former arts advocate,

以前是藝術倡導者

trained in architecture and art history,

學過建築和藝術史

and I want to talk to you today not about design

我今天要談的不是設計

but about America

而是美國

and how America can be more economically resilient,

美國的經濟如何能更強韌

how America can be healthier,

美國怎樣才會更健康

and how America can be

美國的環境

more environmentally sustainable.

怎樣才能永續

And I realize this is a global forum,

我明白這是全球論壇

but I think I need to talk about America

但我認為需要談談美國

because there is a history,

因為歷史告訴我們

in some places, not all,

世界有些地方

of American ideas being appropriated,

美國人的觀念無論是好是壞

being emulated, for better or for worse,

會被竊用、被仿效

around the world.

這種現象舉世可見

And the worst idea we've ever had

我們最壞的點子

is suburban sprawl.

是郊區的擴展

It's being emulated in many places as we speak.

此刻很多城市正在仿效

By suburban sprawl, I refer to the reorganization

我所謂郊區擴展，是指重整地景

of the landscape and the creation of the landscape

或是建造地景

around the requirement of automobile use,

完全以汽車的使用需求為前提

and that the automobile that was once an instrument of freedom

汽車過去是解放人的工具

has become a gas-belching,

如今已變成消耗汽油

time-wasting and life-threatening

浪費時間、威脅生命

prosthetic device

像義肢一樣的裝備

that many of us need just to,

我們許多人

most Americans, in fact, need,

事實上大多數美國人

just to live their daily lives.

日常生活不可無車

And there's an alternative.

但我們還是有選擇

You know, we say, half the world is living in cities.

全世界一半的人口住在城市

Well, in America, that living in cities,

不過在美國

for many of them, they're living in cities still

很多人即使住在城市

where they're dependent on that automobile.

仍然依賴汽車

And what I work for, and to do,

我的志業和工作目標

is to make our cities more walkable.

是讓城市更適宜步行

But I can't give design arguments for that

但我不打算談設計方面的論點

that will have as much impact

雖然這方面的衝擊也不小

as the arguments that I've learned

我要談的論據來自

from the economists, the epidemiologists

經濟學家、流行病學家

and the environmentalists.

以及環保人士

So these are the three arguments that I'm going

這三方面的論據

to give you quickly today.

今天我會很快地探討

When I was growing up in the '70s,

在我成長的1970年代

the typical American spent one tenth of their income,

美國一般家庭所得的十分之一

American family, on transportation.

花在交通上

Since then, we've doubled the number of roads

如今我們的道路已經倍增

in America, and we now spend one fifth

現在我們所得的五分之一

of our income on transportation.

花在交通上

Working families, which are defined as

工薪家庭在美國的定義是

earning between 20,000 and 50,000 dollars

每年工作收入

a year in America

兩萬至五萬美元的家庭

are spending more now on transportation

他們現在的交通花費

than on housing, slightly more,

略高於住房費用

because of this phenomenon called "drive till you qualify,"

有個現象叫做「開到你買得起為止」

finding homes further and further and further

買得起的房子越來越偏遠

from the city centers and from their jobs,

遠離市中心和上班的地方

so that they're locked in this, two, three hours,

所以他們必須花兩三個小時

four hours a day of commuting.

甚至四個小時通勤

And these are the neighborhoods, for example,

這種通勤社區的例子

in the Central Valley of California

就在加州的中央山谷

that weren't hurt when the housing bubble burst

房市泡沫破滅的時候

and when the price of gas went up;

以及油價上漲的時候

they were decimated.

社區不只是受創，而是消亡

And in fact, these are many

其實現在還看得到很多

of the half-vacant communities that you see today.

半數是空屋的這種社區

Imagine putting everything you have into your mortgage,

想想看，錢都拿去付了房貸

it goes underwater, and you have to pay

房價卻低於房貸欠款

twice as much for all the driving that you're doing.

偏偏通勤的油費又倍增

So we know what it's done to our society

所以我們明白社會受到的衝擊

and all the extra work we have to do

以及為了行車

to support our cars.

必須做的額外付出

What happens when a city decides

如果一個城市

it's going to set other priorities?

不把汽車視為優先又會如何？

And probably the best example we have here

美國的最佳例子

in America is Portland, Oregon.

可能是奧勒崗州的波特蘭

Portland made a bunch of decisions in the 1970s

波特蘭在1970年代的一些決定

that began to distinguish it

導致該城脫穎而出

from almost every other American city.

美國其他城市鮮少匹敵

While most other cities were growing

其他大多數城市

an undifferentiated spare tire of sprawl,

無計劃地向郊區蔓延

they instituted an urban growth boundary.

波特蘭則設立了都市成長的界限

While most cities were reaming out their roads,

其他大多數城市在擴張道路

removing parallel parking and trees

移除路邊停車位和樹木

in order to flow more traffic,

以便增加交通流量

they instituted a skinny streets program.

波特蘭則訂定了窄路計劃

And while most cities were investing in more roads

其他大多數城市在建設更多公路

and more highways, they actually invested

和高速公路，波特蘭則把錢花在

in bicycling and in walking.

自行車和步行方面

And they spent 60 million dollars on bike facilities,

光是自行車設施就花了他們六千萬

which seems like a lot of money,

看起來很多錢

but it was spent over about 30 years,

不過那是30年的總花費

so two million dollars a year -- not that much --

平均每年兩百萬美元，也不算貴

and half the price of the one cloverleaf

他們重建一個立體交流道

that they decided to rebuild in that city.

要花一倍的錢

These changes and others like them changed

這些及其他類似的變更

the way that Portlanders live,

改變了波特蘭人生活的方式

and their vehicle-miles traveled per day,

他們每天行車的里程數

the amount that each person drives,

每人開車的里程數

actually peaked in 1996,

其實在1996年達到高峰

has been dropping ever since,

然後就持續下降

and they now drive 20 percent less

他們現在開車的里程數

than the rest of the country.

比全國其他人少兩成

The typical Portland citizen drives

波特蘭一般市民開車

four miles less, and 11 minutes less per day

每天里程數比以前少了四哩

than they did before.

時間比以前少了11分鐘

The economist Joe Cortright did the math

經濟學家喬伊．柯爾賴特 (Joe Cortright) 做了計算

and he found out that those four miles

他發現這四哩

plus those 11 minutes

以及11分鐘的耗費

adds up to fully three and a half percent

足足等於波特蘭地區

of all income earned in the region.

總所得的3.5%

So if they're not spending that money on driving --

從開車上面省下的錢

and by the way, 85 percent of the money

順便提一下，開車的花費

we spend on driving leaves the local economy --

85%流出地方經濟

if they're not spending that money on driving,

這些從開車上面省下的錢

what are they spending it on?

波特蘭人花到哪去了？

Well, Portland is reputed to have

波特蘭聞名的是

the most roof racks per capita,

休閒用車頂置物架人均最多

the most independent bookstores per capita,

獨立書店人均最多

the most strip clubs per capita.

脫衣舞俱樂部人均最多

These are all exaggerations, slight exaggerations

我誇大了，稍微誇大了

of a fundamental truth, which is Portlanders

但事實上波特蘭人

spend a lot more on recreation of all kinds

花在各種休閒活動的錢

than the rest of America.

遠超乎其他美國人

Actually, Oregonians spend more on alcohol

其實奧勒崗人喝酒的花費

than most other states,

高出其他州的居民

which may be a good thing or a bad thing,

是福是禍不知道

but it makes you glad they're driving less.

但我們樂見他們較少開車

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But actually, they're spending most of it in their homes,

其實他們在住家上花的錢最多

and home investment is about as local

還有什麼能比住家的投資

an investment as you can get.

更能注入地方經濟？

But there's a whole other Portland story,

但是波特蘭還有個現象

which isn't part of this calculus,

是經濟學家沒計算的

which is that young, educated people

那就是受過教育的年輕人

have been moving to Portland in droves,

成群結隊地搬到波特蘭

so that between the last two censuses,

過去兩次人口普查之間

they had a 50-percent increase

大學畢業的千禧世代

in college-educated millennials,

人口增加了五成

which is five times what you saw anywhere else

是其他地方的五倍

in the country, or, I should say, of the national average.

應該說是全國平均的五倍

So on the one hand, a city saves money for its residents

適宜步行和騎單車的城市

by being more walkable and more bikeable,

一方面替市民省錢

but on the other hand, it also is the cool kind of city

另一方面也是很酷的城市

that people want to be in these days.

是大家喜歡居住的地方

So the best economic strategy

所以最佳經濟策略城市

you can have as a city

對於城市而言

is not the old way of trying to attract corporations

不是吸引企業那種老套

and trying to have a biotech cluster

不是要建立生技園區

or a medical cluster,

或醫療園區

or an aerospace cluster,

或航太園區

but to become a place where people want to be.

而是要成為宜居的城市

And millennials, certainly, these engines of entrepreneurship,

無疑是創業引擎的千禧世代

64 percent of whom decide first

64%會先決定

where they want to live,

要住在哪裡

then they move there, then they look for a job,

他們會先搬過去，再找工作

they will come to your city.

宜居的城市近悅遠來

The health argument is a scary one,

健康方面的論點就可怕了

and you've probably heard part of this argument before.

你們可能略知一二

Again, back in the '70s, a lot's changed since then,

再回到和現在非常不同的1970年代

back in the '70s, one in 10 Americans was obese.

那個年代有一成的美國人過胖

Now one out of three Americans is obese,

如今美國人三分之一過胖

and a second third of the population is overweight.

另外三分之一過重

Twenty-five percent of young men

二成五的年輕男性

and 40 percent of young women are too heavy

以及四成的女性因為過重

to enlist in our own military forces.

不符合軍隊入伍標準

According to the Center for Disease Control,

根據美國疾病管制中心

fully one third of all children born after 2000

2000年以後出生的兒童

will get diabetes.

三成會得糖尿病

We have the first generation of children in America

這一代的孩子會創下首例

who are predicted to live shorter lives than their parents.

平均壽命預計會低於上一代

I believe that this American healthcare crisis

我認為這個美國的保健危機

that we've all heard about

我們都聽說過的危機

is an urban design crisis,

是城市設計的危機

and that the design of our cities lies at the cure.

城市設計才是治癒的關鍵

Because we've talked a long time about diet,

我們長期以來關注飲食

and we know that diet impacts weight,

我們明白飲食影響體重

and weight of course impacts health.

體重自然會影響健康

But we've only started talking about inactivity,

但是我們才開始探討少活動

and how inactivity born of our landscape,

以及造成少活動的地景環境

inactivity that comes from the fact that we live

我們居住的環境

in a place where there is no longer any such thing

讓走路的功用大不如前

as a useful walk, is driving our weight up.

我們的體重因而上升

And we finally have the studies,

現在終於有了相關研究

one in Britain called "Gluttony versus sloth"

英國的研究「好吃與懶做對比」

that tracked weight against diet

追蹤飲食和體重的關係

and tracked weight against inactivity,

以及活動量和體重的關係

and found a much higher, stronger correlation

發現相關度更高的

between the latter two.

是活動量和體重

Dr. James Levine at, in this case,

詹姆斯．萊文 (James Levine) 醫生

the aptly-named Mayo Clinic

現任職於馬約（Mayo，諧音美乃滋）醫學中心

put his test subjects in electronic underwear,

他讓實驗對象穿上電子內衣

held their diet steady,

保持定量的飲食

and then started pumping the calories in.

然後開始增加熱量

Some people gained weight,

有些人開始變重

some people didn't gain weight.

有些人體重沒增加

Expecting some metabolic or DNA factor at work,

研究人員預測是代謝或遺傳因素

they were shocked to learn that the only difference

結果卻令他們大吃一驚

between the subjects that they could figure out

他們找出的唯一差別因素

was the amount they were moving,

是實驗對象的活動量

and that in fact those who gained weight

體重增加的人

were sitting, on average, two hours more per day

比沒增重者每天平均

than those who didn't.

多坐兩小時

So we have these studies that tie

我們已有研究指出

weight to inactivity, but even more,

體重和活動量有關，但不僅如此

we now have studies that tie weight to where you live.

有研究顯示，跟你住哪裡也有關

Do you live in a more walkable city

你是住在適宜步行的城市

or do you live in a less walkable city,

還是住在走路不便的城市

or where in your city do you live?

在城市的哪個區也有關係

In San Diego, they used Walk Score --

聖地牙哥使用了「步行分數」(Walk Score)——

Walk Score rates every address in America

「步行分數」評估美國的每個住址

and soon the world

即將擴及全球

in terms of how walkable it is --

根據適宜步行的程度評分——

they used Walk Score to designate more walkable neighborhoods

聖地牙哥用「步行分數」區分鄰里

and less walkable neighborhoods.

是否適宜步行

Well guess what? If you lived in a more walkable neighborhood,

你知道嗎？住在適合走路的鄰里

you were 35 percent likely to be overweight.

過重的機率是35%

If you lived in a less walkable neighborhood,

住在較不適合走路的鄰里

you were 60 percent likely to be overweight.

過重的機率則是60%

So we have study after study now

已有接二連三的研究

that's tying where you live

指出居住的地點

to your health, particularly as in America,

和你的健康息息相關，尤其在美國

the biggest health crisis we have is this one

我們健康的最大危機

that's stemming from environmental-induced inactivity.

來自居住環境造成的活動量減少

And I learned a new word last week.

我上週學到了一個新詞

They call these neighborhoods "obesageneric."

這種鄰里叫做「肥胖區」(obesageneric)

I may have that wrong, but you get the idea.

我可能沒拼對，但意思你們懂

Now that's one thing, of course.

有件事一定要提

Briefly mentioning, we have an asthma epidemic

簡而言之，就是氣喘病

in this country.

在美國流行

You probably haven't thought that much about it.

你可能沒注意到

Fourteen Americans die each day from asthma,

每天有14個美國人死於氣喘病

three times what it was in the '90s,

人數是1990年代的三倍

and it's almost all coming from car exhaust.

肇因幾乎全部來自汽車的廢氣

American pollution does not come

美國的污染不再來自工廠

from factories anymore, it comes from tailpipes,

而是來自汽車的排氣管

and the amount that people are driving in your city,

決定於城市人開車的多寡

your urban VMT, is a good prediction

城市開車的里程數

of the asthma problems in your city.

是氣喘問題的良好指標

And then finally, in terms of driving,

關於開車還有一件事

there's the issue of the single-largest killer

殺害健康成人的最大兇手

of healthy adults, and one of the largest killers

殺害所有人的最大兇手之一

of all people, is car crashes.

就是車禍

And we take car crashes for granted.

我們對車禍習以為常

We figure it's a natural risk

我們認為開車

of being on the road.

自然會有風險

But in fact, here in America, 12 people

但事實上，每年在美國

out of every 100,000

十萬分之十二的人

die every year from car crashes.