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  • Every time you breathe in, air travels down the trachea,

    每次吸氣時,空氣都會沿著氣管向下流動。

  • through a series of channels called bronchi,

    通過一系列稱為支氣管的通道。

  • and finally reaches little clusters of air sacs called alveoli.

    最後到達被稱為肺泡的小氣囊群。

  • There are some 600 million alveoli in the lungs,

    肺部約有6億個肺泡。

  • adding up to a surface area of roughly 75 square meters

    加起來大約75平方米的面積-。

  • the size of a tennis court.

    網球場的大小。

  • These tiny sacs, only one cell thick, facilitate a crucial exchange:

    這些只有一個細胞厚的小囊,促進了關鍵的交換。

  • allowing oxygen from the air we breathe into the bloodstream

    讓我們呼吸的空氣中的氧氣進入血液。

  • and clearing out carbon dioxide.

    並清除二氧化碳。

  • Pneumonia wreaks havoc on this exchange.

    肺炎在這次交流中大肆破壞。

  • Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli that causes them to fill with fluid.

    肺炎是指肺泡感染,導致肺泡充滿液體。

  • There are many different kinds of pathogens that can cause pneumonia.

    能引起肺炎的病原體有很多種。

  • The most common ones are viruses or bacteria.

    最常見的是病毒或細菌。

  • These microscopic invaders enter the body via droplets either in the air we breathe,

    這些微觀入侵者通過飛沫進入人體,要麼是在我們呼吸的空氣中。

  • or when we touch our eyes, noses,

    或當我們觸摸我們的眼睛,鼻子。

  • or mouths after touching a contaminated surface.

    或接觸汙染表面後的嘴。

  • Then, they face the respiratory tract's first line defense:

    然後,他們面對的是呼吸道的一線防線。

  • the mucociliary escalator.

    粘液自動扶梯。

  • The mucociliary escalator consists of mucus that traps invaders and tiny hairs

    黏膜自動扶梯由黏液組成,可以捕捉入侵者和微小的毛髮。

  • called cilia that carry the mucus toward the mouth, where it can be coughed out.

    稱為纖毛,將粘液帶向口腔,在那裡可以咳出。

  • But some of these invaders may get past the mucociliary escalator

    但這些入侵者中的一些人可能會通過粘膜自動扶梯。

  • into the lungs, where they meet the alveoli.

    進入肺部,在那裡它們與肺泡相遇。

  • Because alveoli serve as critical exchange points

    因為肺泡是關鍵的交換點

  • between the blood and air from the outside world,

    外界的血液和空氣之間。

  • they have their own specialized types of white blood cells, or macrophages,

    他們有自己專門的白細胞類型,或巨噬細胞。

  • which defend against foreign organisms by enveloping and eating them.

    它們通過包圍和吃掉外來生物來抵禦外來生物。

  • When pathogens enter the lungs, the macrophages work to destroy them.

    當病原體進入肺部時,巨噬細胞會努力消滅它們。

  • The immune system releases additional white blood cells in the alveoli to help.

    免疫系統會在肺泡中釋放額外的白血球來幫助。

  • As these immune cells fight the pathogens, they generate inflammation

    當這些免疫細胞對抗病原體時,它們會產生發炎--。

  • and fluid as a by-product of the inflammation.

    和液體作為發炎的副產品。

  • When this fluid builds up,

    當這種液體積聚起來的時候。

  • it makes gas exchange inside the alveoli much more difficult.

    它使肺泡內的氣體交換更加困難。

  • As the level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream begins to rise,

    隨著血液中二氧化碳含量開始上升。

  • the body breathes more quickly to try to clear it out and get more oxygen in.

    身體呼吸更快,以嘗試清除它,並獲得更多的氧氣。

  • This rapid breathing is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia.

    這種快速呼吸是肺炎最常見的症狀之一。

  • The body also tries to force the fluid out of the alveoli through coughing.

    身體也會試圖通過咳嗽將肺泡中的液體逼出來。

  • Determining the cause of pneumonia can be difficult,

    確定肺炎的原因是很困難的。

  • but once it is established, doctors can prescribe antibiotics,

    但一旦確定,醫生就可以開出抗生素。

  • which may include either antibacterial or antiviral treatments.

    其中可能包括抗菌或抗病毒治療;

  • Treatment with antibiotics helps the body get the infection under control.

    用抗生素治療有助於身體控制感染。

  • As the pathogen is cleared out,

    隨著病原體的清除。

  • the body gradually expels or absorbs fluid and dead cells.

    身體逐漸排出或吸收液體和死亡細胞。

  • The worst symptoms typically fade out in about a week,

    最嚴重的症狀一般一週左右就會消失。

  • though full recovery may take as long as a month.

    雖然完全恢復可能需要一個月之久。

  • Otherwise healthy adults can often manage pneumonia at home.

    否則健康的成年人通常可以在家中處理肺炎。

  • But for some groups, pneumonia can be a lot more severe,

    但是對於一些群體來說,肺炎的病情會嚴重很多。

  • requiring hospitalization and oxygen, artificial ventilation,

    需要住院和吸氧、人工呼吸。

  • or other supportive measures while the body fights the infection.

    或其他支持性措施,同時身體對抗感染。

  • Smoking damages the cilia,

    吸菸會損害纖毛。

  • making them less able to clear even the normal amount of mucus and secretions,

    使其連正常的粘液和分泌物都無法清除。

  • let alone the increased volume associated with pneumonia.

    更何況是與肺炎相關的體積增大。

  • Genetic and autoimmune disorders

    遺傳性和自身免疫性疾病

  • can make someone more susceptible to pathogens that can cause pneumonia.

    可以使人更容易受到可引起肺炎的病原體的影響。

  • Young children and the elderly also have impaired clearance

    幼兒和老人的清除能力也受損

  • and weaker immune systems.

    和免疫系統較弱。

  • And if someone has viral pneumonia,

    而如果有人得了病毒性肺炎。

  • their risk of bacterial respiratory infection is higher.

    他們發生細菌性呼吸道感染的風險更高。

  • Many of the deaths from pneumonia are due to lack of access to healthcare.

    許多因肺炎而死亡的人都是由於缺乏醫療服務。

  • But sometimes, even with appropriate care,

    但有時,即使是適當的護理。

  • the body enters a sustained fight against the infection it can't maintain,

    身體進入持續對抗感染的狀態,無法維持。

  • activating inflammatory pathways throughout the body,

    激活全身的發炎途徑。

  • not just in the lungs.

    不僅僅是在肺部。

  • This is actually a protective mechanism,

    這其實是一種保護機制。

  • but after too long in this state organs start shutting down,

    但在這種狀態下時間太長後,器官開始關閉。

  • causing shock and sometimes death.

    導致休克,有時甚至死亡。

  • So how can we prevent pneumonia?

    那麼如何預防肺炎呢?

  • Eating well and getting enough sleep and exercise

    良好的飲食、充足的睡眠和運動

  • helps your body fight off infections.

    幫助你的身體抵抗感染。

  • Vaccines can protect against common pneumonia-causing pathogens,

    疫苗可以預防常見的致肺炎病原體。

  • while washing your hands regularly helps prevent the spread of these pathogens

    同時,定期洗手有助於防止這些病原體的傳播--。

  • and protect those most vulnerable to severe pneumonia.

    並保護最容易患嚴重肺炎的人。

Every time you breathe in, air travels down the trachea,

每次吸氣時,空氣都會沿著氣管向下流動。

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