Name: 黑死病。歷史上最嚴重的大流行病可視化 (The Black Death: Worst Pandemic in History Visualized)
Uploaded: 2020-11-12T20:35:26.000Z
Duration: 11 min 33 s

基礎被動語態

this video was made possible by curiosity Stream.

When you sign up at curiosity stream dot com slash real life floor, you'll also get access to Nebula, the streaming video platform.

當你在好奇心流點點網斜槓真人樓註冊後，還可以進入星雲這個流媒體視頻平臺。

轉承詞

That real life floor is a part of pandemics, and diseases have been a constant companion of humanity for thousands of years, and although they happen relatively rarely, they can be tremendously destructive.

那現實生活中的地板是流行病的一部分，幾千年來，疾病一直伴隨著人類，雖然發生的比較少，但它們的破壞力是巨大的。

And they often change society in strange and unexpected ways.

而他們往往會以奇怪而意外的方式改變社會。

And there is perhaps no disease that has changed the entire course of human history.

而或許沒有任何一種疾病能改變整個人類歷史的進程。

Mawr thin The original plague, the bubonic plague likely originating somewhere around the Tian Shan Mountains in Central Asia.

毛薄 最初的瘟疫，鼠疫可能起源於中亞天山一帶。

The bacterium, your city of testes that causes bubonic plague lied relatively dormant, with only occasional outbreaks for untold millennia.

引起鼠疫的細菌，你的睪丸城市相對蟄伏，千年來只偶爾爆發，無人知曉。

Until something changed in the sixth century A.

直到公元六世紀發生了一些變化。

The Byzantine Empire was at its apex of power and influence.

拜占庭帝國當時處於權力和影響力的頂峰。

She had just retaken the Italian peninsula and was close to reuniting the entire Roman Empire again when all of a sudden, at the worst possible time the bubonic plague appeared in Egypt.

她剛剛奪回意大利半島，又快要統一整個羅馬帝國，突然，在最糟糕的時候，埃及出現了鼠疫。

It's not entirely clear how it got here from its origins in Central Asia, but the first global pandemic in human history was about to begin anyway.

目前還不完全清楚它是如何從中亞發源地來到這裡的，但無論如何，人類歷史上第一次全球大流行即將開始。

The bubonic plague is spread by infected fleas that live on the backs of rats.

鼠疫是由生活在老鼠背上的受感染的跳蚤傳播的。

The rats stowaway on ships and live within close proximity to humans.

老鼠偷渡到船上，生活在離人類很近的地方。

So when the ships carry the infected rats to new cities, the disease inevitably follows.

所以，當船隻把感染的老鼠運到新的城市時，疾病就不可避免地隨之而來。

The rats eventually die, and the fleas that actually carry the disease search for new hosts and jump on humans.

老鼠最終死了，而真正攜帶疾病的跳蚤卻尋找新的宿主，跳到人類身上。

When the flea bites, a human bacterium enters the body and rapidly spreads to the humans lymphatic system and multiplies.

當跳蚤叮咬後，人體細菌進入人體，並迅速擴散到人體淋巴系統並繁殖。

The infected person may not show any symptoms for 1 to 7 days after getting bitten, but they'll eventually develop a fever, chills, vomiting and, eventually, the trademark appearance of smooth, painful booboos developing out of swelled up lymph glands around the groin, armpits and the neck game green of the victims fingers, toes, lips and nose will eventually develop, followed by extreme pain caused by the decomposition of living skin.

感染者在被咬後的1至7天內可能不會出現任何症狀，但他們最終會出現發燒、發冷、嘔吐，最後，受害者手指、腳趾、嘴脣和鼻子的腹股溝、腋窩和頸部遊戲綠色的淋巴腺腫脹，最終會出現光滑、疼痛的boobo，隨後會因活體皮膚的分解而引起極度疼痛。

While the victim is still alive without proper medical treatment, the fatality rate is between 30% and now 90% of victims who become infected, and even with proper modern antibiotic care, the fatality rate still remains around 10% today.

雖然沒有得到適當的治療，受害者還活著，但感染後的死亡率在30%到現在的90%之間，即使有適當的現代抗生素治療，現在的死亡率仍然保持在10%左右。

Obviously, the people in sixth century Europe in the Middle East had no access to antibiotics, and they didn't even know that the rats and fleas were the cause of the pandemic.

很顯然，六世紀的歐洲中東地區的人們無法獲得抗生素，他們甚至不知道老鼠和跳蚤是大流行的原因。

So the bubonic plague exploded when ships carrying grain and infected rats left Egypt for Constantinople, the biggest city in the world at the time, the disease spread and would go on to wipe out 40% of the city's population, infecting even the emperor himself.

所以，當運送糧食和感染老鼠的船隻離開埃及前往當時世界上最大的城市君士坦丁堡時，鼠疫就爆發了，疾病的傳播，將繼續消滅該市40%的人口，甚至連皇帝本人也感染了。

And as the epicenter of the Byzantine Empire, the plague spread out on ships leaving for ports across the Mediterranean and spread like wildfire.

而作為拜占庭帝國的中心，瘟疫在前往地中海各地港口的船隻上蔓延開來，像野火一樣蔓延。

25% of all the humans living in the eastern Mediterranean region died within just a few years, and tens of million's died across the Empire and Eurasia.

生活在地中海東部地區的人類有25%在短短几年內死亡，整個帝國和歐亞大陸有幾千萬人死亡。

The millions of deaths caused economic mayhem across the empire who had just taken out massive loans to fight the wars of re conquest in Italy and the western Mediterranean.

數百萬人的死亡給整個帝國造成了經濟上的混亂，他們剛剛借出大量貸款，在意大利和西地中海地區打起了重新徵服的戰爭。

With millions of less people to work on farms and pay their taxes, the empire could no longer afford to pay for future campaigns or even to garrison the new re conquests and therefore the empire entered into a long, long state of decline from which she would never recover.

少了幾百萬人在農場工作和納稅，帝國再也無力支付未來的戰役費用，甚至無力駐紮新的再征服，是以帝國進入了漫長的、永遠無法恢復的衰落狀態。

The vast depopulation and economic mayhem left the Byzantine Empire crippled and over extended, which allowed the Lombard the opportunity to quickly and easily take over northern Italy while also providing a once in a lifetime opportunity for the Arabs and Islam to surge over the rest of the empire and take most of it over.

大量的人口流失和經濟混亂使拜占庭帝國變得殘缺不全，過度擴張，這使得倫巴德人有機會迅速而輕鬆地佔領意大利北部，同時也為阿拉伯人和伊斯蘭教提供了一個千載難逢的機會，使其在帝國的其他地區激流勇進，並佔領了大部分地區。

Just a couple generations later, the first global pandemic would ultimately cause the deaths of around 50 million people, or 13% of all the humans in the world alive at the time, and led to the final destruction once and for all of the Roman Empire, while making room for new empires and religions to rise up in the chaos.

就在幾代人之後，第一次全球大流行最終將造成約5000萬人死亡，佔當時世界上活著的人類總數的13%，並導致羅馬帝國一次次的最終毀滅，同時也為新的帝國和宗教在混亂中崛起創造了空間。

The plague would finally quiet down again and remained relatively dormant after the mid eighth century, until several 100 years later, when it would explode onto the world scene once again with even mawr fury and death and it had ever done before.

瘟疫最終將再次安靜下來，並保持相對休眠後，八世紀中葉，直到幾個100年後，當它將爆發到世界舞臺上再次與甚至mawr憤怒和死亡，它曾經做過。

In 13 47 the bubonic plague re emerged on the world scene in Crimea.

13 47年，鼠疫在克里米亞重新出現在世界舞臺上。

The Republic of Genoa in Italy had a trading outpost of the time in Crimea called Cafa, which was being besieged by the Mongols.

意大利熱那亞共和國在克里米亞有一個當時的貿易前哨，叫卡法，當時正被蒙古人圍困。

A few years previously, the plague had broken out in the Chinese province of who bay around Wuhan and had killed 80% of the province's population.

幾年前，中國武漢周邊的阿誰灣省爆發了瘟疫，全省80%的人喪生。

It was carried across the Silk Road in the Mongol army's supply and logistics lines before infecting the army that was besieging CAFA after suffering from the plague.

它在蒙古軍的補給和後勤線上被帶過絲綢之路，然後在遭受瘟疫後傳染給圍攻CAFA的軍隊。

For a while, the Mongol army camped outside got the idea to begin catapulting their infected corpses over the city walls and an early attempted biological warfare.

一時間，在外紮營的蒙古軍隊有了主意，開始將他們的感染者屍體從城牆上彈射過去，並進行了早期的生物戰嘗試。

The residents of CAFA began falling victim to the plague as well, and the genie's merchants decided to just call it quits and escaped on their ships back to Italy Unknowingly.

CAFA的居民也開始淪為瘟疫的受害者，精靈的商人們決定就這樣收手，乘船逃回了意大利 不知不覺中。

To them, however, they had brought the infected rats and fleas with them on their ships, which were the seeds that would so the worst pandemic ever in all of human history.

然而，對他們來說，他們把受感染的老鼠和跳蚤帶上了船，這就是人類歷史上最嚴重的大流行病的種子。

After the rats got off the ships in Sicily in Genoa, the plague exploded all across Italy and quickly spread along trade routes across the entire Mediterranean in Europe.

老鼠在熱那亞的西西里下船後，瘟疫在意大利全境爆發，並沿著貿易路線迅速蔓延到整個歐洲的地中海地區。

So between 13 47 and 13 51 the plague ravaged most of the European continent.

所以在1347年到1351年之間，瘟疫肆虐了歐洲大陸的大部分地區。

In just these five years, It's estimated that as much as 60% of the population of the European continent died.

就在這五年裡，估計歐洲大陸死亡的人口高達60%。

But some areas were hit harder than others.

但有些地區受到的衝擊比其他地區更大。

Mediterranean regions like Italy, France and Spain saw as much as 75% of their populations dying.

意大利、法國和西班牙等地中海地區有高達75%的人口死亡。

Paris and London both lost half of their populations, and Florence lost so many people that they didn't recover their population back until the 18 hundreds.

巴黎和倫敦都損失了一半的人口，佛羅倫薩損失的人口太多，直到18世紀才把人口恢復回來。

But other areas of Europe were almost never even touched by the plague.

但歐洲其他地區幾乎連瘟疫都沒有觸及。

Like Poland, most of Hungary and Belgium, it's unclear why exactly the plague varied so greatly an intensity across the continent.

就像波蘭、匈牙利和比利時的大部分地區一樣，目前還不清楚為什麼瘟疫在整個大陸上的強度變化如此之大。

But within just five years, six out of every 10 people living on the continent beforehand was dead.

但在短短5年內，之前生活在大陸上的每10個人中就有6個人死亡。

The black death, as it became to be known, also heavily afflicted the Middle East, where approximately one out of every three people died in that same five year time frame as well.

被稱為黑死病的中東地區也深受其害，在這五年時間裡，中東地區大約每三個人中就有一個人死亡。

It's believed that in just this five year length of time, the bubonic plague may have killed as many as 200 million people across Eurasia, which is absolutely staggering when you remember that the entire world population per prior to the pandemic was only 475 million people.

據信，就在這5年的時間裡，鼠疫在歐亞大陸可能已經造成了多達2億人的死亡，這絕對是驚人的，如果你還記得，在鼠疫流行之前，整個世界人口每隻有4.75億人。

That means that it's possible that around 42% of the entire human population of the world died within just a few years from a single disease to put into perspective how absolutely earth shattering and cataclysmic it was for the time.

這意味著，在短短几年內，全世界約有42%的人類人口死於一種疾病，以說明在當時來說，這絕對是一場驚天動地的大災難。

That would be exactly like if a disease wiped out three point 15 billion people today.

這就好比今天一場疾病消滅了三點一百五十億人一樣。

In just a few years, it would irrevocably changed the world forever, just like the black death did in the 14th century and like the first plague did in the sixth century.

在短短几年內，它將不可逆轉地永遠改變世界，就像14世紀的黑死病和6世紀的第一次瘟疫一樣。

In this case, the black death wiped out most of the people living in Europe, which caused the demand for common people as laborers to skyrocket.

在這種情況下，黑死病消滅了大部分生活在歐洲的人，這使得普通人作為勞動力的需求量急劇上升。

The surviving peasants were in a much better position to demand higher wages and more freedom from the nobility, which the nobility had to accept his reality in order to keep society moving.

倖存下來的農民更有條件向貴族要求更高的工資和更多的自由，貴族為了保持社會的發展，不得不接受他的現實。

Wages for surviving common people went up, the price of land plummeted and peasants found new opportunities they never would have had beforehand.

生存下來的老百姓工資提高了，土地價格暴跌了，農民找到了以前從來沒有過的新機會。

The black death had begun the destruction of serfdom and feudalism as institutions in Europe and gave rise to the very beginnings of capitalism that would replace it.

黑死病開始了對歐洲農奴制和封建主義制度的破壞，並催生了取代農奴制和封建主義的資本主義的雛形。

It would take Europe an entire two centuries to recover back to the population that she had prior to the eruption of the plague.

歐洲需要整整兩個世紀的時間才能恢復到瘟疫爆發前的人口。

And by that point in the 15 fifties, capitalism was well on its way to taking over the continent.

而到了1550年代，資本主義已經完全可以佔領大陸了。

The bubonic plague would periodically flare back up in various places across Europe in the Middle East for centuries afterwards, most notably in London in 16 65 and Marseille in 17 20.

鼠疫在此後的幾個世紀裡，會週期性地在歐洲中東各地再次爆發，最著名的是16 65年的倫敦和17 20年的馬賽。

But none ever became a true pants endemic again until the final and the most recent third great plague pandemic of 18 55 in China.

但都沒有再成為真正的褲衩流行病，直到最後也是最近的18 55年中國第三次大瘟疫流行。

This time around, the plague appeared in the Yunan province of China and quickly spread across the Qing Empire to the British outpost of Hong Kong, where it was transmitted aboard ships to the British colonies in India, where it wreaked immense havoc.

這一次，瘟疫出現在中國的雲南省，並迅速蔓延到大清帝國的英國前哨香港，在那裡，瘟疫通過船隻傳到英國在印度的殖民地，造成了巨大的破壞。

This third bubonic plague pandemic would go on to claim the lives of 12 million more people, mostly in India and China.

第三次鼠疫大流行將繼續奪走1200萬人的生命，主要是在印度和中國。

But it was relatively mild everywhere else in the world.

但世界上其他地方的天氣都比較溫和。

After the discovery of the bacterium that causes the disease and the realization that rats and fleas were the primary carriers in the late 19th century and especially after the discovery of antibiotics, the deadly grip that the plague had over the human species began to finally fade away.

在19世紀末發現了致病菌，並認識到老鼠和跳蚤是主要的攜帶者後，特別是抗生素髮現後，鼠疫對人類的致命控制終於開始消失。

But the bubonic plague does still exist today, between 2010 and 2015, there were still 3248 recorded cases of the plague across the world, and on average, nine people still managed to get infected by it per year.

但鼠疫如今確實還存在，2010年至2015年，全世界仍有3248例鼠疫記錄，平均每年仍有9人成功被鼠疫感染。

In the United States, after thousands of years of chaos and earth shattering pandemics, though, humanity has finally learned how to properly fight back against the bubonic plague.

不過在美國，經過幾千年的混亂和驚天動地的大流行，人類終於學會了如何正確地反擊鼠疫。

If you want to learn more about how diseases like this work on a biological level, or if you're curious for more information on the ongoing and evolving coronavirus pandemic curiosity Stream has multiple fascinating short documentaries like this one, this one or this one that will tell you about how the coronavirus began in Wuhan, how it spread to the rest of the world, and how scientists across the planet are racing to discover a vaccine.

如果你想了解更多關於像這樣的疾病如何在生物學層面上工作，或者如果你對更多關於正在進行的和不斷髮展的冠狀病毒大流行的好奇心流有多個迷人的短紀錄片，如這個，這個或這個，將告訴你關於冠狀病毒如何在武漢開始，它如何傳播到世界其他地區，以及整個地球上的科學家如何競相發現疫苗。

There's plenty in each of them that will explain how the world got to this point in the coronavirus pandemic.

每一個人都有很多東西可以解釋世界是如何在冠狀病毒大流行中走到這一步的。

And these are just a few of the thousands of top quality nonfiction shows and documentaries that you can watch on curiosity stream.

而這些只是你可以在好奇流上觀看的數千部高質量的非虛構節目和紀錄片中的一部分。

Of course, the library that you get through a curiosity stream subscription is now much larger, thanks to their bundle deal with Nebula, the streaming video platform created by myself and loads of other educational creators.

當然，由於他們與星雲（Nebula）的捆綁交易，你通過好奇心流訂閱獲得的圖書館現在更大了，星雲是由我和其他教育創作者負載的流媒體視頻平臺。

We may nebula to be the home of our bigger and more ambitious projects, like my Car review show Grant Test Auto with J T.

我們可能星雲是我們更大和更雄心勃勃的項目的家，像我的汽車評論節目格蘭特測試汽車與J T。

From second thought, where we drive and tell you what we think about some pretty cool cars.

從第二個想法，我們開車，告訴你我們對一些很酷的車的看法。

So to make sure you get to see that, along with all the other great original content being produced by creators like Wendover Productions or Riel Engineering, sign up for the Curiosity stream Nebula bundle deal at curiosity, stream dot com slash real life lower.

是以，為了確保你能看到，以及所有其他偉大的原創內容正在由像Wendover製作或Riel工程這樣的創作者製作，註冊好奇心流星雲捆綁交易在好奇心，流點com斜線現實生活較低。

 Any subscription there comes with nebula included, and at only $20 for an entire year. 

那裡的任何訂閱都包含星雲，而且全年只需20美元。