Name: 類固醇如何影響你的肌肉和身體的其他部分？- Anees Bahji (How do steroids affect your muscles— and the rest of your body? - Anees Bahji)
Uploaded: 2020-11-09T18:21:25.000Z
Duration: 5 min 49 s

They're banned  in most athletic competitions.

它們在大多數體育比賽中都是被禁止的。

The term “steroids” refers  to a broad category of molecules

術語 "類固醇 "是指一類廣泛的分子。

that share a similar molecular structure,

When people talk about steroids  in the context of sports,

當人們在體育界談論類固醇的時候。

they're referring to a subset of steroids that resemble testosterone.

他們指的是類似睪丸激素的類固醇子集。

Though elite athletes and bodybuilders began using these steroids in the 1950s,

雖然精英運動員和健美運動員開始使用這些類固醇在20世紀50年代。

today, most steroid users  are actually not competitive athletes,

今天，大多數類固醇用戶實際上不是競技運動員。

but people seeking  a particular appearance.

These steroids have two main effects:  androgenic, or masculinizing,

這些類固醇有兩個主要作用：雄性激素，或男性化。

These effects mimic naturally-occurring  testosterone,

這些效果模仿了自然產生的睪丸酮。

which drives the development  and maintenance

of male secondary sex characteristics and general growth in everyone.

的男性第二性徵，並在每個人身上普遍增長。

That means testosterone  and the synthetic steroids based on it

這意味著睪丸激素和合成類固醇基於它。

promote body and facial hair growth, enlargement of the vocal cords

促進身體和麵部毛髮生長，擴大聲帶。

and deepening of the voice,  increased muscle mass and strength,

並加深聲音，增加肌肉品質和力量。

Recreational steroid users are after the anabolic, growth promoting effects.

休閒類固醇用戶是後合成代謝、 促進增長的效果。

To make muscles grow, steroids  first promote protein synthesis—

為了使肌肉生長，類固醇首先要促進蛋白質的合成--。

proteins are essential building blocks of all cells, tissues, and organs,

蛋白質是所有細胞、組織和器官的重要構件。

a signaling molecule that drives  the breakdown of substances

Finally, they may push the development of muscle, rather than fat,

最後，它們可能會推動肌肉的發展，而不是脂肪。

and boost our metabolism, shrinking fat deposits.

並促進我們的新陳代謝，收縮脂肪沉積。

These properties make steroids valuable for treating many illnesses and injuries.

這些特性使類固醇對治療許多疾病和損傷很有價值。

They can help people  with wasting illnesses,

他們可以幫助患有消耗性疾病的人。

maintain muscle mass and help burn victims recover lost muscle tissue.

維持肌肉品質，幫助燒傷患者恢復失去的肌肉組織。

they must be safe to use recreationally,  right?

他們必須安全地使用娛樂，對不對？

recreational steroid users must typically take doses orders of magnitude higher

休閒類固醇使用者通常必須採取劑量數量級更高的訂單。

than those prescribed for a medical condition.

Long term, high dose steroid usage can have both undesirable

長期，大劑量的類固醇使用可以有兩個不良的

some of them dependent  on factors like age, sex,

其中一些取決於年齡、性別等因素。

We're not sure  what all the risk factors are,

我們不確定所有的風險因素是什麼。

but we do know recreational steroid use is particularly risky for adolescents.

但我們知道娛樂性的類固醇使用是特別危險的青少年。

During puberty, steroid use  can prompt bones to mature

在青春期，使用類固醇可以促使骨骼成熟。

before they're done growing, causing growth defects.

在它們還沒有生長完的時候，造成生長缺陷。

for the harmful psychiatric effects  of steroid use.

對使用類固醇的有害精神影響。

The most common of these, increased impulsivity and increased aggression,

其中最常見的，衝動性增加，攻擊性增強。

Up to 60% of users  experience these effects.

高達60%的用戶會出現這些效果。

more damaging psychiatric side effects like mania and even psychosis.

更具破壞性的精神副作用，如躁狂症甚至精神病。

Steroid use can damage organs  including the liver and kidneys,

使用類固醇會損害包括肝臟和腎臟在內的器官。

and cause cardiovascular problems like high blood pressure.

While some or all of those effects  may be reversible,

雖然這些影響有些或全部可能是可逆的。

steroid use can also cause liver cancer, especially in males.

使用類固醇也會導致肝癌，尤其是男性。

Though recreational users take steroids for their anabolic effects,

雖然娛樂用戶服用類固醇以達到其合成代謝的效果。

they also experience androgenic effects— often undesired.

他們也經歷了雄性激素效應--往往是不希望的。

That can mean increased body hair, enlargement of the clitoris,

這可能意味著體毛增多，陰蒂增大。

and permanent voice deepening in females.

At the same time, excess testosterone-like steroids can cause feminization in males,

同時，過量的睪丸激素類固醇會導致男性女性化。

because the body converts  the excess into estrogen.

因為身體會將多餘的轉化為雌激素。

This can lead to breast development and shrinking testicles.

這樣會導致乳房發育和睪丸萎縮。

about a third of male steroid users  experience them to some degree.

大約三分之一的男性類固醇使用者在某種程度上經歷了他們。

Excess steroid use can also reduce fertility in males and females—

過度使用類固醇也會降低男性和女性的生育能力--。

by reducing the sperm in semen or  by causing missed periods and conditions

減少精液中的精子，或導致錯過月經和狀況

All these effects may be reversible  if steroid use stops— but they may not be.

所有這些影響可能是可逆的如果類固醇使用停止，但他們可能不會。

The specific steroid, the duration of use,

and other factors could play  a role in reversibility.

和其他因素可能在可逆性中發揮作用。

that users are susceptible to steroid dependence.

用戶容易對類固醇產生依賴性。

They can develop tolerance and require increasingly large doses over time.

它們會產生耐受性，隨著時間的推移需要越來越大的劑量。

This increases the risk  of harmful effects,

all of which are increasingly common  at higher doses

所有這些都是在高劑量下越來越常見的。

Still, there remains little definitive  information

但是，仍然沒有什麼確切的資訊

on how common and how reversible almost any of the harms are

幾乎所有的危害都是常見的和可逆轉的；

We don't know enough, about  either risk factors or exposure levels,

無論是風險因素還是暴露水準，我們都不夠了解。

to definitively say any recreational  steroid use will be harm-free.

明確地說，任何娛樂類固醇使用將是無害的。