental, that's all.

哦，實驗性的，僅此而已。

Get me out of here exactly.

帶我離開這裡

I have trouble my heart starting to bother me.

我有麻煩我的心臟開始困擾我。

Now get me out of here, please.

現在讓我離開這裡，請。

My starting the bottom refused to go on.

我的啟動底子不肯上。

Let me.

看著我

Theological rece ity wasn't riel, but the test subjects, with their fingers on the button, didn't know that and wouldn't you know it?

Theological receity wasn't riel, but the test subjects, with their fingers on the button, didn't know that and wouldn't you know it?

Most of them followed orders, even delivering potentially lethal levels of electricity.

他們中的大多數人都聽從命令，甚至提供潛在的致命水準的電力。

They were, however, extremely distressed by the ruse raising ethical concerns.

然而，他們對這一詭計引起的道德關切感到極為不安。

Well, I figured 200 holders were given were quite a bit.

嗯，我想給200個持有人是相當多的。

I wanted to stop, but he kept insisting not to stop.

我想停下來，但他一直堅持不要停下來。

I mean, the felon there is Holland, he said.

我的意思是，那裡的重刑犯是荷蘭，他說。

I don't want to do it.

我不想這樣做。

I want I want to get out of here.

我想我想離開這裡。

I want to get out of here.

我想離開這裡。

Why didn't you stop anyway?

你為什麼不停止呢？

I did stop, but he kept going.

我確實停了下來，但他一直在走。

Keep going.

繼續走吧

People continue to argue over his methodology and interpretation of the results.

人們繼續為他的方法和對結果的解釋爭論不休。

Today, before we continue, be sure to subscribe to our channel and ring the bell to get notified about our latest videos.

今天，在我們繼續之前，一定要訂閱我們的頻道，按鈴就能收到我們最新的視頻通知。

You have the option to be notified for occasional videos or all of them.

您可以選擇通知您不定期的視頻或所有的視頻。

If you're on your phone, make sure you go into your settings and switch on notifications.

如果你在手機上，請確保你進入設置並打開通知。

Number one Philip Zimbardo Stanford Prison experiment Is power inherently corrupting in the early 19 seventies?

一號菲利普-津巴多斯坦福監獄實驗 19世紀70年代初，權力是否天生腐敗？

That's what Dr Philip Zimbardo set out to answer specifically, as it applies to the correctional system.

這就是菲利普-津巴多博士著手具體回答的問題，因為它適用於教養系統。

He would convert the basement of the University's psychology department into a subterranean jail.

他將把大學心理學系的地下室改造成地下監獄。

Student volunteers were divided into the roles of guards and prisoners and were then instructed to play out those roles in a simulated prison.

學生志願者被分為警衛和囚犯的角色，然後被訓示在模擬監獄中扮演這些角色。

The experiment also aimed to address questions of group identity, power structures and the effects of being dehumanized.

實驗還旨在解決群體身份、權力結構和被非人化的影響等問題。

It was intended toe last 7 to 14 days, but the plug was pulled after just six, with abuse rampant and multiple prisoners backing out.

原本打算持續7到14天，但只用了6天就被拔掉了插頭，虐待行為猖獗，多名囚犯退學。

What made the experience most depressing for me was the fact that we're continually called upon to act in a way that just it's contrary to what I really feel inside.

讓我最鬱悶的是，我們不斷地被號召去行動，只是它與我內心的真實感受相悖。

It seems like a pretty clear answer to the core question.

這似乎是一個很明確的核心問題的答案。

No.

不知道

Well, there have been claims that the guards were coached to behave a certain way and that the experiment was biased by implied demands.

好吧，有人說警衛們被訓練成某種行為方式，而且實驗被暗示的要求所偏袒。

At this rate, we're going to be here.

照這樣下去，我們要到這裡了。

Oh, goddamn night and I love it.

哦，該死的夜晚，我喜歡它。

Do you agree with our picks?

你同意我們的選擇嗎？