Aziz.

阿齊茲

Last recorded by the U.

最後由美國記錄。

S.

S.

Federal government.

聯邦政府。

The median wealth for a white family in the United States was $171,000 and the median wealth for a black family was just $17,000 a 10 x difference over 150 years after the end of slavery.

美國白人家庭的財富中位數是17.1萬美元，黑人家庭的財富中位數只有1.7萬美元，在奴隸制結束後的150年裡，相差10倍。

I think first you have to ask ourselves, What is wealth really?

我覺得首先你要問自己，財富到底是什麼？

Well, wealth is all of your assets.

嗯，財富就是你的所有資產。

All of the things that you own, minus all of your liabilities.

所有你擁有的東西，減去你所有的負債。

Assets are things like your car, your house, your savings account, your checking account, your investments If you own other properties.

資產是指像你的車，你的房子，你的儲蓄賬戶，你的支票賬戶，你的投資如果你擁有其他財產。

Um, your business well, that gap, that 10 X gap is partially because for many years, decades in fact black Americans were left off of that ladder and didn't really have access to it.

嗯，你的生意好，這種差距，10X的差距部分是因為很多年，幾十年來，事實上美國黑人被排除在這個階梯之外，並沒有真正獲得它。

Well, why are we talking about this now?

好吧，為什麼我們現在談論這個？

Well, in 2020 in the midst of a global pandemic and a looming recession in equities were really laid bare across nearly every system in the United States health care, education, criminal justice in finance and people were moved to take action online in streets.

好吧，在2020年，在全球流行病和股票衰退迫在眉睫的情況下，真的是赤裸裸地擺在了美國幾乎所有系統的醫療，教育，金融的刑事司法，人們被感動了，在街頭在線採取行動。

Um, in meetings at work in corporate boardrooms, and I, as a consultant, started having conversations with clients that I thought I would never have.

嗯，在公司會議室的工作會議上，作為顧問的我，開始與客戶進行我認為永遠不會有的對話。

E guess.

猜猜看

The question that I've been asking myself is, how do we make sure that in this moment this results in action in progress that starts to close that wealth gap for black versus white Americans?

我一直在問自己的問題是，我們如何確保在這個時刻，這導致了進步的行動，開始縮小美國黑人與白人的財富差距？

So who am I?

那我是誰？

My name is Kedra Newsome Reeves.

我叫凱德拉-紐索姆-裡維斯

I'm a consultant again for banking institutions, hedge funds, asset managers.

我又是銀行機構、對沖基金、資產管理公司的顧問。

But before any of that, I'm a black American who is the descendant of slaves, and we talk about the wealth gap.

但在這之前，我是一個美國黑人，他是奴隸的後代，我們談論的是貧富差距。

It's really important to understand the history.

瞭解歷史真的很重要。

So I thought I'd tell a little story about a family, my family and how policy and our sex with wealth.

所以我想我要講一個小故事，講一個家庭，我的家庭以及政策和我們的性與財富的關係。

So we'll start to think.

所以我們要開始思考。

Great, great grandfather.

曾，曾祖父。

He was a man named Silas Newsome, and Silas was born a slave outside Nashville, Tennessee, on a nuisance station where he and his family worked on a quarry.

他是一個叫西拉斯-紐森的人，西拉斯是田納西州納什維爾郊外的一個妨害站的奴隸，他和他的家人在一個採石場工作。

He didn't know anything.

他什麼都不知道。

He didn't own his home.

他沒有自己的房子。

He didn't own property.

他沒有財產。

He didn't really even own his own body, his own labor, his Children, any of those things, all of those things were here to create wealth for someone else.

他甚至連自己的身體，自己的勞動，自己的孩子，任何一個東西都不是自己的，這些東西都是為了給別人創造財富而來。

So we believe that he was a servant during the Civil War for Confederate general who was actually fighting to keep him enslaved.

所以我們相信，他是南北戰爭期間的一個僕人，為邦聯將軍打仗，實際上是為了讓他成為奴隸。

So he really had no wealth.

所以他真的沒有財富。

He had no control over his life.

他無法控制自己的生活。

Well, the end of slavery, there was a policy opportunity.

嗯，奴隸制的結束，有一個政策性的機會。

There is a question.

有一個問題。

What do we do for the hundreds of years of slavery?

幾百年的奴隸制，我們該怎麼做？

Now that we're ending slavery and the country is coming together and there was a choice, we could make a settlement with the slaves.

現在我們結束了奴隸制，全國上下一心，有了選擇，我們可以和奴隸們達成和解。

Or we can make a settlement with the slave owners.

或者我們可以和奴隸主達成和解。

Well, the slaves had no power.

好吧，奴隸們沒有權力。

Thio advocate for themselves in that moment, and the country had to be united to The federal government decided to give that settlement to slave owners, essentially giving them money for the property that they had lost at the end of the war and not their physical property, not their homes, but people.

Thio在那一刻為自己代言，國家必須團結起來，聯邦政府決定把那個定居點給奴隸主，實質上是給他們錢，換取他們在戰爭結束時失去的財產，而不是他們的實物財產，不是他們的家園，而是人。

The slaves that had provided free labor for years and decades.

幾年幾十年來提供免費勞動力的奴隸。

So silence at the end of the Civil War had no wealth.

所以，在內戰結束時沉默沒有財富。

He was free but had no wealth.

他是自由的，但沒有財富。

He became a sharecropper.

他成了佃農。

My great grandfather, Silas was born number of years after the end of slavery, and he was drafted to serve in World War One, along with 350,000 other black American soldiers in segregated units he served in the war.

我的曾祖父Silas出生在奴隸制結束後的若干年，他被徵召參加第一次世界大戰，與其他35萬名美國黑人阿兵哥一起，在他服役的隔離部隊中服役。

When he came back to the United States at the end of the war was a very anti black sentiment.

當他在戰爭結束回到美國的時候，是一種非常反感黑人的情緒。

The economy was compressing.

經濟在壓縮。

There are a lot of stressors and black people could not get land.

有很多壓力，黑人無法獲得土地。

They could not get loans for homes.

他們無法獲得房屋貸款。

They really could not acquire any credit to build wealth over time.

他們確實無法獲得任何信用，無法長期積累財富。

So he also became, ah, farmer and he had a son, also named Silas.

所以他也成了，啊，農民，他有一個兒子，也叫西拉。

There.

好了

A lot of Silas is in my family.

我的家族裡有很多Silas的影子。

My grandfather, my grandfather, Silas was also a soldier and fought in World War two.

我的祖父，我的祖父，塞拉斯也是一名軍人，參加過第二次世界大戰。

After World War two, the U.

二戰後，美國。

S federal government passed the G.

S聯邦政府通過了G。

I bill, which provided support for veterans and the bill provided for building of hospitals, student loans and, most importantly for wealth, building low interest home mortgages for veterans.

I法案，為退伍軍人提供支持，法案規定建設醫院，學生貸款，最重要的是財富，為退伍軍人建立低息住房抵押貸款。

In the years following the war, the G I bill accounted for $4 billion of funding to nine million veterans, but black veterans largely did not benefit.

在戰爭結束後的幾年裡，G I法案為900萬退伍軍人提供了40億美元的資金，但黑人退伍軍人基本上沒有受益。

So Silas, my grandfather came back.

所以Silas，我爺爺回來了。

Thio, Nashville, Tennessee.

田納西州納什維爾的Thio。

And he married my grandmother, whose name is Cinderella.

他娶了我奶奶，她的名字叫灰姑娘。

Yes, my grandmother's name is Cinderella, and they had eight Children.

是的，我奶奶叫灰姑娘，他們有八個孩子。

They never bought a home in the highlight of their housing journey, was moving into a new public housing project with their Children and paying rent for that housing project, which, in terms of the quality of housing, was fantastic for them in a step up but did not allow them to build wealth.

在他們的住房歷程中，他們從未買過房，是帶著孩子搬進了一個新的公共住房項目，併為這個住房項目支付租金，從住房品質來看，這對他們來說是一步登天的美妙，但並沒有讓他們積累財富。

My father, another soldier, a 20 year veteran of the United States Marines, bought his first home in his early fifties.

我的父親，又是一名軍人，在美國海軍陸戰隊當了20年的老兵，他在50多歲時買了第一套房子。

But it took four generations for our family to move into home ownership and begin to build ownership in equity in a home.

但是，我們家四代人都是經過了四代人的努力，才搬進了自家的房子，並開始建立起對房屋資產的所有權。

That's one family story, and I skipped a lot of things that happened between the end of slavery and today, redlining housing discrimination before the Fair Housing Act in the 19 seventies, the really important role that black owned banks played in building black communities.

這是一個家庭故事，我跳過了很多從奴隸制結束到今天發生的事情，在1970年代公平住房法案之前的紅線住房歧視，黑人所有的銀行在建設黑人社區中發揮的真正重要作用。

The savings and loan crisis of the 19 eighties, which crushed a lot of black banks, and the subprime crisis in 2000 and eight, which stripped a lot of black and brown homeowners of their homes.

80年代的19次儲蓄貸款危機，壓垮了很多黑人銀行，2000年和8年的次貸危機，剝奪了很多黑人和棕色人種房主的住房。

There's a lot of history there, but that story tells you a bit about how we get to this to next gap where we are today now.

那裡有很多歷史，但這個故事告訴你一點，我們是如何走到今天這個到下一個差距的地方的。

Certainly, as we think about the size of that gap, it is critical for the federal government to take a number of actions.

當然，當我們考慮到這一差距的大小時，聯邦政府採取一系列行動是至關重要的。

That said, financial institutions play a really important role in providing access to credit access to capital, to build communities on, allow black communities to thrive.

也就是說，金融機構在提供信貸資金的獲取管道、建立社區、讓黑人社區發展壯大方面發揮著真正重要的作用。

We have to be clear.

我們必須清楚。

Managing $17,000 better does not get us there better.

管理好1.7萬元，並不能讓我們更好地達到目的。

Education does not get us there access to credit and capital or critical.

教育並不能讓我們獲得信貸和資本或關鍵。

So I want to talk.

所以我想談談。

About four solutions today of financial institutions can contribute to start to close the wealth gap.

今天的金融機構大約有四個解決方案可以幫助開始縮小財富差距。

Number one is getting more people on the ladder, getting more people banked.

第一是讓更多的人上梯子，讓更多的人存入銀行。

We know today that about half of black Americans or un or underbanked unbanked means that you don't have a banking account.

我們知道，今天大約有一半的美國黑人或無銀行賬戶或銀行賬戶不足，無銀行賬戶意味著你沒有銀行賬戶。

Underbanked means that you have a bank account, but you use alternative services for check cashing or payday lending or paying bills.

銀行存款不足是指您有一個銀行賬戶，但您使用其他服務進行支票兌現或發薪日貸款或支付賬單。

And that's not just expensive from a transaction perspective in terms of the fees that you pay.

而這不僅僅是從交易的角度來看，你所支付的費用是昂貴的。

It's also expensive in terms of the time that you commit to paying a bill.

從你投入的繳費時間來看，也是很貴的。

Think about how you pay your utility bill today probably comes out of your checking account.

想一想你今天支付水電費的方式可能是從你的支票賬戶裡出來的。

You don't even think about it.

你想都不要想。

You set it up in advance and it's automatic.

你提前設置好，它就會自動。

Well, if you're unbanked, you are probably going to get a money order somewhere, physically, a piece of paper.

好吧，如果你沒有銀行存款， 你可能會得到一個匯票的地方， 物理，一張紙。

You then traveled to City Hall or your D.

然後你前往市政廳或你的D。

M V to pay that bill.

M V來支付這筆賬單。

About 40% of people who are unbanked say they're unbanked because they think they don't have the minimum amount to really maintain a checking account.

大約有40%的人說他們沒有銀行賬戶，因為他們認為他們沒有最低金額來真正維持一個支票賬戶。

Well, that's just not true.

嗯，這不是真的。

In the last several years, credit unions, community banks and major banking institutions have created low cost, no minimum checking and savings account products specifically made for this population.

在過去的幾年裡，信用社、社區銀行和主要的銀行機構專門為這一人群創造了低成本、無最低限度的支票和儲蓄賬戶產品。

So we have an issue with awareness.

所以我們有一個認識問題。

Banks, community partners and others have to work together to increase the awareness of these products in communities that need them so we can start to reduce the number of people that are on and under bank and get them on the ladder that we talked about earlier.

銀行、社區夥伴和其他方面必須共同努力，提高需要這些產品的社區對這些產品的認識，這樣我們就可以開始減少銀行上和銀行下的人數，讓他們走上我們前面談到的階梯。

The challenge is about 28% of black and Latin X families or credit invisible, which means that you have AH, thin credit file or no credit file.

挑戰是約28%的黑人和拉丁X家庭或信用隱形，也就是你有AH，信用檔案薄或沒有信用檔案。

The way that credit works and credit worthiness assessments work is to say, if you can prove that you have paid credit back consistently previously, then I can lend you more credit.

信貸的工作方式和信用價值評估的工作方式是說，如果你能證明你之前一直在還貸，那麼我可以借給你更多的信用。

It's kind of a chicken or an egg situation.

這是一種雞與蛋的情況。

The interesting thing is that banks and financial technology companies have really innovated in recent years to use alternative data, cable bills, utility bills, rent payments, etcetera to show that you're able to consistently make payments.

有趣的是，銀行和金融科技公司近幾年確實在創新，用替代數據、有線電視賬單、水電費賬單、房租繳費等等來證明你能夠持續付款。

The additional challenge on this one, unlike the last one, which is more about awareness, is that you need to have regulatory support.

這個和上一個不同，上一個更多的是意識上的挑戰，就是你需要有監管的支持。

To do these things, you need to prove to regulators that you're able to fairly use alternative data.

要做這些事情，你需要向監管機構證明，你能夠公平地使用替代數據。

Thio Lynn credit to marginalized groups.

Thio Lynn對邊緣化群體的信用。

What we need to see is from the federal government and the banking industry to come together to create innovation sandboxes to start to use alternative data to expand to marginalized groups.

我們需要看到的是聯邦政府和銀行業共同打造創新沙盒，開始利用替代數據向邊緣化群體擴展。

What about communities without ah community wealth individual wealth, in a way, is on an island.

社區沒有啊社區財富個人財富怎麼辦，從某種程度上說，是在一個孤島上。

And if you go into most major cities, the United States to most communities of color, what you'll find is under invested communities.

而如果你走進大多數大城市，美國大多數有色人種社區，你會發現的是投資不足的社區。

For every economic crisis, these communities have suffered severely for every economic boom.

每一次的經濟危機，這些社區都會因為每一次的經濟繁榮而遭受重創。

They have not benefited.

他們沒有受益。

And so what we're seeing in a number of cities across the country and all you Chicago is an example is the partnerships occurring between banking institutions, philanthropist, the city and community leaders to invest hundreds of millions of dollars to build community resource is and communities that have historically been disinvested.

是以，我們看到的是在全國各地的一些城市和所有你芝加哥是一個例子，是銀行機構、慈善家、城市和社區領導人之間發生的夥伴關係，投資數億美元，以建立社區資源是和社區，歷史上已被剝奪投資。

Lastly, we've got to talk about business and not just small businesses.

最後，我們要談的是生意，而不僅僅是小生意。

Yeah, when you have individual stability and a banking institution, you have access to credit when you have community wealth.

是啊，當你有了個人穩定和銀行機構，當你有了社區財富，你就可以獲得信貸。

Those were all fantastic things, but we need also job creation.

這些都是很棒的事情，但我們也需要創造就業機會。

Take all of the new tech companies and I say new quote unquote because now they're not so new.

把所有新的科技公司，我說新的報價不報價，因為現在他們已經不那麼新了。

But take Facebook, Google, Amazon.

但以Facebook、谷歌、亞馬遜。

At some point, all of those companies were sole proprietorships with one employee or a few employees that we're building a technology that was not yet proven.

在某些時候，這些公司都是獨資企業，只有一個員工或幾個員工，我們正在建立一個尚未被證實的技術。

What those companies received early on was venture capital money.

這些公司早期得到的是風險投資的資金。

When you look at venture capital today, only 1% of venture capital funds go to black founders, so black entrepreneurs or to shut out of those networks they're not able to grow on.

當你看今天的風險投資，只有1%的風險投資基金給了黑人創始人，所以黑人創業者或要被拒之門外，他們無法在這些網絡上發展。

The only way for that to change is from within the industry itself.

要想改變這種狀況，只有從行業自身出發。

In this generation, we must not only be talking about thriving businesses in black communities, you must also be talking about seeing Mawr black owned and founded businesses going public.

在這一代人中，我們不僅要談論黑人社區的繁榮企業，你還必須談論看到Mawr黑人擁有和創辦的企業上市。

Those are just four solutions.

這只是四種解決方案。

There's many other things that can and should be done to close the wealth gap.

縮小貧富差距還有很多事情可以做，也應該做。

This gap is not new.

這種差距並不新鮮。

It was born and perpetuated by federal policy, social constructs and business practice over time.

它是由聯邦政策、社會建構和商業實踐長期產生和延續的。

And all of those things need to change to start to close the gap.

而這些東西都需要改變，才能開始縮小差距。

Financial institutions play a really critical role, individual level at the community level and at the business level.

金融機構起到了非常關鍵的作用，個人層面在社區層面，企業層面。

It's important to our families.

這對我們的家庭很重要。

It's important to our communities, and it's important to our economy.

這對我們的社區很重要，對我們的經濟也很重要。

Instead of talking about how the gap continues to grow, let's begin to close the gap now.

與其說差距如何繼續擴大，不如說我們現在就開始縮小差距。