and this is the map of a brain on psilocybin,

這是大腦對psilocybin的地圖。

the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms.

魔菇中的精神活性化合物。

All those new connections you can see

所有這些新的連接，你可以看到

don't just make people trip.

不要只是讓人絆倒。

They're also the reason that psilocybin

它們也是西洛昔賓的原因。

is one of today's most talked-about drugs

是當今最熱門的藥物之一。

in certain medical circles.

在某些醫學界。

Worldwide, more than 180 species of mushrooms

全世界有180多種蘑菇。

produce psilocybin, likely as a defense strategy.

生產psilocybin，很可能是一種防禦策略。

Scientists believe that psilocybin

科學家認為，西洛昔賓

may dampen the appetite of predatory insects like ants

可抑制螞蟻等捕食性昆蟲的食慾。

so that they feel full long before eating their way

以致於他們在吃東西之前就已經飽了。

through the entire mushroom.

通過整個蘑菇。

Humans, on the other hand, well, they trip.

另一方面，人類，好吧，他們旅行。

Johnson: Psilocybin is a so-called classic psychedelic,

約翰遜。Psilocybin是一個所謂的經典迷幻藥。

so it's in the same category as drugs like LSD

所以它和LSD之類的毒品是同一類的。

and works in the brain in basically the same way.

和在大腦中的工作方式基本相同。

Narrator: When you take psilocybin, your gut converts it

當你服用psilocybin時當你服用psilocybin時，你的腸胃會將其轉化為... ...

into another chemical, known as psilocin,

變成另一種化學物質，即psilocin。

which binds to serotonin receptors called 2A,

它與血清素受體結合，稱為2A。

and experts think that's what triggers

而專家認為這就是引發

what they call neuronal avalanching.

他們稱之為神經元雪崩。

It's essentially a domino effect

這本質上是多米諾骨牌效應

of different changes in the brain.

的不同變化，在大腦。

You've got increased activity in the visual cortex,

你的視覺皮層活動增加了。

which leads to changes in your perception,

從而導致你的觀念發生變化。

and then decreased network activity

然後減少網絡活動

in the default mode network, which leads to a loss of ego.

在默認模式的網絡中，這導致自我的損失。

Johnson: And that may be why people often report

約翰遜。這可能是為什麼人們經常報告

at high doses

高劑量

a profound sense of unity, transcending beyond themselves.

深刻的統一感，超越自己。

Narrator: But perhaps most importantly,

敘述者。但也許最重要的是

psilocybin increases connectivity

psilocybin增加連接性

among different regions of the brain.

在大腦的不同區域之間。

Johnson: Because of that receptor activation,

約翰遜：因為那個受體激活了。

there is a profound change

天翻地覆

in the way that different areas of the brain

在大腦的不同區域

synchronize with each other.

彼此同步。

Narrator: Think of it like an orchestra.

旁白：把它想象成一個管絃樂隊

Normally, the brain has different musical groups

正常情況下，大腦有不同的音樂組

that each play independently.

各自獨立發揮的。

Johnson: A sextet there, here's a quartet there.

約翰遜。這裡有一個六人組，這裡有一個四人組。

This one's playing jazz. This one's classical,

這個是演奏爵士樂。這個是古典音樂

and a number of other ones.

以及其他一些。

Narrator: But once psilocybin enters,

旁白：但一旦psilocybin進入，

it's like you suddenly have a conductor.

就像你突然有了一個指揮家。

Johnson: So there is this communication between areas

約翰遜：所以，領域之間有這種溝通

that are normally kind of compartmentalized

一般情況下，都是分門別類

and doing their own thing.

並做自己的事情。

Narrator: Scientists believe that it's a combination

旁白：科學家認為這是一種組合

of these effects that make psilocybin so useful

這些效果使迷幻藥如此有用

for combating depression and addiction.

用於防治抑鬱症和毒癮；

When new areas in the brain start talking to each other,

當大腦中的新區域開始相互交流時。

for example, you might have new insights into old problems.

例如，你可能對老問題有新的見解。

And that's why some experts describe tripping

這也是為什麼有些專家將跳閘描述為：

as a condensed version of talk therapy.

作為一種濃縮版的談話療法。

And then dissolving your ego, Johnson says...

約翰遜說，然後溶解你的自我... ...

Johnson: Can be profoundly healing.

約翰遜。可以是深刻的治療。

Narrator: And there's actually an increasing amount

旁白：而且實際上有越來越多的

of research to prove it.

的研究來證明這一點。

In two studies published in 2016,

在2016年發表的兩項研究中。

researchers gave cancer patients with depression

研究人員給患有抑鬱症的癌症患者

a large dose of psilocybin, and even six months later,

大劑量的psilocybin，甚至半年後。

at least 80% of them showed significant decreases

至少有80%的人出現了顯著的下降。

in depressed mood.

在情緒低落的情況下。

And research on addiction is equally promising.

而對成癮的研究同樣大有可為。

In a study led by Johnson, 15 volunteers took psilocybin

在約翰遜上司的一項研究中，15名志願者服用了psilocybin。

to quit smoking, and after six months,

來戒菸，半年後。

80% of them had kicked the habit,

80%的人已經戒掉了這個習慣。

compared to a rate of about 35%

而不是35%左右

for the drug varenicline, which is widely considered

的藥物伐尼克林，該藥被廣泛認為是

the best smoking-cessation drug out there.

最好的戒菸藥物在那裡。

Yet despite these results,

然而儘管有這些結果。

psilocybin is still listed as a Schedule I drug,

psilocybin仍被列為附表一藥物。

a category reserved for compounds

複方

that have no currently accepted medical use

目前未被接受的醫療用途

and a high potential for abuse.

並極有可能被濫用。

Now, taking magic mushrooms recreationally

現在，服用魔幻蘑菇的娛樂性

does come with some risks.

確實有一定的風險。

Johnson: So a dramatic example would be

約翰遜：所以一個戲劇性的例子是

driving under the influence of psilocybin

酒後駕車

or using it in a way that interferes with your job,

或以干擾你工作的方式使用它。

or your family relations, or your schoolwork, for example.

或你的家庭關係，或你的功課，例如。

Narrator: But as far as scientists know,

旁白：但據科學家所知

long-term use doesn't damage the brain

久服不傷腦筋

in the way that other drugs can,

的方式，其他藥物可以。

and according to at least one study,

而根據至少一項研究：

it's actually the safest drug out there.

它實際上是最安全的藥物在那裡。

In 2018, for example, just 0.3% of people

以2018年為例，僅有0.3%的人。

who reported taking them needed medical emergency treatment,

報告服用這些藥物的人需要緊急醫療。

compared to 0.9% for ecstasy and 1.3% for alcohol.

而搖頭丸為0.9%，酒精為1.3%。

Taken altogether, that's why some states

綜合來看，這也是為什麼有些州的

across the country have campaigned

全國各地都在開展

to decriminalize psilocybin, including Denver,

將迷幻藥非刑罪化，包括丹佛。

which, in May of 2019, became the first ever to succeed.

其中，在2019年5月，成為史上第一個成功。