Name: 彩繪狼。為什麼恐懼對生態系統如此重要？ (Painted Wolves: Why Is Fear So Important to an Ecosystem)
Uploaded: 2020-12-01T18:15:54.000Z
Duration: 7 min 59 s

More often than not humans have a negative impact on the natural world.

更多的時候，人類對自然界產生了負面影響。

But once in a while, an opportunity comes along to bring an ecosystem destroyed by us

但偶爾，一個機會出現，讓一個被我們破壞的生態系統

A national park in Mozambique is giving scientists, this very change by providing a unique

莫三鼻克的一個國家公園正在給科學家們，這種變化通過提供一個獨特的。

opportunity to restore an ecosystem and demonstrate the surprising role predators play in maintaining balance.

恢復生態系統的機會，並展示捕食者在維持平衡方面的驚人作用。

They're hoping to capitalize on a unique ecological effect observed in the natural world...

他們希望利用在自然界觀察到的一種獨特的生態效應... ...

It's quickly becoming one of Africa's, and perhaps the world's, greatest wildlife restoration

它迅速成為非洲，也許是世界上最偉大的野生動物恢復項目之一。

We had really high densities of animals like buffalo, elephant and a host of other ungulate

我們有很高的動物密度，比如水牛，大象和其他一系列的非動物。

species so it's very rich in its biodiversity and specifically in its large mammal populations.

物種，所以它的生物多樣性非常豐富，特別是它的大型哺乳動物種群。

獅子、豹子、鬣狗，都在這裡。

From 1977 to 1992 a civil war devastated Mozambique

從1977年到1992年，一場內戰摧毀了莫三鼻克。

and killed more than 90% of the large mammal populations in Gorongosa.

並殺死了戈隆戈薩90%以上的大型哺乳動物種群。

many hunted with little protection during the war, the land and vegetation was still

在戰爭期間，許多人在沒有什麼保護的情況下打獵，土地和植被仍然是一個很好的選擇。

So once rangers secured the park from poaching many herbivore populations began to rebound.

所以一旦護林員確保公園不被偷獵，許多食草動物的數量就開始回升。

Others got a little bit of help from the scientists.

其他人則得到了科學家們的一點幫助。

Species like waterbuck, impala, reed-buck, warthog are just on the up.

水牛、野豬、蘆花驄、疣豬等物種只是在上升。

So, this system is really ready for this type of recovery.

所以，這套系統真的是準備好了這種恢復方式。

In comparison large carnivores didn't make such a strong recovery initially.

相比之下，大型肉食動物最初並沒有如此強勁的復甦。

And while the waterbuck and the impala probably didn't mind.

而水鴨和黑斑羚可能並不介意。

Over time, a lack of large predators can tip the balance of the ecosystem,

隨著時間的推移，大型捕食者的缺乏會使生態系統的平衡發生傾斜。

we start to see these signs of imbalances and these missing pieces, very clearly in Gorongosa.

我們開始看到這些不平衡的跡象 和這些缺失的部分，非常清楚地在Gorongosa。

In the absence of fear, in the absence of predation, certain species just skyrocket.

在沒有恐懼的情況下，在沒有捕食的情況下，某些物種就會暴漲。

The other thing we see are animals that are behaving a little differently to what we

我們看到的另一件事是動物的行為與我們的行為有些不同。

Without predators to keep the prey alert and in line, the herbivores can go wherever they please

沒有捕食者讓獵物保持警覺和警戒，食草動物可以隨心所欲地去任何地方。

Bush-buck is normally a pretty reclusive species. They're not a species that normally drifts

布什巴克通常是一個相當隱蔽的物種。他們不是一個物種，通常漂流。

But in the absence of predation we've actually seen bush-buck take those chances.

但在沒有捕食的情況下，我們實際上已經看到了布什-布克抓住了這些機會。

We'll see them out on open floodplain foraging on some pretty nutrient rich plants.

我們會看到它們在開闊的洪流平原上覓食一些營養豐富的植物。

So in the absence of predation they're willing to take that risk and venture out into areas

所以，在沒有捕食的情況下，它們願意冒這個險，到外面去冒險。

But it's a warning sign of an ecosystem out of whack.

但這是一個生態系統失調的警告信號。

If animals don't stay in their lanes the whole system can spiral out of control.

如果動物不在自己的道上，整個系統就會失去控制。

But importantly they instill what scientists call a landscape of fear, just the presence

但重要的是，他們灌輸了科學家們所謂的恐懼景觀，只是存在著

of predators changes the prey's behavior, forcing them to be more vigilant and take

掠食者的行為改變了獵物的行為，迫使它們提高警惕，並採取了更多的措施。

Lions are one predator that was slowly recovering in the park.

獅子是公園裡慢慢恢復的一種食肉動物。

And while they did their part in going after some prey animals.

而當他們在去追捕一些獵物動物的時候，也盡到了自己的責任。

A lion is an ambush predator. They hang out in tall grass on the edge of the floodplain.

獅子是一種埋伏的捕食者。它們在洪泛區邊緣的高草叢中出沒。

And they take down their prey using stealth.

而且他們用隱身術幹掉了獵物。

were certainly being noticed by the prey species they went after, but their

它們當然會被它們所追捕的獵物所注意到，但它們所追捕的獵物

tactics and territories were not enough to impact the whole park.

戰術和領地不足以影響整個園區。

The team realized that other predators, with different hunting styles were needed - top of

該團隊意識到，需要其他捕食者，用不同的狩獵方式--------頂部的

their list was the painted wolf - a wide roaming pack predator, that had been well established in Gorongosa

他們的名單上有一隻畫眉狼--一種廣泛遊走的群居食肉動物，在戈隆戈薩已經很成熟了。

So there's nothing like a painted wolf on this continent, they're unique, they have

所以在這個大陸上，沒有什麼比得上彩繪狼了，它們是獨一無二的，它們有著

this gorgeous camouflage coat pattern and every individual is differently colored and differently

這種華麗的迷彩大衣圖案，每個人都有不同的顏色和不同的

patterned, their teeth, their paws have evolved to support them being one of the continents most

它們的牙齒，它們的爪子已經進化成支持它們成為大陸上最重要的動物之一

The African painted wolf is considered one of the most successful predators on the planet,

非洲畫眉狼被認為是地球上最成功的捕食者之一。

but how the animals hunt, specifically that they go after their prey using a different

但動物的捕獵方式，特別是它們用不同的方法去追捕獵物的方式。

hunting method than lions, was really why the painted wolf was chosen.

比獅子的狩獵方式，確實是選擇畫眉狼的原因。

They chase down their prey and sometimes they'll go miles chasing down an animal.

它們會追捕獵物，有時還會去追捕一隻動物。

So, very different ways of hunting, that actually complement each other in the ecosystem.

所以，截然不同的狩獵方式，其實在生態系統中是相輔相成的。

Bringing the predators back to Gorongosa was also an unprecedented opportunity to help

把掠食者帶回戈隆戈薩也是一個前所未有的機會，可以幫助

There are only roughly 7000 painted wolves left on the planet, but reintroducing a species,

地球上大約只剩下7000只畫眉狼，但重新引進一個物種。

especially a predator is a massive undertaking.

尤其是食肉動物是一項龐大的工程。

When they arrive in Gorongosa, they're kept in a temporary enclosure, where they're safe.

當他們到達Gorongosa時，他們被關在一個臨時的圍欄裡，在那裡他們是安全的。

in the enclosure, we begin the process of habituation.

在圍欄裡，我們開始了習慣化的過程。

Most of those members in the pack that we want to bond have never met each other before

我們想聯繫的那些成員中的大多數人以前從未見過對方。

And we use a novel scent-marking procedure where we actually rub dogs while they're

我們使用了一種新穎的場景標記程序，我們實際上是在給狗擦拭，而他們

still sleeping against each other to leave the scent on each other, so that when they

互相依偎著睡覺，把氣味留在對方身上，這樣當他們... ...

woke up, there wouldn't be so much aggression.

醒來後，就不會有這麼多的委屈。

Paola and her colleagues kept the painted wolves in an enclosure, so that they would form a

寶拉和她的同事們把彩繪狼關在一個圍欄裡，這樣它們就會形成一個。

well functioning pack before taking off on their own.

運作良好的揹包，然後再自行起飛。

This careful scientific approach to conservation allowed Paola and her team to release the new

這種謹慎的科學保護方法使寶拉和她的團隊得以釋放新的。

predators into the larger Gorongosa wildlife population, knowing there is a good chance

掠食者進入更大的Gorongosa野生動物種群，知道有一個很好的機會。

they could help rebalance the ecosystem and unleash the power of fear.

他們可以幫助重新平衡生態系統，釋放恐懼的力量。

Right off the bat, it was really clear that the painted wolf reintroduction was succeeding.

一開始，真的很明顯，畫眉狼的重新引進是成功的。

We had different packs form on the landscape, we had pups born.

我們在景觀上形成了不同的群體，我們有小狗出生。

And in addition to thriving themselves, the painted wolves settled nicely into their role

而除了自己茁壯成長外，畫眉狼們也很好地適應了自己的角色。

effort, but even in these initial stages we're starting to see the signs of a system coming

但即使是在這些初始階段，我們也開始看到一個系統的跡象。

Bush-buck that would be normally out in the open taking chances because there were no predators there before

叢林公鹿通常會在空曠的地方冒險，因為之前沒有掠食者在那裡

are now more reclusive. And so, in a sense, you start to see species falling back into their

現在更加隱蔽了所以，從某種意義上說，你開始看到物種重新回到它們的生活中去了

It's still too early to tell how Gorongosa will be affected as the painted wolves establish new generations.

隨著彩繪狼建立新的世代，現在判斷Gorongosa會受到什麼影響還為時過早。

It helps that the scientists collected so much data throughout their sustained conservation

科學家們在持續的保護過程中收集了大量的數據，這很有幫助。

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彩繪狼。為什麼恐懼對生態系統如此重要？ (Painted Wolves: Why Is Fear So Important to an Ecosystem)

opportunity

pattern

thrive

impact